Wikipedia

List of Internet top-level domains

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This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.[1] IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of April 2021, their root domain contains 1502 top-level domains.[2][3] As of March 2021, the IANA root database includes 1589 TLDs. That also includes 68 that are not assigned (revoked), 8 that are retired and 11 test domains.[1] Those are not represented in IANA's listing[2] and are not in root.zone file (root.zone file also includes one root domain).[4]

Types

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Main article: Top-level domain § Types

IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:[5]

Original top-level domains

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Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, and predate the creation of ICANN in 1998.

Name Entity Administrator[6] Notes IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6
.com commercial Verisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name,[7] to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense. Yes Yes Yes Yes
.org organization Public Interest Registry This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here."[8][9] While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use. Yes Yes Yes Yes
.net network Verisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers."[9] Yes Yes Yes Yes
.int international Internet Assigned Numbers Authority The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria. No Yes Yes Yes
.edu education Educause (via Verisign) The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by American colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names. No Yes Yes Yes
.gov U.S. national and state government agencies Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (via Verisign) The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments. No Yes Yes Yes
.mil U.S. military United States Department of Defense The .mil TLD is limited to divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense. No Yes Yes Yes

Infrastructure top-level domains

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Infrastructure Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.arpa "Address and Routing Parameter Area" Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD. No Yes

Country code top-level domains

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Main article: Country code top level domain § Lists

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022, the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.[1]

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

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Main article: Proposed top-level domain § Internationalized country code top-level domains

Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

ICANN-era generic top-level domains

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English

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A

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.academy Schools, military academies, online learning websites, PTAs and student portals, or any site created to be educational on a particular topic. — Identity Digital[ID 1] Yes Yes
.accountant Certified Public Accountants, tax advisors, corporate accountants, personal and business accountants, and professional CPA organizations. — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.accountants Accountants and accounting firms. — Identity Digital[ID 2] Yes Yes
.active Reserved for Active Network. The Active Network Un­known
.actor Aspiring actors and their agents, theaters and movie studios, entertainment outlets, streaming video sites, movie review sites, and celebrity gossip sites. — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.ads advertising Reserved for Google AdSense. Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] Yes
.adult Sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. — ICM Registry Yes Yes
.aero Air-transport industry. Must verify eligibility for registration; only those in various categories of air-travel-related entities may register. SITA No Yes
.africa African and pan-African topics, African Union — ZA Central Registry Un­known Yes
.agency Marketing and advertising agencies, PR or communications agencies, design firms, talent agencies, travel agencies, and other related agencies. — Identity Digital[ID 3] Yes[12] Yes
.airforce Military recruiters, flight training schools, supply companies, military aircraft suppliers and repair companies, and Air Force members and veterans. — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.amazon Reserved for Amazon. Amazon Registry Services, Inc. Yes
.amex Reserved for American Express Yes
.analytics Reserved for SAS Institute. Campus IP LLC[11] Yes
.apartments Property (apartment) managers, condominium/apartment developers, college websites/centers, and city guides and community centers. — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.app Apps.[13] — Charleston Road Registry Inc.(Google)[n 2] Yes Yes
.apple Apple.[14] Reserved for Apple.[15] Apple Un­known Yes
.archi architects and architect firms[16] Restricted to individuals and organizations that can verify participation in architecture industry.[17] STARTING DOT LIMITED Un­known Yes
.army Military recruiter, army supply stores, military training schools, army members and veterans — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.art artists, museums, art galleries, dealers, service providers and contractors — UK Creative Ideas Yes Yes
.arte Reserved for Arte Yes
.associates Accountants, law firms, consulting firms, real estate agencies, health & medical groups — Identity Digital[ID 4] Yes Yes
.attorney Independent attorneys and law firms of any size, legal services entities, elected officials and judges, professional organizations, law students — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.auction Auction houses & online auctions, car and truck auction, B2B commodity auctions, charity auctions for non-profits and schools, buyer and seller communities — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.audible Reserved for Audible Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.audio stereo/sound systems, music — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.author — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.auto vehicles — XYZ.com[11] Yes
.autos vehicles — XYZ.com Un­known Yes
.aws Reserved for Amazon Web Services Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes

B

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.baby For selling baby-related products — XYZ.com[11] Yes Yes
.band Music venues, ticket sale/resale sites, music band & musician sites, school band sites, music review sites — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.bank banks Restricted to banks and savings associations fTLD Registry Services, LLC Un­known Yes
.bar Bars and related industry — Punto 2012 Yes Yes
.barefoot Reserved for Gallo Vineyards Inc. Gallo Vineyards, Inc.[11] Yes
.bargains Online retailers, large and small, "sale" sections on retail websites, discount & overstock sites, bargain hunters, frugal-living bloggers — Identity Digital[ID 5] Yes Yes
.baseball baseball Reserved for MLB MLB Advanced Media DH, LLC[11] Yes
.basketball basketball Reserved for FIBA Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA)[11] Yes
.beauty beauty — XYZ.com[11] Yes Yes
.beer breweries and beer aficionados — Minds + Machines[n 3] Un­known Yes
.best — BestTLD Pty Ltd Un­known Yes
.bestbuy Reserved for Best Buy BBY Solutions, Inc.[11] Yes
.bet gambling — Identity Digital plc[11] Yes Yes
.bible — American Bible Society[11] Yes Yes
.bid auctions — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Yes Yes
.bike Bicycle & motorcycle enthusiasts, bike retailers & gear shops, bike repair shops, biking event organizers, bike or motorcycle clubs — Identity Digital[ID 6] Yes[19] Yes
.bingo Bingo halls, casinos, online & casual gaming sites, travel agencies — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.bio Organic agriculture[20] Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrants who are "producers, transformers and retailers, or otherwise involved in the field of agriculture, food and farming" must comply with the Principles of Organic Agriculture.[21][22] Identity Digital[23] Un­known Yes
.biz business Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not held by commercial entities in accordance with the domain's charter. This TLD was created to provide relief for the .com TLD, where many names have already been taken. NeuStar Yes[12] Yes
.black those who like the color black[24] — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.blackfriday Black Friday, retail — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.blockbuster Reserved for Blockbuster LLC Dish DBS Corporation[11] Yes
.blog Blogs — Automattic[25] [12] Yes
.blue those who like the color blue[26] — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.boo — — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Yes Yes
.book — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.boots Reserved for Boots Company Ltd THE BOOTS COMPANY PLC[11]
.boston websites related to the city of Boston, Massachusetts USA — Boston TLD Management, LLC[11] Un­known Yes
.bot Previously restricted to online "bots" using approved frameworks (Amazon Lex, Dialogflow, Gupshup, Microsoft Bot Framework, and Pandorabots)[27] and now has no restrictions.[28] Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.boutique Specialty online retailers, vintage shops, designers, artists and artisans, craftspeople — Identity Digital[ID 7] Yes Yes
.box individuals and businesses, in order to promote personal cloud storage — NS1 Limited Yes Yes
.broadway Broadway theatre Reserved for members of the Broadway League Celebrate Broadway, Inc.[11] Yes
.broker — DOTBROKER REGISTRY LTD[11] Yes
.build construction industry — Plan Bee LLC Yes Yes
.builders Contractors, subcontractors, commercial/residential architects, interior designers — Identity Digital[ID 8] Yes Yes
.business Creative businesses & agencies, freelancers & independent consultants, any other business looking to differentiate from the competition — Identity Digital[ID 9] Yes Yes
.buy sales — Amazon Registry Services, INC[11] Yes
.buzz marketing and social networking — DOTSTRATEGY Yes Yes

C

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.cab Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, tourist attractions — Identity Digital[ID 10] Yes Yes
.cafe Cafes, restaurants, delis, cafeterias, coffee shops & coffee stands, student lounges, mobile food/beverage vendors, cooking schools — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.call — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.cam Cameras, photography, broadcasting, film-making and livestreaming. — CAM Connecting SarL [29] Yes Yes
.camera Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online — Identity Digital[ID 11] Yes Yes
.camp Camping/RV sites, travel writers & bloggers, outdoor adventure companies, summer camps for kids, hotels, hostels, lodges, bed & breakfast lodging — Identity Digital[ID 12] Yes Yes
.cancerresearch Organizations, research institutes and individuals interested in ending cancer through research[30] — Australian Cancer Research Foundation Un­known
.capital Mortgage companies, financial services professionals, investment services, venture capital investors — Identity Digital[ID 13] Yes Yes
.car vehicles — XYZ.COM LLC[11] Yes
.cards Occasion shoppers (holiday, birthday, bereavement), occasion-related websites, gift buyers, corporate HR departments — Identity Digital[ID 14] Yes Yes
.care Surgeons, primary/secondary care physicians, insurance providers, hospitals & clinics, medical, dental, or vision specialists, service based products or services — Identity Digital[ID 15] Yes Yes
.career jobs and job-searching — dotCareer LLC Yes Yes
.careers Career services (coaching, resume writing), job sites & recruiters, business coaches, staffing firms, HR department of any business — Identity Digital[ID 16] Yes Yes
.cars Automotive — Uniregistry Yes Yes
.casa Spanish word for house, targeted for real estate and other house and home related companies — Minds + Machines Group Limited
.case Reserved for CNH Industrial CNH Industrial N.V.[11] Yes
.cash Pawn shops and consignment shops, currency exchanges, other cash-based businesses, check cashing services — Identity Digital[ID 17] Yes Yes
.casino Casino & online gaming sites, travel agencies, local tourist sites, hotel booking sites — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.catering Caterers & personal chefs, specialty food vendors, wedding planners & event planners, event spaces, wholesale suppliers — Identity Digital[ID 18] Yes Yes
.catholic Catholicism — Dicastery for Communication[11] Yes
.center Community centers, business centers, shopping centers, tourist sites/city centers, tutoring & learning centers — Identity Digital[ID 19] Yes Yes
.cern CERN CERN CERN Un­known Yes
.ceo CEOs —[31] CEOTLD Pty Ltd Un­known Yes
.cfd clothing fashion design — ShortDot SA[11] Yes
.channel — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Yes[12] Yes
.chat Online chat rooms, dating, political, religious, sports, human interest, & hobbyist forums, companies with live chat help desks, chatbot technology companies — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.charity — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.cheap Online retailers, discount sites, overstock sites, businesses who sell bulk products at discounted prices, bargain hunters & frugal-living bloggers — Identity Digital[ID 20] Yes Yes
.christmas Christmas — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.church Churches, youth organizations, spiritual communities, religion-based organizations, anyone who publishes spiritual or religious content — Identity Digital[ID 21] Yes Yes
.circle — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.city City resource sites for locals and travelers, travel writers & bloggers, local reviews websites, tourist attractions, transportation businesses — Identity Digital[ID 22] Yes Yes
.claims Insurance adjusters & claims representatives, insurance claims departments (auto, medical, homeowners), customer service departments of insurance companies, law firms — Identity Digital[ID 23] Yes Yes
.cleaning Contractors, commercial/home cleaning services, auto detailing/cleaning services — Identity Digital[ID 24] Yes Yes
.click — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.clinic Healthcare clinics, medical or healthcare specialists, sports clinics, urgent care clinics — Identity Digital[ID 25] Yes Yes
.clothing Online retailers, department stores, designers — Identity Digital[ID 26] Yes Yes
.cloud Companies involved in cloud computing — Aruba S.p.A. Yes
.club groups, organizations, assemblies, communities, general —[32] .CLUB DOMAINS Yes[33] Yes
.coach Athletic organizations, personal trainers & coaches, business, life, & health coaches, school & community club coaches or tutors, affordable travel, airline, train, car, or other transportation companies — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.codes Software and web developers, IT companies, technology R&D companies, coding enthusiasts, coding classes & camps — Identity Digital[ID 27] Yes Yes
.coffee Coffee shops, roasters, wholesalers & suppliers, machine & equipment suppliers and stands — Identity Digital[ID 28] Yes Yes
.college Educational — XYZ.com Yes Yes
.community City guides & community centers, online communities, neighborhood associations, churches, mosques, temples, and other spiritual communities, local writers & bloggers — Identity Digital[ID 29] Yes Yes
.company Small, medium, or large businesses, business that want to demonstrate authority in their field, makers, artisans, anyone who sells a niche product — Identity Digital[ID 30] Yes Yes
.compare Reserved for Gocompare.com Limited iSelect Ltd[11] Yes
.computer Computer manufacturers, computer repair services, computer resellers, computer training & education programs, tech companies — Identity Digital[ID 31] Yes Yes
.condos Real estate brokers/agents, property (condominium) managers, mortgage companies, condominium/apartment developers, condominium associations — Identity Digital[ID 32] Yes Yes
.construction Contractors, commercial/residential architects, wholesale and retail construction suppliers — Identity Digital[ID 33] Yes Yes
.consulting Consulting firms, independent consultants, specialty services, businesses that offer expert training — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.contact — Top Level Spectrum, Inc.[11] Yes
.contractors Construction-related businesses, contractors, subcontractors, independent contractors with unique skills and expertise, unions or other organizations promoting their people and skills — Identity Digital[ID 34] Yes Yes
.cooking sharing recipes — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.cool Fashion magazines & blogs, meme aggregators, trend tracking sites, online merchants, fun publications & sites — Identity Digital[ID 35] Yes Yes
.coop cooperatives The .coop TLD is limited to cooperatives as defined by the Rochdale Principles. DotCooperation No Yes
.country general — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.coupon discounts and rebates — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.coupons Coupon pages, coupon sites, discount sites, coupon-themed blogs, bargain hunters — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.courses education — Open Universities Australia Pty Ltd[11] Yes
.cpa accountants and accounting firms Restricted to licensed CPAs and CPA firms American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Un­known Yes
.credit Credit card companies, lenders, credit unions, collection agencies, credit counselors & financial planners — Identity Digital[ID 36] Yes Yes
.creditcard Credit card companies, store/retailer credit card sites, credit counselors & financial planners, credit card processing services — Identity Digital[ID 37] Yes Yes
.cruise Cruise lines, cruise-related products or services, travel agencies & vacation services, private charter boats — Viking River Cruises (Bermuda) Ltd.[11] Yes
.cricket cricket — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.cruises cruise businesses and travel — Identity Digital[ID 38] Yes Yes
.cyou For any individual or business that shares the ethical values of diversity, inclusivity, and independence[34] — Shortdot SA[35] Yes

