Wikipedia

1837 Poonch Revolt

This article is about the uprising in the Sikh Empire. For the rebellion in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, see 1947 Poonch Rebellion.

The 1837 Poonch revolt, also known as the 1837 Sudhan revolt[2] was a revolt in the western Poonch hills in the Kashmir region under the Sikh Empire. [3] It took place in what is now the Poonch Division in Azad Kashmir administered by Pakistan.[4] The region was given as a jagir to the Dogra brothers, Dhian Singh and Gulab Singh, whose administration was effectively the target of the rebellion. It was led by an influential zamindar of Poonch and headman of the Sudhans, Shams Khan.[5][6][7][8] After some initial successes, the rebellion was crushed by Gulab Singh with some brutality. A memorial for the victims called Yaadghar-e-Shahuda has been erected at Mong after the formation of Azad Kashmir.

1837 Poonch revolt
Part of Kashmir Conflict

Yaadghar-e-Shahuda (memorial for martyrs) for sardars Sabz Ali and Mali Khan, located in Sudhanoti.
Date1837
Location
Poonch
Result Rebellion suppressed, Poonch's merger with the Sikh Empire
Belligerents
Sudhans Tribal[1] Sikh Empire
Dogra Dynasty
Commanders and leaders

Shams Khan †
Malli Khan †

Sabz Ali Khan †
 Gulab Singh
Dhian Singh

History

In 1819, after the Sikh Empire conquered the Kashmir Valley from the Durrani Empire, they were not able to fully conquer Poonch. In its western parts (modern day Poonch Divison) the local tribes had entrenched themselves within the hills. Under the leadership of a Shams Khan Sudhan[9][10][11][12][13][14] along with Sabz Ali Khan and Mali Khan formed a defensive coalition against the Sikhs. The Sikhs were unable to launch a large-scale invasion of Poonch, as the resistance was staunch and they had troubles elsewhere. After Gulab Singh received the chakla of Jammu as a jagir (autonomous territory), he made renewed attempts at conquering Poonch, but the armies he raised were not large enough to defeat the resistance, and consequently he would face defeats before being forced to withdraw.[15][16][17]

In 1832, Gulab Singh and his brother Dhian Singh made an appeal to Ranjit Singh, requesting him to put an end to the resistance of Poonch. Their appeal was accepted, and Ranjit Singh attacked Poonch with an army numbering up to sixty-thousand, bringing with him an assortment of hill-cannons. The hill-cannons were particularly deadly, damaging the local fortifications with ease. Initially, the tribal coalition had made the decision to resist the Sikhs, however after realizing the overwhelming superiority of the Sikh forces and inevitability of a defeat, the tribal coalition acknowledged the Maharaja's sovereignty over Poonch. Their surrender was accepted, and the conquest ended without significant bloodshed. To ensure the loyalty of the tribes of Poonch, the leader of the coalition, Shams had been taken as a hostage. He was given to the care of Dhian Singh, who began to grow a liking for him.[17][5]

In the year 1836, Shams had arrived home from the court of Dhian Singh with his permission, and began to rally support with the local tribes. At around the same time, the Yusufzai had begun a revolt against the Sikh Empire, the leader of the Dogras Gulab Singh had to march to Peshawar deal with the threat.[5]

In 1837, the significant battle of Battle of Jamrud occurred. The battle did not have a clear victor, but Hari Singh Nalwa, a respected and valued general of the Sikh Empire whom took part in the conquest of Kashmir and other regions had been killed. Rumors of the death of Gulab Singh in the campaign too sprung up, alongside that of a total Sikh defeat which promoted dissidence in Poonch, as the locals now believed that the empire was crumbling. Taking advantage of this, Shams backed clashes between the local militias and Sikh garrisons. Gulab Singh became aware of Shams involvement, and issued a warrant for the arrest of him and his family. Shams eluded the chasing authorities.[5][18]

After this, an all-out rebellion broke out. The Sudhans were at the heart of the rebellion, but were shortly joined by the other Muslim tribes of the region. Gulab Singh ordered his son Ottam Singh to suppress the revolt before it grew further in strength. Ottam Singh arrived with a Dogra force of five thousand troops, but was defeated by rebels commandeered by Shams and his lieutenants. The prince himself was able to escape with some remnants of the army, but now Poonch was laid bare to the rebels.[17][5][18]

