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2008 H5N1 outbreak in West Bengal

The 2008 bird flu outbreak in West Bengal was an occurrence of avian influenza in West Bengal, India which began in January 2008.[1] The infection was caused by the H5N1 subtype of the Influenza A virus and impacted at least thirteen districts, including Birbhum, Nadia, Murshidabad, Burdwan, Hooghly, Cooch Behar, Malda, Bankura, Purulia, Howrah, West Midnapore, South 24 Parganas and South Dinajpur. A range of precautions were instituted including a large cull of chickens, eggs, and poultry birds, the imposition of segregation zones, and a disinfection programme for the plant.[citation needed] The government put a blanket ban on the movement of poultry birds from West Bengal 5 February 2008, but repealed it a week later.[2]

2008 H5N1 outbreak in West Bengal
DiseaseH5N1
LocationWest Bengal

The first outbreak in 2008 began in January, with confirmation from the World Organisation for Animal Health established through lab tests on 15 January 2008.[3] This outbreak continued through 31 October 2008.[4] A second outbreak began in Assam in November 2008, confirmed through lab tests on 27 November 2008.[5] This outbreak continued through 27 October 2009.[6] A third wave occurred from 15 January 2010 through 2 June 2010.[7] A fourth wave followed in Assam in February 2011, confirmed through lab tests on 16 February.[8] That outbreak did not reach West Bengal.[9] A fifth outbreak began in August 2011, once again in Assam, confirmed through lab tests on 8 September 2011.[10] and continued through 28 December 2011; the district of Nadia was affected.[11]

Spread

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The World Organisation of Animal Health stated that the villages of Rampurhat, Nalhati, and Mayureswar in Birbhum initially reported the outbreak on 4 January 2008.[3] A farm in Dakshin Dinajpur reported an initial outbreak on 7 January 2008.[3] However, local officials did not notify the central government of the "hundreds" of dead birds reported by villagers in Rampurhat as early as 15 December 2007.[12] Further, Dr. Pradeep Kumar had issued a statement to the Chief Secretaries of each state advising them of the outbreak spreading from Pakistan and Myanmar on 24 December 2007.[13]

By 10 January, 9,500 bird deaths had been reported.[14] The number rose to 96,010 as reported by seven districts on 19 January.[15] The government set a goal of culling 2,000,000 birds by 19 January, but by 23 January, only 430,000 had been killed.[12] Veterinarians were deployed into West Bengal from eight other states with the goal of eliminating 2.1 million birds by the end of January 2008.[16] Animal husbandry minister Anisur Rahaman reported that nearly 2.5 million birds had been slaughtered in two weeks.[17] This first wave resulted in the death or destruction of 4,441,226 birds;[4]: 11  West Bengal accounted for 4,248,213 of those.[4]

Timeline of Spread, 1st Wave
District Date of Confirmation
Birbhum 15 January[3]
South Dinajpur 15 January[3]
Murshidabad 17 January[4]: 3 
Bankura 19 January[4]: 3 
Burdwan 19 January[4]: 3 
Malda 19 January[4]: 3 
Nadia 19 January[4]: 3 
Howrah 22 January[4]: 4 
Purulia 22 January[4]: 4 
Cooch Behar 23 January[4]: 5 
Hooghly 23 January[4]: 5 
South 24 Paraganas 25 January[4]: 5 
West Midnapore (Paschim Mednipur) 25 January[4]: 6 
Darjeeling 1 May[4]: 9 

The second wave reached Malda in West Bengal 13 December 2008.[6] Local governments dispatched teams to begin destroying avian livestock on 4 January 2009.[18] During this wave, a total of 672,655 birds died or were destroyed across India[6]: 6  with West Bengal accounting for 156,307 of those.[6]

Timeline of Spread, 2nd Wave
District Date of Confirmation
Malda 13 December 2008[6]: 3 
Darjeeling 1 January 2009[6]: 5 
Jalpaiguri 3 January 2009[18]
Cooch Behar 29 January 2009[6]: 5 
South Dinajjpur 14 February 2009[6]: 6 

The next wave known to have affected West Bengal through reports from the World Organisation for Animal Health began in August 2011, reaching Nadia on 14 September.[11] Data indicates that only Nadia was affected, with the outbreak lasting through 28 December 2011 and resulting in the death or destruction of 48,581 birds.[11]

Containment efforts

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No human infection of H5N1 was reported in West Bengal throughout the outbreak in 2008 and 2009.[19] There had been concern due to three samples being submitted to the National Institute of Communicable Diseases for testing, which were all declared negative by 22 January 2008.[16] By the time of the second wave, epidemiologists expressed concern that the strain might mutate with seasonal flu and kill millions, reigniting concern of contagion among the human populace.[20]

The ministry of Animal Resource Development admitted to not wanting to affect the ₹5,000,000,000 West Bengali poultry industry,[2] but by the end of January 2008, the region's poultry industry had already lost ₹1,000,000,000.[21] The culling workers hired by either the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare[12] or the ARD[2] had no medical training, no testing equipment, and left the jobs when they did not receive the expected compensation of ₹50.[12]