D

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.dad fathers — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.dance Dance studios & instructors, nightclubs & music venues, dance teams & troupes, dance shoe, clothing & equipment manufacturers, fans of dance & live performances — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.data — Dish DBS Corporation[11] Yes
.date online dating — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.dating Dating & matchmaker sites, travel sites & city guides, singles meetup groups, traditional “classified” sites, event businesses — Identity Digital[ID 39] Yes Yes
.day general — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.deal sales — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.deals Discount sites, bargain hunters, coupon sites, coupon pages. coupon-themed guides, directories and blogs — Identity Digital[ID 40] Yes Yes
.degree Brick-and-mortar schools & universities, online universities, other learning courses, other educational resources — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.delivery Consumer delivery services, commercial shipping services, transportation services, messenger services, any business that ships their products — Identity Digital[ID 41] Yes Yes
.democrat Political candidates, lobbyists, political parties, fundraising organizations — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.dental Dentists, endodontists, orthodontists, retailers selling oral health supplies, wholesale suppliers for dental care — Identity Digital[ID 42] Yes Yes
.dentist Dentists, endodontists, orthodontists, retailers selling oral health supplies, wholesale suppliers for dental care — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.design graphic art and fashion — Top Level Design Yes Yes
.dev software development — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google) Un­known Yes
.diamonds Jewelers, diamond wholesalers and retailers, jewelry appraisers and buyers, pawn shops — Identity Digital[ID 43] Yes Yes
.diet dieting and dietary — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.digital Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), online event, meetup & gaming sites, technology companies, e-commerce sites — Identity Digital[ID 44] Yes Yes
.direct Direct-to-consumer stores, bargain hunters, transportation services, messenger services, delivery & shipping services — Identity Digital[ID 45] Yes Yes
.directory Listings organizations, name, phone & address directories, online business directories, clubs, groups, & other organizations directories — Identity Digital[ID 46] Yes Yes
.discount Discount sites, bargain hunters, coupon sites, coupon pages, coupon-themed blogs — Identity Digital[ID 47] Yes Yes
.diy do-it-yourself — Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11] Yes
.docs Technical Documentation — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] Yes
.doctor Doctors, any business with “doctor” in the name, other health care providers, PhD experts in any field — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.dog Dog breeders, dog walking, grooming & sitting businesses, veterinarians, animal shelters & adoption centers, pet stores & suppliers — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.domains Any web-based service, network consultants, domain brokers, resellers and registrars, home-related products and services — Identity Digital[ID 48] Yes Yes
.dot — Dish DBS Corporation[11] Yes
.download technology — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.drive Reserved for Google Drive Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] Yes

E

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.earth Individuals or businesses with a worldwide focus — Interlink Co., Ltd.[11] Yes
.eat restaurants and foodies — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.eco Sustainability minded companies, non-profits and professionals.[36] Open to anyone pledging a commitment to sustainability action.[37] Big Room Inc.[38] No Yes
.education Colleges & universities, public schools, PTAs & other school groups, education research organizations, any organization focused on educating its audience — Identity Digital[ID 49] Yes Yes
.email Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, email marketing experts, CRM and marketing technology specialists, anyone who wants a memorable email address — Identity Digital[ID 50] Yes Yes
.energy Electrical, mechanical, chemical, nuclear & thermal energy producers, solar, wind, hydro, bio & other sustainable alternative energy producers, battery manufacturers & oil industry R&D, energy conservation organizations, energy food & drink manufacturers — Identity Digital[ID 51] Yes Yes
.engineer Computer and software engineering companies, civil, electrical, mechanical, and architectural engineering companies, environmental, chemical, geotechnical, and bio engineering companies, engineer training or educational institutions, railroad engineers — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.engineering Computer and software engineering companies, civil, electrical, mechanical, and architectural engineering companies, environmental, chemical, geotechnical, and bio engineering companies, engineer training or educational institutions, railroad engineers — Identity Digital[ID 52] Yes Yes
.edeka edeka firms — EDEKA Verband kaufmännischer Genossenschaften e.V. Yes Yes
.entertainment Ticket outlets, travel sites & local tourist sites, performance halls, theaters, & music venues, anyone in the entertainment industry, celebrity news sites — Identity Digital Yes
.enterprises Entrepreneurs, startups, parent & holding companies, enterprise SaaS solutions & tech services — Identity Digital[ID 53] Yes Yes
.equipment Home improvement stores, construction equipment rentals, construction equipment sales, sporting goods stores — Identity Digital[ID 54] Yes Yes
.esq lawyers, law firms, legal professionals To be restricted to verified lawyers and attorneys[39] Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.estate Estate sale management & appraisal services, estate planners & lawyers, real estate agents & brokers — Identity Digital[ID 55] Yes Yes
.events Event planners, sports & gaming agencies/sites, ticket sale/resale sites, city guides & community centers, performance halls, music clubs/bars — Identity Digital[ID 56] Yes Yes
.exchange Foreign currency exchanges, stock brokers, investment fund traders, ETF distributors, brokers, & dealers — Identity Digital[ID 57] Yes Yes
.expert Home services providers, online review sites, skilled worker databases, freelancers, consultants, & subject matter experts — Identity Digital[ID 58] Yes Yes
.exposed Tabloid sites, celebrity romance blog, TV spoiler sites, sites that host leaked documents, investigative journalism sites — Identity Digital[ID 59] Yes Yes
.express Transportation services, messenger services, delivery & shipping services, direct-to-consumer stores — Identity Digital Yes Yes

F

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.fail Online meme aggregators, humor websites, video sites — Identity Digital[ID 60] Yes Yes
.faith religion and churches — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.family Family-focused travel sites, blogs about family-friendly activities & games, family history sites, photo sites, obstetricians & family practice doctors — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.fan Fan sites, current events & gossip sites, sport blogs and forums, personal & business sites about niche topics — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.fans general — ZDNS International Limited Un­known Yes
.farm Real estate brokers/agents, farming services & equipment dealers, farmers & ranchers, property managers, health food distributors, cryptocurrency farmers — Identity Digital[ID 61] Yes Yes
.fashion clothing industry — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.fast Reserved for Amazon Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.feedback feedback and reviews — Top Level Spectrum Un­known Yes
.fiat Reserved for Stellantis (previously Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and Fiat S.p.A.) Stellantis N.V. Un­known
.film films — Motion Picture Domain Registry Pty Ltd[11] Yes
.final final versions of anything — Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br[11] Yes
.finance Investment services, banks & financial institutes, credit counselors & financial planners, accounting firms, lenders — Identity Digital[ID 62] Yes Yes
.financial Investment services, banks & financial institutions, credit counselors & financial planners, accounting firms, lenders — Identity Digital[ID 63] Yes Yes
.fire Reserved for Amazon (promotion of Fire devices) Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.fish Seafood markets, restaurants & suppliers, sport fishing & fly fishing enthusiasts, fishing gear, tackle, & product manufacturers, travel outfitters & fishing guide companies, aquariums, pet & fish supply stores, marine biology programs & conservation organizations — Identity Digital[ID 64] Yes Yes
.fishing fishing businesses, sports, and interests — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.fit Fitness and exercise — Minds + Machines[n 3] Un­known Yes
.fitness Gyms, athletic clubs & family health organizations, personal trainers, weight loss, health & wellness clinics, health & exercise blogs, fitness competition & events companies — Identity Digital[ID 65] Yes Yes
.flights Airline-related products or services, helicopter rides, skydiving, & hang gliding, travel agencies & travel services, private pilots, airport transportation — Identity Digital[ID 66] Yes Yes
.florist Florists, flower delivery services, floral designers, flower seed suppliers — Identity Digital[ID 67] Yes Yes
.flowers florists and gardens — Uniregistry Yes Yes
.fly travel To be restricted to verified airlines, travel agencies and travel resellers[40] Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.foo programming and development —[41] Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Yes Yes
.food — Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11] Yes
.foodnetwork Reserved for Food Network Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11]
.football Professional & amateur football & soccer teams, football clothing, gear & fan merchandise, football equipment manufacturers, football coaches & players — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.forsale Individual real estate brokers and brokerages, wholesalers and retailers across many product categories, discount, flash sale and deal websites, auction sites and individuals selling items they no longer need — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.forum forums — Fegistry, LLC[11] Arabic[12] Yes
.foundation Charitable organizations, public school foundations, other philanthropic organizations & foundations — Identity Digital[ID 68] Yes Yes
.free sales — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.frontdoor Reserved for HGTV Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11]
.fun — Radix Registry Yes Yes
.fund Investment services, banks & financial institutions, credit counselors & financial planners, lenders — Identity Digital[ID 69] Yes Yes
.furniture Home décor and furnishing stores, department stores, home designers, vintage stores, antique dealers — Identity Digital[ID 70] Yes Yes
.fyi "for your information" — Identity Digital Yes Yes

G

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.gallery Galleries, professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online — Identity Digital[ID 71] Yes Yes
.game gaming — XYZ.COM LLC[42] Yes Yes
.games Gaming sites, forums & reviews, online or brick & mortar game stores/clubs, sports events, clubs—professional & recreational, casinos — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.garden gardening — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.gay Individuals in the lgbt community and/ or supportive organisations and people — Top Level Design[ID 72] Yes Yes

[43]

.gdn general — GDN Registry Yes[44] Yes
.gift gift-giving — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.gifts Gift buyers, discount sites, corporate HR departments, bargain hunters — Identity Digital[ID 73] Yes Yes
.gives Philanthropic organizations and foundations, charities, nonprofits, corporate giving initiatives, volunteer organizations — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.glass Glass & glass repair shops, glass departments within home supply stores, contractors, windshield repair & auto glass businesses, DIYers/artists — Identity Digital[ID 74] Yes Yes
.gle Google abbreviations In use for some URL abbreviations related to Google such as forms.gle and goo.gle. Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[45] Un­known Yes
.global general, companies or individuals with a global focus or presence — Dot GLOBAL Yes Yes
.gmbh German limited liability companies — Binky Moon, LLC Yes
.gold Jewelers, gold traders and dealers, coin sellers and traders, trophy and awards shops — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.golf Professional & amateur golf organizations, golf courses, equipment suppliers & manufacturers, golf travel & event companies, golf players, enthusiasts & spectators, sports networks — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.google Google In use for some websites related to Google such as blog.google. Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google). Un­known Yes
.gop Republican Party politics — Republican State Leadership Committee Spanish[46] Yes
.graphics Web design firms, freelance designers, graphic artists — Identity Digital[ID 75] Yes Yes
.green the environmentally-focused "As a Registrant you may not ... use a .green name or its content in a way that negatively affects the mission, purpose of the .green TLD, or its brand."[47] Identity Digital Un­known Yes
.gripe Online complaint sites, online forums, customer service providers, feedback sites, blogs about scams — Identity Digital[ID 76] Yes Yes
.grocery Reserved for Walmart Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.[11] Yes
.group Groups based on hobbies or interests (running, crafts, gaming), group-based businesses (medical practices, law firms, financial advisors), professional associations, support groups — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.guide City resource sites for locals and travelers, travel writers & bloggers, local reviews websites, tourist attractions & guides, outdoor adventure companies — Identity Digital[ID 77] Yes Yes
.guitars Guitars — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.guru Mindfulness & yoga practices, spiritual leadership sites, any training program, work-for-hire sites, freelancers, consultants, & subject matter experts — Identity Digital[ID 78] Yes[48] Yes