Assaults over local forts began, resulting in great success. The garrisons were caught off-guard and ill-prepared, and fell to the attacking rebel armies. Some soldiers of the garrisons, whom had previously treated the locals with cruelty were cut-up with their corpses fed to dogs.[17][5][19]

Following the defeats, Gulab Singh quickly forced the Yusufzai into peace, and then marched to Kahuta, where he raised an army of eight thousand regular infantry and twelve thousand irregulars. Though Gulab had raised a sizeable and professional army, he chose not to engage the rebellion immediately to minimize the number of Dogra casualties. He focused on bribing local Sardars of the various tribes and the many enemies of Shams, promising lavish rewards or positions of power if they betrayed Shams and the rebels. This either neutralized them as foes, or turned a small number to his side completely, resulting in them aiding Gulab with either information or later fighting against the rebels. Thus Gulab had successfully incited treachery within some ranks of the rebellion.[17][5]

After this, Gulab made his way to Poonch through Jhelum, and after some initial victories against local tribes, he paved way towards the Sudhan heartland, aiming to defeat the Sudhans who were both the leaders of the rebellion and made up the majority of its forces. Major clashes occurred at Pallandri, Pallangi, Pachhiot, Paral, Panthal, Baral, Narian and Chokian, alongside smaller clashes in other areas. The deadliest battle occurred in the Sudhan stronghold of Mong, where the local Sudhans both dealt and received heavy casualties. Although the rebels temporarily pushed out occupying Dogra forces in some areas, with the aid of Sikh reinforcements, Gulab counterattacked and overwhelmed the rebels. After the fall of Mong, many Sudhan commanders and notables were captured, including two sardars (scions) Malli Khan and Sabz Ali Khan, whom alongside Shams were at the head of both the tribe and the rebellion. Thus the remaining rebels had also lost key leaders.[17][5]

To spread terror throughout the ranks of the rebels, Gulab Singh devastated all captured territories, permitting total plunder and terror in great excess. He also set a reward of five rupees for the head of every insurgent and anyone that was connected to him, regardless of age or gender. The remaining rebels were outmatched both in number and arms. Realizing the hopelessness of the situation, the rebellion began to collapse as rebels raced to protect their own families. Though the majority of the local population managed to escape Gulab's forces by taking refuge in nearby hills, their homes were looted, fields destroyed and cattle seized. Those who could not escape were either massacred or enslaved.[17][5]

Shams Khan had evaded arrest up to this point, but eventually had his hiding place exposed to the Dogras. He was beheaded, alongside his nephew Rajwali. As a result, the remnants of the rebellion which were concentrated in Bagh also collapsed as the main leader of the rebels was now dead. The heads of Shams and his nephew were later put in two cages of iron at the very top of the Adha Dek pass. The captured sardars Sabz Ali Khan and Malli Khan were flayed alive, alongside other commanders and notable members of the Sudhans and other rebellious tribes. As all ring leaders were now either dead or captured, any remaining insurgents now in hiding, alongside no remaining resistance, the conflict was concluded and Gulab withdrew his forces.[17][5]

Though the majority of the local populace of Poonch, Sudhans and other rebellious tribes had survived by taking refuge in the hills, they returned home to barren fields and ransacked homes, alongside the deaths or disappearances of many relatives, including non-combatants and those who had nothing to do with the rebellion. The cruelty shown by the Dogra forces was not forgotten, with British contemporaries being appalled at the treatment of the rebellious tribes and the people of Poonch as a whole by Gulab. In 1846, after the Dogra Kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir was created and became a princely state of the British, Gulab Singh was forced to address the issue of his cruelty. He claimed that the actions of him and his forces were vengeance for the treatment the rebels imposed upon Dogra garrisons, and that he had only flayed alive three ring-leaders, though the locals claimed otherwise. To appease the British, he requested an advisor by whose counsel he would avoid further tyrannical action.[20]

Contemporary British commentators stated that the local population suffered immensely.[21] Captured rebels were treated vengefully — their hands and feet were severed. The skins of chieftans Mali Khan and Sabz Ali Khan Sudhan, two of Shams's close accomplices and lieutenants, were peeled off their bodies and their heads were hung on a gallows in a crossroad to deter others.[22][23][24]

 
Graveyard plaques of 18th-century Shams Khan in Poonch,
 
Portrait of Raja Dhian Singh in opaque watercolor and gold on exhibit at the Tokyo National Museum. c. mid 19th century.