Officials have been criticized for their conflicting messaging throughout the pandemic.[2] Sharad Pawar, Agriculture Minister, laid the blame for the lack of action on the CPM,[16] with local CPM leaders encouraging a resistance to culling efforts.[12]

A general lack of knowledge among poultry farmers as to the nature and virulence of H5N1 has also been acknowledged as a possible cause of its range and longevity.[22]: 39  The government began issuing leaflets by 25 January 2008 in an effort to educate the public, while the Border Security Force closed the Dharla River ferry and police officers accompanied culling workers to prevent any retaliation from villagers.[23] However, poultry farmers smuggled birds from the area due to low compensation from the government, leaving officials to raid the farms at night.[17] Initially, the government offered only ₹40 for a country chicken, ₹30 for a broiler chicken, and ₹10 for chicks.[15] In Margram, villagers still sold the chickens that had died from the flu for ₹10 per 1 kilogram (2.2 lb).[24] In one village, locals demanded infrastructure be built in exchange for handing over their poultry.[2]

References

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  1. ^ "H5N1 strikes poultry in India again". CIDRAP. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Chakraborti, Chhanda (10 November 2009). "Pandemic Management and Developing World Bioethics: Bird Flu in West Bengal". Developing World Bioethics. 9 (3): 161–166. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8847.2008.00240.x. PMID 18699841. S2CID 29862474.
  3. ^ a b c d e Immediate Notification report | OIE 6678 (PDF) (Report). World Organisation for Animal Health. 15 January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Follow-up Report No. 7 | OIE 7471 (PDF) (Report). World Organisation for Animal Health. 31 October 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  5. ^ Immediate Notification report | OIE7566 (PDF) (Report). World Organisation for Animal Health. 28 November 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Follow-up report No. 13 (PDF) (Report). World Organisation for Animal Health. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  7. ^ "Update on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Animals (Type H5 and H7)". World Organisation for Animal Health. Archived from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  8. ^ Immediate Notification report | OIE 10264 (PDF) (Report). World Organisation for Animal Health. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  9. ^ Follow-up report No.3 | OIE 0766 (PDF) (Report). World Organisation for Animal Health. 4 July 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  10. ^ Immediate Notification report | OIE 10993 (PDF) (Report). World Organisation for Animal Health. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  11. ^ a b c Follow-up report No. 2 | OIE 11428 (PDF) (Report). World Organisation for Animal Health. 29 December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d e Bhattacharya, Ravik (24 January 2008). "How West Bengal allowed bird flu to fly". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008.
  13. ^ D.O. No. 50-193/2006-LDT(AQ) (PDF) (Report). National Informatics Centre. 24 December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  14. ^ Rao, Arni S.R. Srinivasa (1 June 2008). "Modeling the rapid spread of avian influenza (H5N1) in India". Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering. 5 (3): 523–537. doi:10.3934/mbe.2008.5.523. PMID 18616356. S2CID 35527481.
  15. ^ a b "Bird flu spreads further in West Bengal, culling on". Two Circles. 19 January 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  16. ^ a b c "Bird flu: West Bengal govt faces flak". NDTV.com. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013 – via Archive Today.
  17. ^ a b Roberts, Mike (2 February 2008). "Four years later, bird flu continues to spread". Record-Journal. Vol. 141, no. 33. p. 8. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  18. ^ a b Schnirring, Lisa (5 January 2009). "H5N1 spreads to more Indian districts". CIDRAP. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  19. ^ Chakrabarti, Alok K.; Pawar, Shailesh D.; Cherian, Sarah S.; Koratkar, Santosh S.; Jadhav, Santosh M.; Pal, Biswajoy; Raut, Satish; Thite, Vishal; Kode, Sadhana S.; Keng, Sachin S.; Payyapilly, Bestin J.; Mullick, Jayati; Mishra, Akhilesh C. (16 November 2009). "Characterization of the Influenza A H5N1 Viruses of the 2008-09 Outbreaks in India Reveals a Third Introduction and Possible Endemicity". PLOS One. 4 (11): e7846. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7846C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007846. PMC 2775943. PMID 19924254.
  20. ^ "India's West Bengal reports fresh bird flu outbreak". Reuters. 3 January 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  21. ^ "WB culls 1 mn birds to combat bird flu". Hindustan Times. 25 January 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  22. ^ Ahuja, Vinod; Dhawan, Mamta; Punjabi, Meeta; Maarse, Lucy (April 2008). Poultry based livelihoods of rural poor: Case of Kuroiler in West Bengal (PDF) (Report). South Asia Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Programme. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  23. ^ "West Bengal: Purulia is 10th district to be hit by bird flu". Rediff.com. 25 January 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  24. ^ "Bird flu cull begins in West Bengal". The Daily Star. 17 January 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
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