H

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.hair haircare products and services — XYZ.com[11] Yes
.hangout Reserved for Google Hangouts Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] Yes
.hamburg Companies, organizations and private individuals with a connection to the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg Unrestricted for inhabitants of Hamburg Hamburg Top-Level-Domain GmbH Yes
.haus German housing and real estate — Identity Digital Yes
.health health and related topics — DotHealth, LLC[11] Yes
.healthcare Primary/secondary care physicians, hospitals & clinics, healthcare insurance providers & brokers, company HR/benefits departments — Identity Digital[ID 79] Yes Yes
.help help sites — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.here generic geographic — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.hiphop Hip hop culture — Dot Hip Hop, LLC Yes[49] Yes
.hiv AIDS and HIV awareness — dotHIV Un­known Yes
.hockey Sports media, sporting goods stores & hockey equipment suppliers, professional, minor league & amateur hockey teams, hockey fans, fantasy leagues, sponsors, coaches & referees — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.holdings Holding companies, private equity firms, real estate developers — Identity Digital[ID 80] Yes Yes
.holiday Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, city guides & resource sites, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging — Identity Digital[ID 81] Yes Yes
.homegoods Reserved for HomeGoods The TJX Companies, Inc.[11] Yes
.homes real estate professionals — Dominion Enterprises Un­known Yes
.homesense Reserved for HomeSense The TJX Companies, Inc.[11] Yes
.horse horse-related businesses and interest — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.hospital Hospitals & clinics, healthcare providers, medical, dental, or vision specialists, insurance providers — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.host network companies — Radix Registry Un­known Yes
.hosting — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.hot — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.hotels Reserved for Booking.com Booking.com B.V.[11] Yes
.house Real estate brokers/agents, mortgage companies, home builders, construction/home improvement suppliers, home improvement sites & blogs — Identity Digital[ID 82] Yes Yes
.how how-to guides — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes

I

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.ice Reserved for Intercontinental Exchange IntercontinentalExchange, Inc.[11] Yes
.icu entrepreneurs and business owners — ShortDot SA Yes
.inc Corporations — Intercap Registry Inc. Yes
.industries Machine or equipment manufacturers, manufacturers, tech or biotech companies, professional associations, businesses with “industries” in their names — Identity Digital[ID 83] Yes Yes
.info information — Identity Digital German[12] Yes
.ing Verbal suffix: e.g., "jump.ing" — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.ink creative printing or tattooing[50] — Top Level Design Yes Yes
.institute[51] Educational institutions, training programs, foundations, research organizations, military schools — Identity Digital[ID 84] Yes Yes
.insurance insurance companies — fTLD Registry Services LLC[11] Yes
.insure Insurance companies (life, auto, homeowners, renters), insurance divisions of larger companies (car rentals, warranties), insurance brokers & advisors — Identity Digital[ID 85] Yes Yes
.international Any organization with an international presence, international consultants, import/export businesses, international travel organizations — Identity Digital[ID 86] Yes Yes
.investments Investment services (institutional, private), wealth management services, financial planners, brokerage firms — Identity Digital[ID 87] Yes Yes
.irish Airline-related products or services, domestic/International travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, Ireland travel guides & resource sites, seasonal opportunities (St. Patrick's Day) — Identity Digital Yes Yes

J

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.jewelry Jewelers, jewelry buyers, online retailers, department stores — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.jobs Employment For websites with job opportunities and job listings.[52] Employ Media No Yes
.joy — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes

K

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.kim Kim (Korean surname) — Identity Digital Un­known Yes
.kitchen Restaurants, cafes, & delis, food stands & mobile vendors, meal services & personal chefs, kitchen supply stores, food blogs & recipe sites — Identity Digital[ID 88] Yes Yes
.kosher Kosher food certification and regulations — OK Kosher Certification Yes
.kpn Dutch Telecom Company Only available to KPN. Yes

L

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.land Real estate brokers and agents, residential/commercial land developers, home builders, mortgage companies, traditional “classified” sites — Identity Digital[ID 89] Yes Yes
.lat Latin American communities and users — ECOM-LAC[11] Yes
.law practitioners and educators in law Restricted to qualified lawyers, courts of law, law schools, and legal regulators.[53] Minds + Machines Group Limited[11] Yes
.lawyer Independent attorneys and law firms of any size, legal services entities, elected officials and judges, professional organizations, law students — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.lease Real estate brokers/agents, property managers, condo/apartment developers, real estate law firms — Identity Digital[ID 90] Yes Yes
.leclerc Reserved for E.Leclerc A.C.D. LEC Association des Centres Distributeurs Edouard Leclerc Yes
.legal Attorneys, lawyers & law firms, corporate legal teams, paralegals, legal advocates, committees, associations and interest groups associated with the law — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.lgbt the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community — Identity Digital Un­known Yes
.life Wellness and health experts, charities, coaches & personal development enthusiasts, lifestyle bloggers, anyone who wants to share personal stories — Identity Digital[ID 91] Yes Yes
.lifeinsurance life insurance — American Council of Life Insurers[11] Yes
.lighting Lighting & lighting repair shops, lighting departments within home supply stores, contractors, commercial/residential architects, DIYers — Identity Digital[ID 92] Yes Yes
.like — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.limited Private companies, limited by shares, limited companies, businesses with “limited” or “LTD” in their names, specialty products and services, businesses that sell limited-quantity products — Identity Digital[ID 93][54] Yes Yes
.limo Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, lodging, weddings, party and occasion-related services — Identity Digital[ID 94] Yes Yes
.link connecting to information[55] — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.live Live streaming sites, entertainment/music venues, news sites/blogs, ticket sale/resale sites, video production companies — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.living — Internet Naming Co.[56] Yes
.loan banks and lenders — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.loans Mortgage companies, personal loan agencies, auto loan agencies & car dealerships, credit consolidation services — Identity Digital[ID 95] Yes Yes
.locker Reserved for DISH DBS Corporation Dish DBS Corporation[11] Yes
.lol LOL: laughing out loud (humorous or comedic content) — Uniregistry[57] Un­known Yes
.lotto lottery — Identity Digital Un­known Yes
.love dating sites — Un­known Yes
.ltd Private companies, limited by shares, limited companies, businesses with “limited” or “LTD” in their names, specialty products and services, businesses that sell limited-quantity products — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.luxury businesses catering to the wealthy — Luxury Partners Yes Yes

M

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.makeup — XYZ.com[11] Yes
.management Property managers, wealth management firms, money management, systems & network managers, leadership teams — Identity Digital[ID 96] Yes Yes
.map maps and navigation — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] No Yes
.market Online retailers, independent or chain grocery stores, buyer and seller communities, discount sites & coupon sites — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.marketing Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), staffing agencies, marketing consultants — Identity Digital[ID 97] Yes Yes
.markets — Donuts[ID 98] Un­known Yes
.mba Colleges, universities, & graduate programs, online educational sites, job search sites, MBA candidates — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.med medicine and related topics — Medistry LLC[11] Yes
.media Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), news outlets, media bloggers, celebrity publications, digital publishers & graphic designers — Identity Digital[ID 99] Yes Yes
.meet social gatherings, meeting new people — Identity Digital Un­known Yes
.meme Internet memes — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.memorial News site obituaries, personal tribute sites, floral & funeral arrangement companies — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.men men — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.menu restaurants — Wedding TLD2 Yes Yes
.mint Reserved for Intuit Mint Intuit Administrative Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.mobi mobile devices Must be used for mobile-compatible sites in accordance with standards. Identity Digital Yes Yes
.mobile — Dish DBS Corporation[11] Yes
.mobily Reserved for Mobily GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[11]
.moda For people and organizations interested and engaged in the world of fashion and style.[58] — Identity Digital[ID 100] Yes Yes
.moe Japanese otaku culture; see moe (slang) — Interlink Yes Yes
.mom mothers — Uniregistry, Corp.[11] Yes
.money Lenders, financial services businesses, money blogs & news sites, investment bankers & brokers, financial planners & experts — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.monster — XYZ.com Yes Yes
.mortgage Mortgage brokers, real estate brokers/agents, home buyers, traditional “classified” sites — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.motorcycles motorcycles — DERMotorcycles Un­known Yes
.mov digital video — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.movie Streaming movie services, movie studios & distributors, movie theaters & entertainment outlets, ticket sale/resale sites, movie review sites — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.museum museums Must be verified as a legitimate museum. Museum Domain Management Association Latin script[12] Yes
.music Music dissemination and appreciation — DotMusic Limited[59] Yes

N

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.name individuals, by name Open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not by individuals (or the owners of fictional characters) in accordance with the domain's charter. Verisign Yes[12] Yes
.navy Naval training schools, navy supply stores, military recruiters, credit unions, navy members and veterans — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.network IT professionals, tech consultants, career sites, industry-specific professional groups, social networks — Identity Digital[ID 101] Yes Yes
.new Websites where people can create something The second-level domain name must be the thing to be created immediately when a user visits the .new website. Most likely, the .new will redirect to a company's main website. Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.news News organizations, educational publications, trade publications, neighborhood news blogs — Un­known Yes
.nexus — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.ngo Non-governmental organizations. Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR.[60] Public Interest Registry Un­known Yes
.ninja Sites promoting specialized skills, repair services (auto, appliance, etc.), gaming sites, martial arts organizations — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.now — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.ntt Restricted to use by NTT Japan.[61] Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation.[11] Yes Yes

O

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.observer — Donuts[ID 98] Yes
.org general — Public Interest Registry Yes
.one general — One Registry Un­known Yes
.ong Non-governmental organizations. Restricted to validated NGOs, as determined by PIR.[60] Public Interest Registry Un­known Yes
.onl generic — I-REGISTRY Un­known Yes
.online generic — Radix Registry Un­known Yes
.ooo general — Infibeam Yes Yes
.open private to the "Registry Operator and its qualified Affiliates and Trademark Licensees"[62] — American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.[11] Yes
.organic organic gardeners, farmers, foods, etc. Registrants must be verified as a member of the organic community.[63] Identity Digital Un­known Yes
.origins Reserved for Origins The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.[11] Yes

P

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.page — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] Yes
.partners Law firms, real estate agencies, investment firms, accounting firms, nonprofit organizations — Identity Digital[ID 102] Yes Yes
.parts Appliance wholesalers & service, tool rentals & service businesses, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses — Identity Digital[ID 103] Yes Yes
.party nightclubs and social gatherings or political parties — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.pay electronic payments — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.pet animals and pets — Identity Digital[11] Yes
.pharmacy pharmacies "All registrants within the .pharmacy gTLD are vetted prior to registration to confirm that they meet all applicable regulatory standards, including pharmacy licensure and valid prescription requirements, in the jurisdictions where they are based and where they serve patients."[64] National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Un­known Yes
.phone telephone-related businesses — Dish DBS Corporation[11] Yes
.photo photography and photo-sharing — Registry Services, LLC[65] Yes[18] Yes
.photography Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online — Identity Digital[ID 104] Yes Yes
.photos Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online — Identity Digital[ID 105] Yes Yes
.physio physical therapists Must be eligible for membership within an association that is a member of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy, have proper training as a physical therapist outside WCPT's reach, or otherwise supports physical therapy.[66][67] PhysBiz Un­known Yes
.pics photography and photo-sharing — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.pictures Professional photographers, camera and equipment retailers, photo studios & photography schools, wedding and specialty photographers, anyone who wants to share photos online — Identity Digital[ID 106] Yes Yes
.pid personal identification — Top Level Spectrum Un­known Yes
.pin — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.pink those who like the color pink — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.pizza Pizzerias, take & bake pizza shops, Italian or Greek restaurants, pizza brands found in grocery stores — Identity Digital[ID 107] Yes Yes
.place Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, tourist attractions, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging — Identity Digital[ID 108] Yes Yes
.plumbing Plumbers & plumbing repair businesses, plumbing departments within home supply stores, contractors/subcontractors, DIYers — Identity Digital[ID 109] Yes Yes
.plus Consumer commodity stores & sites, clothing (plus, big & tall), service-based businesses, any entity wanting to show their competitive advantage — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.poker Poker players and sites — Identity Digital[ID 110] Un­known Yes
.porn adult entertainment (pornography) For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. Identity Digital Yes Yes
.post postal services The .post TLD is restricted to Postal Administrations as defined in the Universal Postal Union constitution, and their large customers who wish to provide "Trusted Postal Services".[68] Universal Postal Union No[69] Yes
.press publishing and journalism — Radix Registry Un­known Yes
.prime Reserved for Amazon Prime Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.pro professions/professionals — Identity Digital[70] No Yes
.productions Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), video production services, anyone in the film industry — Identity Digital[ID 111] Yes Yes
.prof Professors, teachers and learning — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.promo advertising — Identity Digital[11] Yes
.properties Real estate brokers/agents, residential/Commercial land developers, property (condo/apartment) managers, home builders, mortgage companies — Identity Digital[ID 112] Yes Yes
.property real estate — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.protection security — XYZ.COM LLC[11] Yes
.pub Pubs, bars & nightclubs, burger joints, breweries & taphouses, beer distributors, restaurant & bar suppliers

publications

— Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes

Q

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.qpon coupons — DOTQPON LLC.[71] Un­known Yes
.quebec People and businesses in Quebec — PointQuébec Inc[72] Un­known Yes

