The 1976 Friuli earthquake, also known in Italy as Terremoto del Friuli (Friulian earthquake), occurred on 6 May 1976, at 21:00:13 (20:00:13 UTC) with a moment magnitude of 6.5 and a maximum EMS intensity of X (very destructive).[3] The shock occurred in the Friuli region in northeast Italy near the town of Gemona del Friuli. 990 people were killed,[5] up to about 3,000 were injured, and more than 157,000 were left homeless.
  | |
| UTC time | 1976-05-06 20:00:12 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 713583 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | 6 May 1976 |
| Local time | 21:00:13[1] |
| Magnitude | 6.5 Mw[1] |
| Depth | 10 km (6.2 mi)[1] |
| Epicenter | 46°22′N 13°19′E / 46.37°N 13.32°E[1] |
| Type | Dip-slip[2] |
| Areas affected | Italy Yugoslavia (Slovenia) Austria |
| Max. intensity | EMS-98 X (Very destructive)[3] |
| Foreshocks | 4.5 mb 6 May at 19:59[4] |
| Casualties | 990 dead[2] 1,700–3,000 injured[2] |
Damage
editSeventy-seven villages in the Friuli region were affected. Gemona del Friuli was greatly damaged, with about 400 people killed in the town itself. Despite extensive emergency measures and international aid by the end of 1976, 15,000 people were still living in camping trailers, 1,000 in tents and 25,000 in evacuation centres. The damage was estimated at $4.25 million.[6][7] Much of the town has since been reconstructed. The tremor was felt in Venice, as well as neighbouring Austria, Switzerland and Slovenia (at the time part of Yugoslavia) and Germany. In Slovenia, the upper Soča valley and the Brda area was particularly affected, with the village of Breginj nearly completely destroyed. The earthquake damaged several buildings in Nova Gorica and was felt also in the Slovenian capital, Ljubljana. A total of 4,000 buildings were destroyed and 16,000 others were damaged across Slovenia, with around 80 percent of the population in the affected areas left homeless.[8]
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The Italian Government nominated Chamber of Deputies member Giuseppe Zamberletti as coordinator of aid efforts on behalf of the regional administration. The national funds were assigned to the reconstruction of the damaged buildings by Zamberletti and the regional council of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. From September to December 1976 all the earthquake victims were accommodated into prefabricated buildings, in order to better cope with the winter. Many local inhabitants lived in the Government supplied trailers for many years while homes were rebuilt. After Zamberletti's mandate the regional government of Friuli-Venezia Giulia was able to completely rebuild many towns, thanks to an accurate resource management, however some towns took over a decade to fully recover. Nowadays, many years after the tragedy, the State's intervention, the earthquake management and reconstruction in Friuli-Venezia Giulia are seen as a great example of efficiency and reliability.[9]
Aftershocks
editThere were many aftershocks, with two sets of strong shocks on 11 September (16:31, 5.5 Msand 16:35, 5.4 Ms ) and again on 15 September (03:15, 6.0 Ms and 9:21, 5.9 Ms ) 1976.[4]
Aftermath
editThis event also spurred the foundation of the Protezione Civile (the Italian Civil Defence body that deals with nationwide prevention and management of emergencies and catastrophic events).
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d ISC (2015), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 2.0, International Seismological Centre
- ^ a b c PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey, September 4, 2009, archived from the original on 2020-03-13
- ^ a b Tertulliani, A.; et al. (2018). "The 6 May 1976 Friuli Earthquake: Re-evaluating and Consolidating Transnational Macroseismic Data" (PDF). Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata. 59 (4): 417–444. doi:10.4430/bgta0234.
- ^ a b Cipar, John (1980), "Teleseismic observations of the 1976 Friuli, Italy earthquake sequence", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70 (4), Seismological Society of America: 966
- ^ Lessi, Davide (2016-05-06). "Friuli, 40 anni dopo spunta un'altra vittima del sisma" [Friuli earthquake, 40 years later another victim is added to the count]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
- ^ Wainwright, John; Thornes, John B. (2003). Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 978-0203495490.
- ^ "Orcolat, il terremoto che 47 anni fa distrusse il Friuli. Furono mille i morti e 3mila i feriti: ma l'area seppe rinascere" (in Italian). la Republica. 2023-05-06.
- ^ "FOTO in VIDEO: 40 let od rušilnega potresa v Posočju in Furlaniji, ki je zahteval skoraj 1000 življenj" (in Slovenian). 24UR. 2016-05-06.
- ^ Carpenedo, Diego (2017). Il "modello friuli" di ricostruzione. Forum. ISBN 978-8884209887.
Further reading
edit- Cheloni, D.; d'Agostino, N.; d'Anastasio, E.; Selvaggi, G. (2012), "Reassessment of the source of the 1976 Friuli, NE Italy, earthquake sequence from the joint inversion of high-precision levelling and triangulation data", Geophysical Journal International, 190 (2): 1279–1294, Bibcode:2012GeoJI.190.1279C, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05561.x
- Finetti, I.; Russi, M.; Slejko, D. (1979), "The Friuli earthquake (1976–1977)", Tectonophysics, 53 (3–4): 261–272, Bibcode:1979Tectp..53..261F, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(79)90070-2
- Parolai, Stefano; Moratto, Luca; Bertoni, Michele; Scaini, Chiara; Rebez, Alessandro (2020). "Could a Decentralized Onsite Earthquake Early Warning System Help in Mitigating Seismic Risk in Northeastern Italy? The Case of the 1976 Ms 6.5 Friuli Earthquake". Seismological Research Letters. 91 (6). Seismological Society of America (SSA): 3323–3333. Bibcode:2020SeiRL..91.3323P. doi:10.1785/0220200177. ISSN 0895-0695. S2CID 228935116.
- Slejko, D. (2018), What science remains of the 1976 Friuli earthquake?, doi:10.4430/bgta0224
External links
edit
- 1976: More bodies found after Italy quake – BBC
- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.