Wikipedia

Yuri Oganessian

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Tsolakovich and the family name is Oganessian.

Yuri Tsolakovich Oganessian[a] (born 14 April 1933) is a Soviet and Armenian nuclear physicist who is best known as a researcher of superheavy chemical elements.[7] He has led the discovery of multiple elements of the periodic table.[8][9] He succeeded Georgy Flyorov as director of the Flyorov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in 1989 and is now its scientific director.[10] The heaviest element known of the periodic table, oganesson, is named after him, only the second time that an element was named after a living person (the other being seaborgium).[7][b]

Yuri Oganessian
Юрий Оганесян
Oganessian in 2016
Born
Yuri Tsolakovich Oganessian

(1933-04-14) 14 April 1933 (age 91)
Rostov-on-Don, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
CitizenshipSoviet Union (1933–1991)
Russia (1991–present)
Armenia (2018–present)[2][3]
Alma materMoscow Engineering Physics Institute
Known forCo-discoverer of the heaviest elements in the periodic table; element oganesson named after him
AwardsLomonosov Gold Medal (2017)
Demidov Prize (2019)
Scientific career
FieldsNuclear physics[1]
InstitutionsFlerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

Personal life

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Yuri Tsolakovich Oganessian was born in Rostov-on-Don, Russian SFSR, USSR on 14 April 1933[12] to Armenian parents.[13][14] His father was from Igdir (now in Turkey),[15] while his mother was from Armavir in what is now Russia's Krasnodar Krai.[16] Oganessian spent his childhood in Yerevan, the capital of Soviet Armenia, where his family relocated in 1939. His father, Tsolak, a thermal engineer, was invited to work on the synthetic rubber plant in Yerevan. After the Eastern Front of World War II commenced, his family decided to not return to Rostov since it was occupied by Germans. Yuri attended and finished school in Yerevan.[16][4][15] He initially wanted to become a painter.[15]

Oganessian was married to Irina Levonovna (1932–2010), a violinist and a music teacher in Dubna,[17][18] with whom he had two daughters.[19][20] As of 2017, his daughters resided in the U.S.[21]

Oganessian speaks Russian, Armenian,[15] and English.[22][23]

Career

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"A remarkable physicist and experimentalist… his work is characterised by originality, an ability to approach a problem from an unexpected side, and to achieve an ultimate result."

 —Flyorov on Oganessian, 1990[7]

Oganessian graduated from the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) in 1956.[9][12] He thereafter sought to join the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow, but as there were no vacancies left in Gersh Budker's team, he was instead recruited by Georgy Flyorov and began working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow.[7][12]

He became director of the Flyorov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at JINR in 1989, after Flyorov retired, and had the job until 1996, when he was named the scientific director of the Flyorov laboratory.[10]

Discovery of superheavy chemical elements

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During the 1970s, Oganessian invented the "cold fusion" method[7] (unrelated to the unproven energy-producing process cold fusion), a technique to produce transactinide elements (superheavy elements). It was crucial for the discoveries of elements from 106 to 113.[7] From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s, the partnership of JINR, directed by Oganessian, and the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Germany, resulted in the discovery of six chemical elements (107 to 112): bohrium,[24][25][12] meitnerium, hassium,[26] darmstadtium, roentgenium, and copernicium.[7]

His newer technique, termed "hot fusion" (also unrelated to nuclear fusion as an energy process), helped to discover elements 113 to 118, completing the seventh row of the periodic table.[7] The technique involved bombarding calcium into targets containing heavier radioactive elements that are rich in neutrons at a cyclotron.[27] The elements discovered using this method are nihonium (2003; also discovered by Riken in Japan using cold fusion),[28] flerovium (1999),[29] moscovium (2003),[30] livermorium (2000),[31] tennessine (2009),[32] and oganesson (2002).[33]

Recognition

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Oganessian on a 2017 Armenian stamp

Sherry Yennello has called him the "grandfather of superheavy elements".[7] Oganessian is the author of three discoveries, a monograph, 11 inventions, and more than 300 scientific papers.[9]

Oganessian has been considered worthy of a Nobel laureate in Chemistry,[34] including by Alexander Sergeev, former head of the Russian Academy of Sciences.[35]

Oganesson

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During early 2016, science writers and bloggers speculated that one of the superheavy elements would be named oganessium or oganesson.[36] The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) announced in November 2016 that element 118 would be named oganesson to honor Oganessian.[37][38][39] It was first observed in 2002 at JINR, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. Directed by Oganessian, the team included American scientists of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California.[40] Prior to this announcement, a dozen elements had been named after people,[c] but of those, only seaborgium was likewise named while its namesake (Glenn T. Seaborg) was alive.[7] (The names einsteinium and fermium were suggested when their namesakes, respectively Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi, were still alive; however, by the time the names became official, Einstein and Fermi had both died.) As Seaborg died in 1999, Oganessian is the only currently living namesake of an element.[41][42][43]

Honors and awards

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In 1990, he was elected Corresponding Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and in 2003 a Full Member (Academician) of the Russian Academy of Sciences.[12]

Oganessian has honorary degrees from Goethe University Frankfurt (2002),[44] University of Messina (2009),[45] and Yerevan State University (2022).[46] In 2019, he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of St Catharine's College, Cambridge.[47]

State awards

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Professional awards

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Recognition in Armenia

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Oganessian was granted Armenian citizenship in July 2018 by Premier Nikol Pashinyan.[59] Oganessian is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation for Armenian Science and Technology (FAST). He is also the chairman of the international scientific board of the Alikhanian National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute).[60] In 2017 HayPost issued a postage stamp dedicated to Oganessian.[61] In 2022 the Central Bank of Armenia issued a silver commemorative coin dedicated to Oganessian and the element oganesson (Og).[62] In April 2022 he was named honorary professor of Yerevan State University.[46]

Selected publications

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  • Oganessian, Yuri (13 September 2001). "Nuclear physics: Sizing up the heavyweights". Nature. 413 (6852): 122–125. Bibcode:2001Natur.413..122O. doi:10.1038/35093194. PMID 11557964. S2CID 4414134.