R

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.racing racing — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.radio radio stations, amateur radio operators — European Broadcasting Union (EBU)[11] Yes
.read — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.realestate real estate — dotRealEstate LLC[11] Yes
.realtor realtors To be restricted to members of the National Association of Realtors and the Canadian Real Estate Association, and related associations.[73] Real Estate Domains Un­known Yes
.realty realty and housing — Fegistry, LLC[11] Yes
.recipes Recipe sites, food & beverage grocery brands, health & fitness organizations, cooking enthusiasts, personal/professional chefs — Identity Digital[ID 113] Yes Yes
.red those who like the color red[74]
Also Spanish variant of .net
Also likely to be attractive for domain hacks for words that end with '-red'.		 — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.rehab Physical and occupational therapists and professionals, drug, alcohol and gambling addiction counselors, rehabilitation facilities and recovery centers, online health directories, physical or emotional health associations — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.reit real estate investment trusts Restricted to REITs, as determined by national law.[75] National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts Un­known Yes
.rent Real estate professionals and small businesses — xyz.xyz Un­known Yes
.rentals Real estate brokers/agents, city guides, college housing centers, & community centers, vehicle, equipment, or entertainment/event rentals, property managers, condo/apartment developers — Identity Digital[ID 114] Yes Yes
.repair General or specialty repair shops, construction contractors/subcontractors, DIYers, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat businesses — Identity Digital[ID 115] Yes Yes
.report News and current events sites, financial reporting sites, financial or business analysts, consumer product reviews, police, school, or other community report listings — Identity Digital[ID 116] Yes Yes
.republican Political candidates, lobbyists, political parties, fundraising organizations — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.rest Restaurants and related industry — Punto 2012 Yes[76] Yes
.restaurant Casual eateries, gourmet restaurants, suppliers, chains, review sites, reservation sites & services — Identity Digital[ID 117] Yes Yes
.review public reviews — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.reviews News media, food publications, travel publications, literary publications, any product & service with online reviews — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.rich businesses catering to the wealthy — I-REGISTRY Un­known Yes
.rip Loved ones seeking to memorialize the deceased, funeral homes and cemeteries, businesses that support the funeral industry, obituary websites[77] — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.rocks Pop culture sites, niche and fan sites, musicians, gemstone & jewelry companies — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.rodeo Rodeo interest — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.room lodging or room design — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.rugby rugby — World Rugby Strategic Developments Limited[11] Yes
.run Runners, running shoe retailers, specialty running gear shops, running event organizers — Identity Digital Yes Yes

S

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.safe security and safety — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.sale Online and brick-and-mortar retailers and wholesalers, automotive and motorcycle dealers, discount, flash sale, and deal websites, auction sites and individuals selling items they no longer need — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.salon Hair salons, nail salons, beauty product companies, beauty schools — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.save — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.sbi — State Bank of India Yes
.scholarships scholarship related — Scholarships.com[78][79] Un­known Yes
.school Public schools, private & charter schools, specialty and trade schools, online learning sites, resource sites for teachers — Identity Digital[ID 118] Yes Yes
.science science-related sites — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.search search engines — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] Yes
.secure security — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.security — XYZ.COM LLC[11] Yes
.select — iSelect Ltd[11] Yes
.services Service division of any company, home services (cleaning, landscaping, plumbing, pet care), business services (tech support, interior design, translation services), community service organizations — Identity Digital[ID 119] Yes Yes
.sex adult entertainment (pornography) For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. ICM Registry Yes Yes
.sexy adult entertainment — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.shoes Shoe stores, department stores, online retailers, athletic shoe retailers, discount shoe stores — Identity Digital[ID 120] Yes Yes
.shop — GMO Registry, Inc.[11] Yes
.shopping Online retailers, shopping centers, personal shoppers, discount sites & coupon sites, shopping blogs & product reviews — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.show Ticket sale/resale sites, performance halls, music clubs/bars, streaming video services, movie review sites, travel sites & city guides — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.showtime Reserved for Showtime CBS Domains Inc.[11]
.silk Reserved for Amazon Silk Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.singles (Tickets) Ticket sale/resale sites, gaming agencies, movie review sites, city guides, sports sites

(Dating) Dating & matchmaker sites, singles meetup groups, traditional “classified” sites, travel sites & city guides

— Identity Digital[ID 121] Yes Yes
.site general — Radix Registry Un­known Yes
.ski skiing — STARTING DOT LIMITED[11] Yes
.skin — XYZ.com Yes
.sky — Sky International AG[11] Yes
.sling Reserved for Sling Media Hughes Satellite Systems Corporation[11] Yes
.smile — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.sncf Reserved to the SNCF company. SNCF Yes
.soccer Professional & amateur soccer clubs, soccer equipment suppliers & manufacturers, soccer & sports media networks, soccer players, enthusiasts, & spectators, soccer camps, coaches, & training organizations — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.social Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, media buying/production companies (digital & traditional), blogs & forums, event & meetup groups, any person or organization driving awareness of their social presence

(Actual use also includes Fediverse services, such as Mastodon)

— Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.software Software testing, support, & consulting companies, software product developers & manufacturers, software training & educational institutions, software resellers — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.solar Renewable & sustainable energy producers, solar panel, roof tile, & storage producers, solar cell battery, chargers, lights, speakers, & generator manufacturers, sunglass, shades, UV clothing, sunblock & other solar protection products — Identity Digital[ID 122] Yes Yes
.solutions SaaS providers, people who offer do-it-yourself tips and tutorials, consultants, any business focused on providing the right solutions to their customers’ problems. — Identity Digital[ID 123] Yes Yes
.song — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.spa Spas — Identity Digital[ID 123][80] Yes
.space as a creative space — Radix Registry Un­known Yes
.spreadbetting Spread betting — DOTSPREADBETTING REGISTRY LTD[11]
.spot — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.sport sport institutions — Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF) Yes
.srl Spanish/Italian/Romanian/French limited liability companies — InterNetX GmbH Yes
.storage Self storage — Self Storage Company LLC[11] Yes
.store stores — Radix Registry Yes Yes
.stream streaming media Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Yes
.studio Advertising/Marketing/PR/Design agencies, creative freelancers, other creative agencies (i.e., animation, production), dance, yoga, or fitness studios — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.study education — OPEN UNIVERSITIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD[11] Yes
.style Fashion bloggers, department stores, designers, online retailers — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.sucks gripe sites — Vox Populi Un­known Yes
.supplies Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses, home services retailers — Identity Digital[ID 124] Yes Yes
.supply Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses — Identity Digital[ID 125] Yes Yes
.support IT/Tech support services, social services, customer service & support departments, independent consultants & consulting firms, staffing services — Identity Digital[ID 126] Yes[81] Yes
.surf surfing — Minds + Machines[n 3] Un­known Yes
.surgery Surgeons, primary/secondary care physicians, hospitals & clinics, healthcare providers, insurance providers — Identity Digital[ID 127] Yes Yes
.systems IT businesses, other tech-focused businesses, businesses that sell electronics or home security systems, organizational consultants — Identity Digital[ID 128] Yes Yes

T

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.talk — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.tattoo tattoo aficionados — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.tax Accounting & bookkeeping firms, tax advisors, auditors, financial experts & advisors — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.taxi Airline & travel-related products or services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, tourist attractions — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.team Professional & amateur sports teams, sports equipment suppliers & manufacturers, sports media, athletes & fans, clubs, online communities & business organizations — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.tech technology — Radix Registry Yes Yes
.technology Tech-focused businesses & tech startups, businesses that sell to tech companies, developers, coders, programmers, computer retailers, technology blogs, news sites, & review sites, hardware & software companies, R&D companies, tech product manufacturers — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.tel internet communication services A contact directory housing all types of contact information directly in the Domain Name System. Yes[82] Yes
.tennis Tennis courts, clubs & other venues, tennis equipment suppliers and retailers, professional & amateur tennis players, sports media — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.theater Entertainment & movie theater outlets, live performance theaters, professional performer associations, movie review sites, travel sites & city guides — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.theatre theatre — XYZ.COM LLC[11] Yes
.tickets ticket resale — XYZ.COM LLC[11] Yes
.tips Travel, hotel & hospitality companies, cooking & recipe publications, parenting & and relationship publications, manufacturers of any product with assembly instructions, publications that provide advice on gratuity practices around the world — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.tires Tire wholesalers, tire retailers, auto repair shops — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.today News & current event sites, websites that publish daily content, daily inspiration sites, sites with daily rotating deals or offers, anyone who wants to spur immediate action — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.tools Tool shops, tool departments within home supply stores, contractors, subcontractors, construction-related businesses — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.top general — Jiangsu Bangning Un­known Yes
.tours Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources & services, tourist attractions, outdoor adventure companies, private plane/helicopter tours & services — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.town Travel agencies, resources & services, local business associations, city guides & resource sites, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.toys Toy stores, online retailers, department stores, game companies, sporting goods companies — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.trade businesses — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Yes Yes
.trading — DOTTRADING REGISTRY LTD[11] Yes
.training Personal trainers & nutrition coaches, gyms and fitness centers, sports medicine practitioners, business that sell sports gear or apparel, or fan merchandise, animal trainers, career or vocational training centers — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.travel Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, destination resorts, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging, any other travel or transportation business Must be verified as a legitimate travel-related entity. No Yes
.travelersinsurance Reserved for Travelers Insurance Travelers TLD, LLC[11] Yes
.trust — UNR Corp.[11] Yes
.tube — Latin American Telecom LLC[11] Yes
.tunes — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes

U

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.uconnect — Not assigned[11][83]
.university Online universities, brick-and-mortar universities, university-related clubs & organizations — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.uno general, Spanish and Italian speakers, Uno (card game) — Yes

V

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.vacations Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, destination resorts, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.ventures Venture capital investment firms, business financial services, business consultants, programs & services for entrepreneurs — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.vet Veterinarians, veterinary clinics and hospitals, wholesale suppliers for veterinary supplies — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.video Video production & media companies, videographers, video editors, script writers, & producers, streaming video sites services, creative agencies — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.villas International real estate brokers/agents, international travel agencies, resources & services, travel writers & bloggers, traditional “classified” sites — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.vin Wineries, wine shops & wine bars, wine distributors, wine clubs & online retailers, wine review sites and apps — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.vip Very important persons — Minds + Machines Group Limited[11] Yes
.vision Opticians & optometry clinics, healthcare providers, insurance provider, glasses retailers, online and brick & mortar — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.vodka vodka-related businesses and interest — Yes Yes
.volvo Only Volvo Holding Sverige Aktiebolag and its Affiliates are eligible to register a Domain Name under the .volvo Domain [84] AB Volvo Un­known Yes
.vote democratic elections and campaign websites Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[85] Identity Digital Un­known Yes
.voting polling sites — Latin and Cyrillic scripts[12] Yes
.voyage Airline-related products or services, travel agencies, resources, bloggers & services, city guides & tourist attractions, transportation businesses, hotels, hostels, B&Bs, lodging — Identity Digital Yes Yes