References

  1. ^ The History Of Reigning Family Of Lahore by Major G. Carmichael Smyth Publication date 1847 Topics State Collection digitallibraryindia; JaiGyan Language English Item Size 695.1M Book Source: Digital Library of India Item See The Soodhun Eevblt 205 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173352/page/n9/mode/1up
  2. ^ Ibrahim, Sardar Mohammed (1990). The Kashmir Saga. Verinag.
  3. ^ Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173352/page/n9/mode/1up%7Ctitle=II:The History Of Reigning Family Of Lahore by Major G. Carmichael Smyth Publication date 1847 Topics State Collection digitallibraryindia; JaiGyan Language English Item Size 695.1M Book Source: Digital Library of India Item See The Soodhun Eevblt 205
  4. ^ Schofield, Victoria (2010-05-30). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85773-078-7.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Saraf, Muhammad Yusuf (1977). Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946 (PDF). University of California: Ferozsons. pp. 85–89.
  6. ^ Cunningham, Sir Alexander (1871). Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65. Simla: Government Central Press. p. 13.
  7. ^ Smyth, G. Carmichael (1847). The History Of Reigning Family Of Lahore. p. 206. One of the head-men of the Sudhun tribe when it submitted to the Dogras, was Shumass Khan.
  8. ^ Kirpa Ram, Diwan (1876). Gulabnama of Diwan Kirpa Ram. p. 158. Shamash one of the head-men of the Sudhun tribe when it submitted to the Dogras.
  9. ^ Bawa, Satinder Singh (1966). Gulab Singh of Jammu, Ladakh, and Kashmir, 1792-1846. University of Wisconsin--Madison.
  10. ^ Kapur, Manohar Lal (1980). History of Jammu and Kashmir State: The making of the State. Kashmir History Publications.
  11. ^ Grewal, Brigadier J. S. (2022-08-01). Poonch: India’s Invincible Citadel. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7062-345-8.
  12. ^ The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies. Institute of Historical Studies. 1989.
  13. ^ Folk-lore. Indian Publications. 1985.
  14. ^ Ahmad, Pirzada Irshad (2003). A Hand Book on Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Nawab Sons Publication. ISBN 978-969-530-050-3.
  15. ^ Saraf, Muhammad Yusuf (1977). Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946 (PDF). University of California: Ferozsons. p. 77. Although Sikhs were able, to a large extent, to subdue Muslims of Kashmir valley, they did not succeed in fully subjugating the people living in hilly areas, particularly those in Poonch
  16. ^ Saraf, Muhammad Yusuf (1977). Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946 (PDF). University of California: Ferozsons. p. 85. About the year 1832, Gulab Singh, who had already acquired the Chakla of Jammu as Jagir from Maharaja Ranjit Singh, made many attempts at the conquest of the district of Poonch, which was inhabited by martial tribes like the 'Sudhans'.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Ram, Diwan Kirpa (1876). Gulabnama Of Diwan Kirpa Ram. Srinagar: Gulshan Books. pp. 156–163.
  18. ^ a b Griffin, Lepel Henry (1865). The Panjab Chiefs. Oxford University: T.C. McCarthy. p. 594.
  19. ^ Griffin, Lepel Henry (1865). The Panjab Chiefs. Oxford University: T.C. McCarthy. p. 594.
  20. ^ Saraf, Muhammad Yusuf (1977). Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946 (PDF). University of California: Ferozsons. pp. 85–89. During our interview, the Maharaja volunteered an explanation of the grounds on which he had obtained the character of a cruel tyrant, saying that in the Suodan country, the people had not only put his garrisons to the sword but cut up many of the soldiers piece-meal and thrown their corpses to the dogs, that in punishment for such atrocities and prevention of them for the future, he had flayed three ring-leaders. He then said that he would request for the services of... ((I Vigne, p. 241. 2 Maulvl Mlr Alam p. 97)) an advisor, after arriving in Kashmir by whose counsel he would abide his conduct."
  21. ^ Hastings Donnan, Marriage Among Muslims: Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan, (Brill, 1997), 41.[1]
  22. ^ Kapur, Manohar Lal (1980). History of Jammu and Kashmir State: The making of the State. India: Kashmir History Publications. p. 51.
  23. ^ Snedden, Christopher (2015). "Jammu and Jammutis". Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. HarperCollins India. ISBN 9781849043427.
  24. ^ Malik, Iffat (2002), "Jammu Province", Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict International Dispute, Oxford University Press, p. 62, ISBN 978-0-19-579622-3
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