On 27 December 1963, Moi-e-Muqqadas, a relic believed by many to be a strand from the beard of the Prophet Muhammad, went missing the from the Hazratbal Shrine in Jammu and Kashmir, leading to widespread protests across the Indian subcontinent.
The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964.
History of the relic
edit
The relic was brought to India in 1635 by Syed Abdullah. It was then passed through his son Syed Hamid to a Kashmiri businessman named Nooruddin. In the late 17th century, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb imprisoned Nooruddin and seized the relic, moving it to the Sufi tomb in Ajmer. Aurangzeb returned the relic in 1700 after Nooruddin had died. The relic was preserved by his descendants and kept in a place that later became the Hazratbal Shrine.[1]
Theft
editOn 27 December 1963, news broke out that the holy relic was stolen from the shrine. Around 50,000 people carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine.[2] According to The Times of India, the Srinagar superintendent of police said that he believed that the theft had occurred around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping.[2]
The next day, the Chief Minister of the state, Khwaja Shams-ud-Din, reached the shrine and announced an award of ₹100,000 for providing information regarding the theft. On 29 December, a curfew was imposed and police arrested the Congress leader Mohammad Shafi Qureshi. To investigate the theft, on 31 December, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru sent the head of the Central Bureau of Investigation, Bhola Nath Mullik, to Kashmir.[2] Mirwaiz Maulvi Farooq set up the Sacred Relic Action Committee, of which he was the president.[3]
On 4 January 1964, the relic was recovered, and the Sadr-i-Riyasat Karan Singh organised prayers at a Hindu temple to help dispel communal tension.[4] The relic was inspected and identified by Sayyid Meerak Shah Kashani as being genuine. Shah Kashani said he had seen the relic many times and could easily identify it.[5]
Sayyid Meerak recited a poem:[5]
The Garden is bright with the light of Muhammad
The light of Muhammad is reflected in every flower and every plant.
— Sayyid Meerak, [5]
When Mullick informed Nehru about the recovery, Nehru said to Mullick that "you have saved Kashmir for India". In his memoirs, Mullick claims that the information about the investigation was not disclosed. The Home Minister of India, Gulzarilal Nanda, also said in the parliament that the thieves "shall be identified".[6]
On 17 January 1964, he named the three people who were arrested for the theft. They included three Kashmiri Muslims namely, Abdul Rahim Bandey, Abdul Rashid and Kadir Butt. The latter was believed to have affiliations with the Pakistan, Nanda said.
Aftermath
editIdentification by its caretakers and other investigation made by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir (law and order), special identification team says its authenticity is indeed original. Post identification, a public deedar ("viewing") of the Holy relic was organized on 6 February coinciding with the anniversary of martyrdom of the fourth Caliph of Islam, Ali bin Abu Talib.[7][8]
The incident triggered riots and ethnic cleansing of Hindus in East Pakistan.[9] Hundreds of thousands of Hindu refugees poured into India between December 1963 and February 1964 as a result of the violence.[10] The stories of atrocities told by these refugees caused violence and rioting against Muslims in Calcutta in the Indian state of West Bengal.[6][9] Thousands of Christian tribals were also evicted later from East Pakistan and arrived in India as refugees.[9]
A fictionalized version of the incident is the subject of Salman Rushdie's short story "The Prophet's Hair" (1981).
References
edit- ^ Mīr Qāsim, Sayyid (1992). My life and times. New Delhi: Allied Publishers. pp. 95–96. ISBN 81-7023-355-0. OCLC 27815766.
- ^ a b c "Hanging By The Relic". Kashmir Life. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
- ^ "The mystery of Moi-e-Muqqadas theft". Rising Kashmir. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
- ^ Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in conflict : India, Pakistan and the unending war. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 103. ISBN 1-4175-6080-0. OCLC 57182067. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013.
- ^ a b c Ahmad, Khalid Bashir (27 December 2018). "Kashmir: The Sacrilege And The Turmoil". countercurrents.org. Countercurrents. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ a b "3 Kashmiri Moslems Held In Theft of Prophet's Hair". The New York Times. 18 February 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ "Kashmir: The Sacrilege And The Turmoil| Countercurrents". countercurrents.org. 27 December 2018.
- ^ "Hazratbal shrine with holy relic has a tumultuous history". Awaz The Voice.
- ^ a b c "Widespread Communal Riots in India and Pakistan" (PDF), Keesing's Contemporary Archives, p. 1, 25 July 1964
- ^ Das, Mayurakshi (January 2018). "Title: Calcutta Cauldron: City-life during the January 1964 Riots". Indian History Congress Proceedings.