W

edit
Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.wang general
Wǎng is a Chinese Mandarin pinyin rendering of 网 (traditional 網) meaning "web" or "portal".[86]
Wang is also a common surname in mainland China.		 — Zodiac Registry Yes[87] Yes
.watch Watchmakers, jewelry stores, watch repair shops, neighborhood watch groups — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.watches watches — Identity Digital[11] Yes Yes
.weather Reserved for The Weather Channel International Business Machines Corporation[11] Yes
.webcam web cam shows and video sharing — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Yes Yes
.website general — Radix Registry Un­known Yes
.wed engaged couples and wedding-oriented businesses This TLD is intended primarily for engaged couples on a short-term basis (two years with large third-year renewal fees for second-level domains).[88]
And although the registry is advertising for multiple world languages, all domains appear to need to be in Latin script.[89]		 No Yes
.wedding wedding-oriented businesses — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.whoswho Who's Who (general) An open TLD, any person or entity is permitted to register. Conceived for those cited in one of the Who's Who reference titles published around the world, the registry was opened for use by private individuals, and for-profit and nonprofit entities, including those with social media aspirations. Registry policies allow for rapid takedown of non-compliant domains, for violations including imposturous registration of another's names, and proscribed uses, including pornography or adult services/applications. Who's Who Registry Yes Yes
.wiki wikis "An open TLD for anyone interested in community resource creation" Top Level Design Yes Yes
.win games, Microsoft Windows — Global Registry Services Ltd[10] Un­known Yes
.wine Wineries, wine bars, wine shops, wine distributors, wine clubs & online retailers, wine review sites — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.winners Reserved for TJX Companies The TJX Companies, Inc.[11] Yes
.work general — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.works Contractors, distribution companies, appliance wholesalers & service, auto/boat/heavy equipment businesses, companies with solution based products or services — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.world Brands with an international presence, nonprofits and charities, travel agencies & adventure companies, world travelers & global communities, any business with “world” in its name — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.wow — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.wtf Bargain websites, photo & video aggregators, meme sites, news of the weird — Identity Digital Yes Yes

X

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.xxx adult entertainment (pornography) For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. Uniregistry Yes Yes
.xyz general — XYZ.com Yes[90] Yes

Y

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.yachts yachts — DERYachts, LLC [11] Yes
.yoga yoga — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.you — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.youtube Reserved for YouTube Google, LLC Yes

Z

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Name Target market Restrictions Operator/Registry IDN DNSSEC
.zero — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11] Yes
.zip digital storage information, providers, and related entities. — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[11] Yes Yes
.zone Sports fans, technology groups & followers, entertainment, fairs, destinations with a “zone”, city planners & zoning regulators, any topic with a following — Identity Digital Yes Yes

Chinese

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Name Chinese term Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.ren 人 rén "people/person" in Mandarin pinyin Restricted TLD[91] (Cancelled)[92] Un­known Yes
.shouji 手机 shǒujī mobile phone — QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.tushu 图书 túshū books — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.wanggou 网购 wǎnggòu online shopping — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.weibo 微博 wēibó microblogging — Sina Corporation
.xihuan 喜欢 xǐhuān like — QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.xin 信 xìn credit; honest — Alibaba Group

French

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.arte "ARTE means Association relating to European television" — Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E. [11]
.clinique "clinic or hospital" — The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. [11]
.luxe "luxury" — Minds + Machines[n 3] Un­known Yes
.maison "house" — Identity Digital[ID 129] Yes Yes
.moi "me" — Amazon Registry Services, Inc. [11]
.rsvp Invitations and replies — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.sarl Société à responsabilité limitée, Francophone Limited liability company — Identity Digital[ID 130] Yes Yes

German

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.epost e-mail — Deutsche Post AG
.gmbh GmbH Upon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland. Identity Digital Yes Yes
.haus "house" — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.immobilien "real estate" — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes[12] Yes
.jetzt "now" — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.kaufen "buy" — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes[12] Yes
.kinder "children" restricted .brand TLD Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
.reise "travel" Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.[93] Identity Digital Yes[12] Yes
.reisen "traveling" — Identity Digital[ID 131] Yes[12] Yes
.schule "school" — Identity Digital[ID 132] Yes Yes
.versicherung "insurance" — Latin script[12] Yes

Hindi

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.desi देसी, Hindi for the peoples and cultures of South Asia
See also Desi		 — Desi Networks Un­known Yes
.shiksha शिक्षा, Marathi and Hindi for "education". — Identity Digital Un­known Yes
.भारत —

Italian

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.casa "house" — Minds + Machines[n 3] Yes Yes
.immo French, German,[94] and Italian abbreviation for "real estate" — Identity Digital[ID 133] Yes Yes
.moda "fashion" — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes[12] Yes
.voto "vote", for election and campaign websites Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[95] Initially only available to registrations in the United States.[96] Identity Digital Un­known Yes

Portuguese

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.bom good — Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
.passagens ticket — Travel Reservations SRL

Spanish

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.abogado "lawyer" To be restricted to licensed lawyers or law firms.[97] Minds + Machines[n 3] Un­known Yes
.futbol "Football" (soccer) — Identity Digital[n 1] Yes Yes
.gratis "free" — Identity Digital[ID 134] Yes Yes
.hoteles "hotels" — Travel Reservations SRL
.juegos "games" — Uniregistry Yes[18] Yes
.ltda companies in South America Domains are limited to registered LTDAs (like LLCs) in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador.[98] InterNetX Un­known Yes
.soy "I am"
Also refers to the soybean and its food derivatives		 — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Latin script, Japanese[99] Yes
.tienda "shop", "store" — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.uno "one", for websites targeting Spanish speaking consumers — Spanish Yes
.viajes "travel" or "trips" — Identity Digital Spanish Yes
.vuelos "flights" — Travel Reservations SRL Yes Yes

Internationalized generic top-level domains

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All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.

Arabic script

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DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--4gbrim[100] .موقع Arabic Arabic mawqiʿ "site" or "location" Open TLD Yes
xn--fhbei[100] .كوم Arabic kwm com Owned by: VeriSign Sarl[11]
xn--mgbb9fbpob[100] .موبايلي Arabic mūbāylī Mobily Owned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[11]
xn--mgbi4ecexp[100] .كاثوليك Arabic kāthūlīk Catholic Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)[11]
xn--ngbc5azd[100] .شبكة Arabic Arabic shabaka "network" Open TLD Yes
xn--ngbe9e0a[100] .بيتك Arabic baytak your home Owned by: Kuwait Finance House[11]
xn--mgbab2bd[100] .بازار Persian Arabic bâzâr "market", "bazaar" Open TLD Yes

Chinese characters

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DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--3ds443g[100] .在线 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) zàixiàn "online" Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.[101]		 Yes
xn--fiq228c5hs[100] .中文网 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Zhōngwén wǎng "(written) Chinese (language) network" Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities.[101]		 Yes
xn--ses554g[100] .网址 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) wǎngzhǐ "network address" or "website" Open TLD Yes
xn--5tzm5g[100] .网站 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) wǎngzhàn "website" Open TLD Yes
xn--io0a7i[100] .网络 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) wǎngluò "network" Open TLD Yes
xn--55qx5d[100] .公司 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) gōngsī "business organization" or "company" Open TLD Yes
xn--czru2d[100] .商城 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) shāngchéng "mall" Open TLD Yes
xn--nqv7f[100] .机构 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) jīgòu "agency" Open TLD Yes
xn--6qq986b3xl[100] .我爱你 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) wǒ ài nǐ "I love you" Open TLD Yes
xn--czr694b[100] .商标 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) shāngbiāo "trademark" Open TLD Yes
xn--rhqv96g[100] .世界 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai) shìjiè
sekai		 "world" Open TLD Yes
xn--3bst00m[100] .集团 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) jítuán "conglomerate" Open TLD Yes
xn--30rr7y[100] .慈善 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Kyūjitai and Shinjitai) císhàn
jizen		 "philanthropy" Open TLD Yes
xn--45q11c[100] .八卦 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) bāguà "gossip" Open TLD Yes
xn--55qw42g[100] .公益 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai) gōngyì
kōeki		 "philanthropy" Open TLD Yes
xn--g2xx48c[100] .购物 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) gòuwù "shopping" Open TLD Yes
xn--kput3i[100] .手机 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) shǒujī "cell phone" Open TLD Yes
xn--mxtq1m[100] .政府 Hani Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) zhèngfǔ "public affairs Second level restricted to ISO3166-1 country codes; third level registrations restricted to governmental organizations, or public institutions[102] Yes

Cyrillic script

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DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--d1acj3b[100] .дети Russian Cyrillic (Russian) dyeti "kids" or "children" Open TLD Yes
xn--80aqecdr1a[100] .католик Cyrillic Katolik "сatholic" (as noun) Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (Pontifical Council for Social Communications)[11]
xn--j1aef[100] .ком Russian Cyrillic (Russian) kom "com" Owned by: VeriSign Sarl
xn--80asehdb[100] .онлайн Russian Cyrillic (Russian) onlain "online" Open TLD Yes
xn--c1avg[100] .орг Russian Cyrillic (Russian) org "org" or "organization" Open TLD Yes
xn--80aswg[100] .сайт Russian Cyrillic (Russian) sait "site" Open TLD Yes

Japanese characters

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DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--q9jyb4c[100] .みんな Japanese Hiragana minna everyone Open TLD[103] Yes
xn--1ck2e1b[100] .セール Japanese Katakana sēru sale Owned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
xn--bck1b9a5dre4c[100] .ファッション Japanese Katakana fasshon fashion
xn--cck2b3b[100] .ストア Japanese Katakana sutoa store
xn--eckvdtc9d[100] .ポイント Japanese Katakana pointo point
xn--gckr3f0f[100] .クラウド Japanese Katakana kuraudo cloud
xn--tckwe[100] .コム Japanese Katakana komu com Owned by: VeriSign Sarl[11]

Other script

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DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--54b7fta0cc[104] .বাংলা Bengali Bengali Bānlā Bangla Open TLD
xn‑‑h2brj9c[105] .भारत Hindi Devanagari bharat India
xn--i1b6b1a6a2e[100] .संगठन Marathi, Hindi Devanagari saṅgaṭhana "organization" Open TLD Yes
xn--11b4c3d[100] .कॉम Marathi, Hindi Devanagari kom com
xn--c2br7g[100] .नेट Marathi, Hindi Devanagari net net
xn--mk1bu44c[100] .닷컴 Korean Hangul datkeom / tatk'ŏm dotcom
xn--t60b56a[100] .닷넷 Korean Hangul datnet / tatnet dotnet
xn--9dbq2a[100] .קום Hebrew Hebrew qwm com Open TLD Yes
xn--42c2d9a[100] .คอม Thai Thai khom com

Geographic top-level domains

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Africa

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Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.africa Africa [11][106] Yes
.capetown Cape Town, South Africa [107] Un­known Yes
.durban   Durban, South Africa [108] Un­known Yes
.joburg   Johannesburg, South Africa [109] Un­known Yes

Asia

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Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.abudhabi   Abu Dhabi, UAE [11] Yes
.arab   League of Arab States [11] Yes
.asia Asia–Pacific region This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. Chinese, Japanese, Korean[12] Yes
.doha Doha, Qatar [11]
.dubai Dubai, UAE [11] Yes
.krd   Kurdistan This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Kurdistan[110][111] Kurdish Yes
.kyoto   Kyoto, Japan [112] Yes
.nagoya   Nagoya, Japan [113] Japanese[12] Yes
.okinawa   Okinawa, Japan [114] Japanese Yes
.osaka   Osaka, Japan [11] Yes
.ryukyu Ryukyu Islands, Japan [115] Un­known Yes
.taipei Taipei, Taiwan Introduced in September 2014[116] Un­known Yes
.tokyo   Tokyo, Japan [117] Yes Yes
.yokohama   Yokohama, Japan [118] Japanese Yes

Europe

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Geographic TLDs in France
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.alsace   Alsace "The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace."[119] Un­known Yes
.bzh   Brittany; Breton language and culture Breizh in Breton.[120] This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton culture French[12] Yes
.corsica   Corsica TLD Related to Corsican Culture Un­known Yes
.eus   Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[121] Un­known Yes
.paris   Paris "Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris"[122] Yes Yes
Geographic TLDs in Spain
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bcn   Barcelona [11] Yes
.barcelona Un­known Yes
.cat   Catalonia; Catalan language and culture This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.[123] Catalan[12] Yes
.eus   Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[121] Un­known Yes
.gal   Galicia This is a TLD for Web sites in the Galician language or related to Galician culture.[124] Un­known Yes
.madrid   Madrid [125] Un­known Yes
Geographic TLDs in Germany
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bayern   Bavaria [126] Yes Yes
.berlin   Berlin Must have a connection to Berlin, Germany for example a company based in Berlin or a person from Berlin etc.[127] Latin and Cyrillic scripts[12] Yes
.cologne   Cologne [128] Yes Yes
.koeln [129] Yes Yes
.hamburg   Hamburg Latin script[12] Yes
.nrw   North Rhine-Westphalia [130] Yes Yes
.ruhr Ruhr [131] German[12] Yes
.saarland   Saarland [132] Un­known Yes
Other European Geographic TLDs
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.eu   EU, European Union [133] Available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. Yes Yes
.amsterdam   Amsterdam, Netherlands [134] Un­known Yes
.bar   Bar, Montenegro [11] Mostly used for bars and other alcohol facilities worldwide Un­known Yes
.brussels   Brussels, Belgium [135] Latin script[12] Yes
.cymru   Wales, United Kingdom [136] Welsh[12] Yes
.wales [136] Welsh[12] Yes
.frl   Friesland, Netherlands Fryslân in (West) Frisian, one of the twelve provinces in the Netherlands.[137] Un­known Yes
.gent   Ghent, Belgium [138] Un­known Yes
.helsinki   Helsinki, Finland Un­known Yes
.irish   Ireland; global Irish community Un­known Yes
.ist İstanbul, Turkey Un­known Yes
.istanbul Un­known Yes
.london London, United Kingdom [139] Yes Yes
.moscow [ru]   Moscow, Russia [140] Yes Yes
.scot   Scotland, United Kingdom [141] Un­known Yes
.stockholm   Stockholm, Sweden [11] Yes[142] Yes
.swiss    Switzerland [11] Yes[143] Yes
.tatar Tatar peoples and places Tatarstan is a region in Russia, though this TLD is meant for the global Tatar community.[144] Un­known Yes
.tirol   Tyrol, Austria [145] Yes[12] Yes
.vlaanderen   Flanders, Belgium [146] Latin script[12] Yes
.wien   Vienna, Austria [147] Latin script[12] Yes
.zuerich   Zurich, Switzerland [148] Un­known Yes
.su   Soviet Union [149] Yes[12] Yes

North America

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Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC Alternatives
.boston   Boston, Massachusetts [11] Yes .boston.ma.us
.miami   Miami, Florida [150] Un­known Yes .miami.us
.nyc   New York City, New York [151] Spanish[12] Yes .new-york.ny.us
.quebec   Quebec, Canada [152] Un­known Yes .qc.ca
.vegas   Las Vegas, Nevada [153] Yes Yes .las-vegas.nv.us

Oceania

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Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.kiwi   New Zealanders [154] Latin script[12] Yes
.melbourne   Melbourne, Australia [155] Un­known Yes
.sydney   Sydney, Australia [156] Un­known Yes

South America

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Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.lat   Latin America [157] Spanish[158] Yes
.rio   Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [159] Un­known Yes

Internationalized geographic top-level domains

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DNS name Display name Entity Language Script Transliteration Notes Other TLD IDN DNSSEC
xn--1qqw23a[100] .佛山 Foshan, China Chinese Chinese (Simplified) fat6 saan1 [160] Yes Yes
xn--xhq521b[100] .广东 Guangdong, China Chinese Chinese (Simplified) gwong2 dung1 [11]
xn--80adxhks[100] .москва [ru] Moscow, Russia Russian Cyrillic (Russian) moskva [161] .moscow Russian[12] Yes
xn--p1acf[100] .рус Russian language, post-Soviet states Russian Cyrillic (Russian) rus [11] .su
xn--mgbca7dzdo[100] .ابوظبي Abu Dhabi Arabic Arabic Abū Ẓabī [11] .abudhabi
xn--ngbrx[100] .عرب Arab Arabic Arabic ‘Arab [11]

Brand and corporate top-level domains

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Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.aaa American Automobile Association [11] Yes
.aarp AARP [11] Yes
.abarth Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Abarth) [11]
.abb ABB [11] Yes
.abbott Abbott Laboratories [11] Yes
.abbvie AbbVie [11] Yes
.abc American Broadcasting Company[162] [11] Yes
.accenture Accenture [11] Yes
.aco ACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH & Co. KG [11] Yes
.aeg Aktiebolaget Electrolux [11] Yes
.aetna Aetna [11] Yes
.afl Australian Football League [11] Yes
.agakhan Aga Khan Foundation [11] Yes
.aig American International Group [11] Yes
.aigo Aigo [11]
.airbus Airbus [11] Yes
.airtel Bharti Airtel [11] Yes
.akdn Aga Khan Foundation [11] Yes
.alfaromeo Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Alfa Romeo) [11]
.alibaba Alibaba Group [11] Yes
.alipay Alibaba Group [11] Yes
.allfinanz Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft [163] Un­known Yes
.allstate Allstate [11] Yes
.ally Ally Financial [11] Yes
.alstom Alstom [11] Yes
.amazon Amazon Yes
.americanexpress American Express [11] Yes
.amex American Express [11] Yes
.amica Amica Mutual Insurance [11] Yes
.android Google (Android) [164] Un­known Yes
.anz Australia & New Zealand Banking Group [11] Yes
.aol AOL [11] Yes
.apple Apple [11] Yes
.aquarelle Aquarelle.com Group [165] Un­known Yes
.aramco Aramco [11] Yes
.audi Audi [11] Yes
.auspost Australia Post [11] Yes
.aws Amazon Web Services [11] Yes
.axa Axa [166] Yes[12] Yes
.azure Microsoft [11] Yes
.baidu Baidu [11] Yes
.bananarepublic Gap (Banana Republic) [11]
.barclaycard Barclays [167] Un­known Yes
.barclays Barclays [167] Un­known Yes
.basketball FIBA [168] Yes
.bauhaus Werkhaus GmbH [11] Yes
.bbc BBC [11] Yes
.bbt BB&T [11] Yes
.bbva Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria [11] Yes
.bcg Boston Consulting Group [11] Yes
.bentley Bentley [11] Yes
.bharti Bharti Enterprises [11] Yes
.bing Microsoft (Bing) [11] Yes
.blanco BLANCO GmbH + Co KG [11]
.bloomberg Bloomberg [169] Un­known Yes
.bms Bristol-Myers Squibb [11] Yes
.bmw BMW [170] No Yes
.bnl Banca Nazionale del Lavoro [171] Un­known
.bnpparibas BNP Paribas [172] Un­known Yes
.boehringer Boehringer Ingelheim [11] Yes
.bond Bond University[11] Later became a gTLD on 26 November 2019 Yes
.booking Booking.com [11] Yes
.bosch Robert Bosch GmbH [11] Yes
.bostik Bostik [11] Yes
.bradesco Bradesco [173] Un­known Yes
.bridgestone Bridgestone [11] Yes
.brother Brother Industries [11] Yes
.bugatti Bugatti [11]
.cal Google (Google Calendar) [174] Un­known Yes
.calvinklein PVH [11] Yes
.canon Canon [11] Yes
.capitalone Capital One [11] Yes
.caravan Caravan International [175] Un­known Yes
.cartier Richemont DNS [11]
.cba Commonwealth Bank [11] Yes
.cbn Christian Broadcasting Network [11] Yes
.cbre CBRE Group [11] Yes
.cbs CBS [11]
.cern CERN [176] Un­known Yes
.cfa CFA Institute [11] Yes
.chanel Chanel [11] Yes
.chase Chase Bank [11] Yes
.chintai Chintai Corporation [ja] [11] Yes
.chrome Google (Google Chrome) [177] Un­known Yes
.chrysler Chrysler [11]
.cipriani Hotel Cipriani Srl [11] Yes
.cisco Cisco Systems [11] Yes
.citadel Citadel Domain [11] Yes
.citi Citigroup [11] Yes
.citic CITIC Group [178] No Yes
.clubmed Club Med [11] Yes
.comcast Comcast [11]
.commbank Commonwealth Bank [11] Yes
.creditunion CUNA Performance Resources [11] Yes
.crown Crown Equipment Corporation [11] Yes
.crs Federated Co-operatives
(Co-Operative Retailing System)		 [179] Un­known Yes
.csc DXC Technology
.cuisinella Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisinella) [180] Un­known Yes
.dabur Dabur [11] Yes
.datsun Nissan (Datsun) [11] Yes
.dealer Dealer Dot Com [11] Yes
.dell Dell [11] Yes
.deloitte Deloitte [11] Yes
.delta Delta Air Lines [11] Yes
.dhl Deutsche Post [11] Yes
.discover Discover Financial Services [11] Yes
.dish Dish Network [11] Yes
.dnp Dai Nippon Printing [181] Un­known Yes
.dodge Chrysler (Dodge) [11]
.dunlop Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Dunlop Tyres) [11] Yes
.dupont DuPont [11] Yes
.dvag Deutsche Vermögensberatung [182] Un­known Yes
.edeka Edeka [183] Un­known Yes
.emerck Merck Group [184] Un­known Yes
.epson Seiko Epson [11] Yes
.ericsson Ericsson [11] Yes
.erni ERNI Group Holding AG [11] Yes
.esurance Esurance [11]
.etisalat Etisalat [11]
.eurovision European Broadcasting Union (Eurovision) [11] Yes
.everbank EverBank [185] Un­known
.extraspace Extra Space Storage [11] Yes
.fage Fage [11] Yes
.fairwinds FairWinds Partners [11] Yes
.farmers Farmers Insurance Exchange [11] Yes
.fedex FedEx [11] Yes
.ferrari Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Ferrari) [11] Yes
.ferrero Ferrero [11] Yes
.fiat Fiat Chrysler Automobiles [11]
.fidelity Fidelity Investments [11] Yes
.firestone Bridgestone [11] Yes
.firmdale Firmdale Holdings [186] Un­known Yes
.flickr Yahoo! (Flickr) [11] Yes
.flir FLIR Systems [11] Yes
.flsmidth FLSmidth [187] Un­known
.ford Ford [11] Yes
.fox Fox Broadcasting Company [11] Yes
.fresenius Fresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH [11] Yes
.forex Dotforex Registry Ltd [11] Yes
.frogans OP3FT Solely for use by the Frogans technology[188] Yes[12] Yes
.frontier Frontier Communications [11] Yes
.fujitsu Fujitsu [11] Yes
.fujixerox Fuji Xerox [11]
.gallo E & J Gallo Winery [11] Yes
.gallup Gallup [11] Yes
.gap Gap [11] Yes
.gbiz Google [189] Un­known Yes
.gea GEA Group [11] Yes
.genting Genting Group [11] Yes
.giving Giving Limited [11] Yes
.gle Google [190] Un­known Yes
.globo Grupo Globo [191] No Yes
.gmail Google (Gmail) [192] Un­known Yes
.gmo GMO Internet [193] Un­known Yes
.gmx 1&1 Mail & Media (GMX, Global Message Exchange) [194] Un­known Yes
.godaddy Go Daddy [11] Yes
.goldpoint Yodobashi Camera [11] Yes
.goodyear Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company [11] Yes
.goog Google [195] Un­known Yes
.google Google [196] Un­known Yes
.grainger Grainger Registry Services, LLC [11] Yes
.guardian Guardian Life Insurance Company of America [11]
.gucci Gucci [11] Yes
.hbo HBO [11] Yes
.hdfc Housing Development Finance Corporation [11] Yes
.hdfcbank HDFC Bank [11] Yes
.hermes Hermès [11] Yes
.hisamitsu Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical [11] Yes
.hitachi Hitachi [11] Yes
.hkt Hong Kong Telecom [11] Yes
.honda Honda [11] Yes
.honeywell Honeywell [11]
.hotmail Microsoft (Hotmail) [11] Yes
.hsbc HSBC [197] Un­known Yes
.hughes Hughes Network Systems [11] Yes
.hyatt Hyatt [11] Yes
.hyundai Hyundai Motor Company [11] Yes
.ibm IBM [198] Un­known Yes
.ieee Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers [11] Yes
.ifm ifm electronic gmbh [11] Yes
.ikano Ikano [11] Yes
.imdb Amazon (IMDb) [11] Yes
.infiniti Nissan (Infiniti) [11] Yes
.intel Intel [11]
.intuit Intuit [11] Yes
.ipiranga Ipiranga [11] Yes
.iselect iSelect [11]
.itau Itaú Unibanco [11] Yes
.itv ITV [11] Yes
.iveco CNH Industrial (Iveco) [11]
.jaguar Jaguar Land Rover [11] Yes
.java Oracle (Java) [11] Yes
.jcb JCB [11] Yes
.jcp JCP Media [11]
.jeep Chrysler (Jeep) [11] Yes
.jio Reliance Industries (Jio) [11] Yes
.jpmorgan JPMorgan Chase [11] Yes
.juniper Juniper Networks [11] Yes
.kddi KDDI [11] Yes
.kerryhotels Kerry Trading Co. Limited [11] Yes
.kerrylogistics Kerry Trading Co. Limited [11] Yes
.kerryproperties Kerry Trading Co. Limited [11] Yes
.kfh Kuwait Finance House [11] Yes
.kia Kia Motors Corporation [11] Yes
.kinder Ferrero (Kinder Surprise) [11]
.kindle Amazon (Amazon Kindle) [11] Yes
.komatsu Komatsu [11] Yes
.kpmg KPMG [11] Yes
.kred KredTLD [199] Un­known Yes
.kuokgroup Kerry Trading Co. Limited [11] Yes
.lacaixa Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona [200] Un­known Yes
.ladbrokes Ladbrokes [11]
.lamborghini Lamborghini [11] Yes
.lancaster Lancaster (Coty) [11] Yes
.lancia Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Lancia) [11]
.lancome L'Oréal [11]
.landrover Jaguar Land Rover [11] Yes
.lanxess Lanxess [11] Yes
.lasalle JLL [11] Yes
.latrobe La Trobe University [201] Un­known Yes
.lds The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[202] [203] Un­known Yes
.leclerc E.Leclerc [204] Yes
.lego Lego Group [11] Yes
.liaison Liaison Technologies [11]
.lexus Toyota (Lexus) [11] Yes
.lidl Lidl [11] Yes
.lifestyle Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. [11] Yes
.lilly Eli Lilly and Company [11] Yes
.lincoln Ford (Lincoln) [11] Yes
.linde Linde [11]
.lipsy Lipsy Ltd [11] Yes
.lixil Lixil Group [11]
.locus Locus Analytics [11] Yes
.lotte Lotte Holdings [11] Yes
.lpl LPL Financial [11] Yes
.lplfinancial LPL Financial [11] Yes
.lundbeck Lundbeck [11] Yes
.lupin Lupin Limited [11]
.macys Macy's [11]
.maif Mutuelle Assurance Instituteur France (MAIF) [11] Yes
.man MAN [11] Yes
.mango Mango [205] Latin script[12] Yes
.marriott Marriott International [11] Yes
.maserati Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Maserati) [11]
.mattel Mattel [11] Yes
.mckinsey McKinsey & Company [11] Yes
.metlife MetLife [11]
.microsoft Microsoft [11] Yes
.mini BMW (Mini) [206] No Yes
.mit Massachusetts Institute of Technology [11] Yes
.mitsubishi Mitsubishi Corporation [11] Yes
.mlb MLB Advanced Media [11] Yes
.mma MMA IARD [11] Yes
.monash Monash University [207][208] No Yes
.mormon The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[202] [209] Un­known Yes
.moto Motorola [11] Yes
.movistar Telefónica (Movistar) [11]
.msd MSD Registry Holdings, Inc. [11] Yes
.mtn MTN [11] Yes
.mtr MTR Corporation [11] Yes
.mutual Northwestern Mutual [11]
.nadex Nadex [11]
.nationwide Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company [11]
.natura Natura & Co [11]
.nba National Basketball Association [11] Yes
.nec NEC [11] Yes
.netflix Netflix [11] Yes
.neustar Neustar [210] No Yes
.newholland CNH Industrial (New Holland Agriculture, New Holland Construction) [11]
.nfl National Football League [11] Yes
.nhk NHK [211] Un­known Yes
.nico Dwango (Niconico) [212] Un­known Yes
.nike Nike [11] Yes
.nikon Nikon [11] Yes
.nissan Nissan [11] Yes
.nissay Nippon Life [11] Yes
.nokia Nokia [11] Yes
.northwesternmutual Northwestern Mutual [11]
.norton NortonLifeLock [11] Yes
.nra National Rifle Association of America [213] Un­known Yes
.ntt Nippon Telegraph & Telephone [11] Yes
.obi OBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA [11] Yes
.office Microsoft (Microsoft Office) [11] Yes
.omega Swatch Group (Omega) [11] Yes
.oracle Oracle [11] Yes
.orange Orange [11] Yes
.otsuka Otsuka Pharmaceutical [214] Un­known Yes
.ovh OVH [215] French[12] Yes
.panasonic Panasonic [11] Yes
.pccw PCCW [11] Yes
.pfizer Pfizer [11] Yes
.philips Philips [11] Yes
.piaget Piaget [216] Un­known
.pictet Pictet [11] Yes
.ping Ping [11] Yes
.pioneer Pioneer Corporation [11] Yes
.play Google (Google Play) [11] Yes
.playstation Sony (PlayStation) [11] Yes
.pohl Deutsche Vermögensberatung
(founder Reinfried Pohl)		 [217] Un­known Yes
.politie Politie Nederland [11] Yes
.praxi Praxi [218] Un­known Yes
.prod Google (products) [219] Un­known Yes
.progressive Progressive Corporation [11] Yes
.pru Prudential Financial [11] Yes
.prudential Prudential Financial [11] Yes
.pwc PwC [220] Un­known Yes
.quest Quest Software [11] Yes
.qvc QVC [11]
.redstone Redstone Haute Couture Co [11] Yes
.reliance Reliance Industries [11] Yes
.rexroth Robert Bosch GmbH [11] Yes
.ricoh Ricoh [11] Yes
.ril Reliance Industries [11] Yes
.rmit Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology [11]
.rocher Ferrero (Ferrero Rocher) [11]
.rogers Rogers Communications [11] Yes
.rwe RWE [11] Yes
.safety Safety Registry Services, LLC. [11] Yes
.sakura Sakura Internet [ja] [11] Yes
.samsung Samsung SDS [11] Yes
.sandvik Sandvik [11] Yes
.sandvikcoromant Sandvik Coromant [221] Un­known Yes
.sanofi Sanofi [11] Yes
.sap SAP [222] Yes
.saxo Saxo Bank [11] Yes
.sbi State Bank of India [11] Yes
.sbs Special Broadcasting Service[11] Later became a gTLD on 15 June 2021 Yes
.sca Svenska Cellulosa [223] Un­known
.scb Siam Commercial Bank Thai[12] Yes
.schaeffler Schaeffler Technologies [11] Yes
.schmidt Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisines Schmidt) [224] Un­known Yes
.schwarz Schwarz Gruppe [11] Yes
.scjohnson S. C. Johnson & Son [11]
.scor SCOR [11]
.seat SEAT [11] Yes
.sener Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A. [11] Yes
.ses SES [11]
.sew SEW Eurodrive [11] Yes
.seven Seven West Media [11] Yes
.sfr SFR [11] Yes
.seek Seek [225] No Yes
.shangrila Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts [11] Yes
.sharp Sharp Corporation [11] Yes
.shaw Shaw Cablesystems G.P. [11] Yes
.shell Shell [11] Yes
.shriram Shriram Capital [11]
.sina Sina Corp [11] Yes
.sky Sky Group [11] Yes
.skype Microsoft (Skype) [11] Yes
.smart Smart Communications [11] Yes
.sncf SNCF [11] Yes
.softbank SoftBank [11] Yes
.sohu Sohu [226] Un­known Yes
.sony Sony [11] Yes
.spiegel Der Spiegel [227] Un­known
.stada Stada Arzneimittel [11] Yes
.staples Staples [11] Yes
.star Disney Star [11] Yes
.starhub StarHub [11]
.statebank State Bank of India [11] Yes
.statefarm State Farm [11] Yes
.statoil Statoil [11]
.stc Saudi Telecom Company [11] Yes
.stcgroup Saudi Telecom Company [11] Yes
.suzuki Suzuki [228] Un­known Yes
.swatch Swatch Group [11] Yes
.swiftcover Swiftcover [11]
.symantec Gen Digital [11]
.taobao Alibaba Group (Taobao) [11] Yes
.target Target [11] Yes
.tatamotors Tata Motors [11] Yes
.tdk TDK [11] Yes
.telecity TelecityGroup [11]
.telefonica Telefónica [11]
.temasek Temasek Holdings [11] Yes
.teva Teva Pharmaceuticals [11] Yes
.tiffany Tiffany & Co. [11]
.tjx TJX Companies [11] Yes
.toray Toray Industries [11] Yes
.toshiba Toshiba [11] Yes
.total Total [11] Yes
.toyota Toyota [11] Yes
.travelchannel Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. (Travel Channel) [11]
.travelers Travelers TLD, LLC (The Travelers Companies) [11] Yes
.tui TUI [229] Un­known Yes
.tvs T V Sundram Iyengar & Sons Private Limited [11] Yes
.ubs UBS [11] Yes
.unicom China Unicom [11] Yes
.uol Universo Online Delegated to UOL subsidiary UBN Internet.[230] Un­known Yes
.ups United Parcel Service [11] Yes
.vanguard Vanguard Group [11] Yes
.verisign VeriSign [11] Yes
.vig Vienna Insurance Group [11] Yes
.viking Viking River Cruises [11] Yes
.virgin Virgin Group [11] Yes
.visa Visa [11] Yes
.vista Vistaprint [11]
.vistaprint Vistaprint [11]
.vivo Telefônica Brasil [11] Yes
.volkswagen Volkswagen Group of America [11]
.volvo Volvo [11] Yes
.walmart Walmart [11] Yes
.walter Sandvik [11] Yes
.weatherchannel IBM (The Weather Company) [11] Yes
.weber Saint-Gobain [11] Yes
.weir Weir Group [11] Yes
.williamhill William Hill [231] Un­known Yes
.windows Microsoft (Microsoft Windows) [11] Yes
.wme Endeavor [232] Un­known Yes
.wolterskluwer Wolters Kluwer [11] Yes
.woodside Woodside Petroleum [11] Yes
.wtc World Trade Centers Association [233] Un­known Yes
.xbox Microsoft Xbox [11] Yes
.xerox Fuji Xerox [11] Yes
.xfinity Comcast [11]
.yahoo Yahoo! [11] Yes
.yamaxun Amazon (Amazon China) [11] Yes
.yandex Yandex [234] Un­known Yes
.yodobashi Yodobashi Camera [11] Yes
.youtube Google (YouTube) [235] Un­known Yes
.zappos Amazon (Zappos) [11] Yes
.zara Inditex (Zara) [11] Yes
.zippo Zippo [11]

Internationalized brand top-level domains

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DNS name IDN TLD Entity Script Transliteration Comments DNSSEC
xn--jlq480n2rg .亚马逊 Amazon Chinese (Simplified) Yàmǎxùn [236] Yes
xn—cckwcxetd .アマゾン Amazon Katakana amazon [237] Yes
xn--mgba3a3ejt .ارامكو Aramco Services Company Arabic [11]
xn--mgbaakc7dvf .اتصالات Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat) Arabic [11]
xn--8y0a063a .联通 China United Network Communications Corporation Limited Chinese (Simplified) Liántōng [11]
xn--6frz82g .移动 China Mobile Communications Corporation Chinese (Simplified) Yídòng
xn--fiq64b .中信 CITIC Group Chinese zhōngxìn [238] Yes
xn--5su34j936bgsg .香格里拉 Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited Chinese Xiānggélǐlā [11]
xn--b4w605ferd .淡马锡 Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited Chinese (Simplified) Dànmǎxī [11]
xn--3oq18vl8pn36a .大众汽车 Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd. Chinese (Simplified) Dàzhòngqìchē [11]
xn--vermgensberater-ctb .vermögensberater Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft Latin [239] Yes
xn--vermgensberatung-pwb .vermögensberatung Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft Latin [240] Yes
xn--qcka1pmc .グーグル Google Katakana gūguru [241] Yes
xn--flw351e .谷歌 Google Chinese gǔgē [242] Yes
xn--estv75g .工行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited Chinese Gōngháng [11]
xn--w4rs40l .嘉里 Kerry Trading Co. Limited Chinese Jiālǐ [11]
xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra .嘉里大酒店 Kerry Trading Co. Limited Chinese Jiālǐdàjiǔdiàn [11]
xn--kcrx77d1x4a .飞利浦 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Chinese (Simplified) Fēilìpǔ [11]
xn--jlq61u9w7b .诺基亚 Nokia Corporation Chinese (Simplified) Nuòjīyà [11][243]
xn--fzys8d69uvgm .電訊盈科 PCCW Enterprises Limited Chinese (Traditional) din6 soen3 jing4 fo1 [11]
xn--cg4bki .삼성 Samsung Hangul samseong [244] Yes

Special-use domains

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ICANN/IANA has created some special-use domain names which are meant for technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the special-use domain names.[245]

Name Entity Notes IDN
.example Not installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example.
(example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.) 		Un­known
.internal Not installed as a domain name, but usable in private and internal networks. Un­known
.invalid Not installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work. Un­known
.local Local network. Must be used with multicast DNS (mDNS).[246] Un­known
.localhost Points back to own computer. Un­known
.onion Connection to the Tor network. Un­known
.test Meant for testing DNS software. Un­known

Non-IANA domains

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Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.

Internet Engineering Task Force proposals for local TLDs

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The IETF has submitted several requests for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.

Name RFC Notes
.home.arpa RFC 8375[247] A special-use domain for non-unique use in residential home networks.
.internal RFC 6762 Appendix G[248] ICANN has registered this top-level domain for private use.[249]
.intranet The IETF does not recommend use of unregistered top-level domains at all, but should network operators decide to do this, the following top-level domains have been used on private internal networks without the problems caused by trying to reuse ".local" for this purpose.
.private
.corp Mentioned by ICANN for causing a name collision.[250]
.home
.lan Many routers automatically append ".lan" to local device hostnames, including those that use OpenWrt.

Blockchain-registered

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Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.[251] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them

Name Blockchain Notes
N/A Handshake Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. However, it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.[252]
.eth Ethereum Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses,[253] though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made.
.crypto, .zil Ethereum, Zilliqa Both .crypto and .zil aim to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the two TLDs are the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domains as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.[254]
.bit Namecoin Namecoin's .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.[255]
.xlm Stellar Soroban domain allows Stellar's blockchain addresses to be shortened as a .xlm address using a Soroban smart contract.[256]

Alternate roots

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In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, though the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.

Name Root Notes
N/A Handshake The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here.
.bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirate OpenNIC
.fur FurNIC
.lib .coin .emc .bazar Emercoin
.ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rm New Nations

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Domain registry is operated by United TLD Holdco Ltd. t/a Rightside Registry, a subsidiary of the Rightside Group.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See [1].
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)

Internet Domain Notes

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  1. ^ Operating as Binky Moon, LLC
  2. ^ Operating as Binky Moon, LLC
  3. ^ Operating as Steel Falls, LLC
  4. ^ Operating as Baxter Hill, LLC
  5. ^ Operating as Half Hallow, LLC
  6. ^ Operating as Grand Hollow, LLC
  7. ^ Operating as Over Galley, LLC
  8. ^ Operating as Atomic Madison, LLC
  9. ^ Operating as Spring Cross, LLC
  10. ^ Operating as Half Sunset, LLC
  11. ^ Operating as Atomic Maple, LLC
  12. ^ Operating as Delta Dynamite, LLC
  13. ^ Operating as Delta Mill, LLC
  14. ^ Operating as Foggy Hollow, LLC
  15. ^ Operating as Goose Cross, LLC
  16. ^ Operating as Wild Corner, LLC
  17. ^ Operating as Delta Lake, LLC
  18. ^ Operating as New Falls, LLC
  19. ^ Operating as Tin Mill, LLC
  20. ^ Operating as Sand Cover, LLC
  21. ^ Operating as Holly Fields, LLC
  22. ^ Operating as Snow Sky, LLC
  23. ^ Operating as Black Corner, LLC
  24. ^ Operating as Fox Shadow, LLC
  25. ^ Operating as Goose Park, LLC
  26. ^ Operating as Steel Lake, LLC
  27. ^ Operating as Puff Willow, LLC
  28. ^ Operating as Trixy Cover, LLC
  29. ^ Operating as Fox Orchard, LLC
  30. ^ Operating as Silver Avenue, LLC
  31. ^ Operating as Pine Mill, LLC
  32. ^ Operating as Pine House, LLC
  33. ^ Operating as Fox Dynamite, LLC
  34. ^ Operating as Magic Woods, LLC
  35. ^ Operating as Koko Lake, LLC
  36. ^ Operating as Snow Shadow, LLC
  37. ^ Operating as Binky Frostbite, LLC
  38. ^ Operating as Spring Way, LLC
  39. ^ Operating as Pine Fest, LLC
  40. ^ Operating as Sand Sunset, LLC
  41. ^ Operating as Steel Station, LLC
  42. ^ Operating as Tin Birch, LLC
  43. ^ Operating as John Edge, LLC
  44. ^ Operating as Dash Park, LLC
  45. ^ Operating as Half Trail, LLC
  46. ^ Operating as Extra Madison, LLC
  47. ^ Operating as Holly Hill, LLC
  48. ^ Operating as Sugar Cross, LLC
  49. ^ Operating as Brice Way, LLC
  50. ^ Operating as Spring Madison, LLC
  51. ^ Operating as Binky Birch, LLC
  52. ^ Operating as Romeo Canyon.
  53. ^ Operating as Snow Oaks, LLC
  54. ^ Operating as Corn Station, LLC
  55. ^ Operating as Trixy Park, LLC
  56. ^ Operating as Pioneer Maple, LLC
  57. ^ Operating as Spring Falls, LLC
  58. ^ Operating as Magic Pass, LLC
  59. ^ Operating as Victor Beach, LLC
  60. ^ Operating as Atomic Pipe, LLC
  61. ^ Operating as Just Maple, LLC
  62. ^ Operating as Cotton Cypress, LLC
  63. ^ Operating as Just Cover, LLC
  64. ^ Operating as Fox Woods, LLC
  65. ^ Operating as Brice Orchard, LLC
  66. ^ Operating as Fox Station, LLC
  67. ^ Operating as Half Cypress, LLC
  68. ^ Operating as John Dale, LLC
  69. ^ Operating as John Castle, LLC
  70. ^ Operating as Lone Fields, LLC
  71. ^ Operating as Sugar House, LLC
  72. ^ Operating as Top Level Design
  73. ^ Operating as Goose Sky, LLC
  74. ^ Operating as Black Cover, LLC
  75. ^ Operating as Over Madison, LLC
  76. ^ Operating as Corn Sunset, LLC
  77. ^ Operating as Snow Moon, LLC
  78. ^ Operating as Pioneer Cypress, LLC
  79. ^ Operating as Silver Glen, LLC
  80. ^ Operating as John Madison, LLC
  81. ^ Operating as Goose Woods, LLC
  82. ^ Operating as Sugar Park, LLC
  83. ^ Operating as Outer House, LLC
  84. ^ Operating as Outer Maple, LLC
  85. ^ Operating as Pioneer Willow, LLC
  86. ^ Operating as Wild Way, LLC
  87. ^ Operating as Holly Glen, LLC
  88. ^ Operating as Just Goodbye, LLC
  89. ^ Operating as Pine Moon, LLC
  90. ^ Operating as Victor Trail, LLC
  91. ^ Operating as Trixy Oaks, LLC
  92. ^ Operating as John McCook, LLC
  93. ^ Operating as Big Fest, LLC
  94. ^ Operating as Hidden Frostbite, LLC
  95. ^ Operating as June Woods, LLC
  96. ^ Operating as John Goodbye, LLC
  97. ^ Operating as Fern Pass, LLC
  98. ^ a b Operating as Dog Beach, LLC
  99. ^ Operating as Grand Glen, LLC
  100. ^ Operating as Dog Beach, LLC
  101. ^ Operating as Trixy Manor, LLC
  102. ^ Operating as Magic Glen, LLC
  103. ^ Operating as Sea Goodbye, LLC
  104. ^ Operating as Sugar Glen, LLC
  105. ^ Operating as Sea Corner, LLC
  106. ^ Operating as Foggy Sky, LLC
  107. ^ Operating as Foggy Moon, LLC
  108. ^ Operating as Snow Galley, LLC
  109. ^ Operating as Spring Tigers, LLC
  110. ^ Operating as Afilias Domains No. 5 Limited.
  111. ^ Operating as Magic Birch, LLC
  112. ^ Operating as Big Pass, LLC
  113. ^ Operating as Grand Island, LLC
  114. ^ Operating as Big Hollow, LLC
  115. ^ Operating as Lone Sunset, LLC
  116. ^ Operating as Binky Glen, LLC
  117. ^ Operating as Snow Avenue, LLC
  118. ^ Operating as Little Galley, LLC
  119. ^ Operating as Fox Castle, LLC
  120. ^ Operating as Binky Galley, LLC
  121. ^ Operating as Fern Madison, LLC
  122. ^ Operating as Ruby Town, LLC
  123. ^ a b Operating as Asia Spa and Wellness Promotion Council Limited
  124. ^ Operating as Atomic Fields, LLC
  125. ^ Operating as Half Falls, LLC
  126. ^ Operating as Grand Orchard, LLC
  127. ^ Operating as Tin Avenue, LLC
  128. ^ Operating as Dash Cypress, LLC
  129. ^ Operating as Victor Frostbite, LLC
  130. ^ Operating as Delta Orchard, LLC
  131. ^ Operating as New Cypress, LLC
  132. ^ Operating as Outer Moon, LLC
  133. ^ Operating as Auburn Bloom, LLC
  134. ^ Operating as Pioneer Tigers, LLC

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c "IANA — Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  2. ^ a b "IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format". Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  3. ^ "Daily TLD DNSSEC Report". icann.org. ICANN. 31 May 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Root Zone file". Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  5. ^ "IANA root zone database". Iana.org. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  6. ^ "Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  7. ^ National Research Council, Committee on Internet Navigation and the Domain Name System: Technical Alternatives and Policy Implications; National Research Council, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (7 August 2005). Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09640-9. {{cite book}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ J. Postel; J. Reynolds (October 1984). Domain requirements. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0920. RFC 920. Status Unknown.
  9. ^ a b J. Postel (March 1994). Domain Name System Structure and Delegation. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1591. RFC 1591. Informational.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "FFM acquired by GRS, immediate price changes". 3 September 2018.
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  110. ^ .krd Network Information Centre, accessed on line 24 November 2014.
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  118. ^ "Book your extension .alsace".
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  125. ^ "Startseite - .bayern - Das Web wird weiß-blau". nic.bayern.
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  132. ^ EURid.
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  137. ^ "Official website of .GENT". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
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  156. ^ ".LAT Domain - About us". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
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  177. ^ "中国中信集团有限公司". Nic.citic. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
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  186. ^ IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  187. ^ "Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
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  190. ^ ".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
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  193. ^ IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
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  195. ^ IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  196. ^ ".hsbc". Retrieved 15 August 2015.
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  199. ^ IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
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  204. ^ "MANGO". Nic.mango. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  205. ^ "Home dotMINI registry operator". Nic.mini. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  206. ^ ".monash - Network Information Centre". Nic.monash. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  207. ^ "New gTLD Program : InitialEvaluation Report : Report Date: 10 May 2013" (PDF). Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  208. ^ IANA — .mormon Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  209. ^ "Neustar Launches New TLD .Neustar". Nic.neustar. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  210. ^ IANA — .nhk Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  211. ^ ".nico - The Brand TLD for Dwango Co., Ltd". Dwango Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  212. ^ IANA — .nra Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  213. ^ IANA — .otsuka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  214. ^ "The New OVH Code" (PDF). Nic.ovh. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  215. ^ "NIC PIAGET". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
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  217. ^ IANA — .praxi Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  218. ^ IANA — .prod Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  219. ^ NIC PwC. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
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  222. ^ ".sca". Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
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  224. ^ IANA — .seek Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 July 2016.
  225. ^ IANA — .sohu Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  226. ^ IANA — .spiegel Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  227. ^ IANA — .suzuki Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  228. ^ IANA — .tui Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  229. ^ IANA — .uol Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  230. ^ IANA — .williamhill Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  231. ^ IANA — .wme Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  232. ^ IANA — .wtc Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  233. ^ "This is .yandex". Nic.yandex. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  234. ^ IANA — .youtube Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  235. ^ ".亚马逊 Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  236. ^ ".アマゾン Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  237. ^ "Nic.中信". nic.中信. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  238. ^ IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  239. ^ IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  240. ^ IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  241. ^ IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
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  245. ^ Multicast DNS. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6762. RFC 6762.
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  248. ^ "Approved Resolutions | Special Meeting of the ICANN Board | 29 July 2024". ICANN. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  249. ^ "ICANN Name Collision". ICANN Wiki. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  250. ^ Werbach, Kevin (11 December 2018). The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34978-9.
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  252. ^ "The Gold Rush Is on for Ethereum Domain Names". www.vice.com. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  253. ^ Francisco, Kieren McCarthy in San. "Sucks to be you, ICANN. We can go our own way: Opera to support sites using renegade top-level domain .crypto". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  254. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin. "OpenNIC drops support for .bit domain names after rampant malware abuse". ZDNet. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  255. ^ Tupui, Tupui. "Soroban Domains".
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