Notes

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  1. ^ Russian: Юрий Цолакович Оганесян, IPA: [ˈjʉrʲɪj tsɐˈlakəvʲɪtɕ ɐɡənʲɪˈsʲan]; Armenian: Յուրի Ցոլակի Հովհաննիսյան, romanized: Yuri Ts‘olaki Hovhannisyan, IPA: [juˈɾi tsʰɔlɑˈki hɔvhɑnnisˈjɑn].[4][5] Oganessian is the Russified version of the Armenian last name Hovhannisyan. The article on Oganessian in the Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia (1980) described him as an "Armenian Soviet physicist".[6]
  2. ^ The names einsteinium and fermium for elements 99 and 100 were proposed when their namesakes (Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi, respectively) were still alive, but were not made official until Einstein and Fermi had died.[11]
  3. ^ 12 other elements named in honor of people: curium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium, rutherfordium, seaborgium, bohrium, meitnerium, roentgenium, copernicium; in addition, the intention behind the name flerovium was to honour Flerov.

References

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  1. ^ "Dr. Yuri Oganessian". Texas A&M University Hagler Institute for Advanced Study. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019.
  2. ^ "President Armen Sarkissian receive Academician Yuri Oganessian". Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia. 12 July 2018. President Sarkissian said that on July 11 he signed the decree to granting Armenian citizenship to Yuri Oganessian.
  3. ^ "Премьер Армении предоставил гражданство российскому ученому Юрию Оганесяну" (in Russian). TASS. 10 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Հովհաննիսյան Յուրի Ցոլակի (1933-) [Hovhannisyan Yuri Tsolaki (1933-)]". sci.am (in Armenian). National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017.
  5. ^ a b "Presidential Decree on Awarding Y. Ts. Hovhannisyan with the Order of Honor". president.am (in Armenian). 17 September 2016.
  6. ^ Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia Volume 6 (in Armenian). Yerevan. 1980. p. 572. ՀՈՎՀԱՆՆԻՍՅԱՆ Յուրի Ցոլակի (ծն. 14.4.1933, Դոնի Ռոստով), հայ սովետական ֆիզիկոս{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chapman, Kit (30 November 2016). "What it takes to make a new element". Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry. (archived)
  8. ^ "EPS introduces new Lise Meitner prize". CERN Courier. IOP Publishing. 2 April 2001. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007.
  9. ^ a b c d "Yuri Tsolakovich Oganessian". jinr.ru. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017.
  10. ^ a b "About FLNR". flerovlab.jinr.ru. Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017.
  11. ^ Hoffman, D. C.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. T. (2000). The Transuranium People: The Inside Story. World Scientific. pp. 187–189. ISBN 978-1-78-326244-1.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Оганесян Юрий Цолакович [Oganessian Yuri Tsolakovich]". isaran.ru (in Russian). Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017.
  13. ^ Shevchenko, Nikolay (10 June 2016). "Moscovium joins the periodic table". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. ...Yuri Oganessian, a Russian nuclear physicist of Armenian heritage...
  14. ^ "New element discovered by Armenian scientist included in Periodic Table". Armenpress. 30 November 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018.
  15. ^ a b c d "Աշխարհի հայերը/Ashxarhi Hayer-Yuri Oganesyan" (in Armenian). Shant TV. 28 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021.
  16. ^ a b Mirzoyan, Gamlet (July 2011). "Человек, замкнувший таблицу Менделеева". Noev Kovcheg (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 June 2017.
  17. ^ "Оганесян Ирина Левоновна". dubna.org. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021.
  18. ^ "Памяти Ирины Оганесян". dubnapress.ru (in Russian). 8 December 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018.
  19. ^ Yakutenko, Irina (26 April 2010). "Бацилла творчества". lenta.ru (in Russian).
  20. ^ Titova, Anna (2017). "Легенда № 118 [Legend #118]". expert.ru (in Russian). Expert Online.
  21. ^ Gray, Richard (11 April 2017). "Mr Element 118: The only living person on the periodic table". New Scientist.
  22. ^ Mileham, Rebecca (October 2018). "Cold war, hot science" (PDF). Research Culture: Collaboration Collections. The Royal Society: 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2022. ...says Oganessian, in excellent English.
  23. ^ Poliakoff, Martyn (12 April 2017). "The Element Creator - Periodic Table of Videos". Periodic Videos. Archived from the original on 8 May 2022.
  24. ^ Oganessian, Yu.Ts.; Demin, A.G.; Danilov, N.A.; Flerov, G.N.; Ivanov, M.P.; Iljinov, A.S.; Kolesnikov, N.N.; Markov, B.N.; Plotko, V.M.; Tretyakova, S.P. (1976). "On spontaneous fission of neutron-deficient isotopes of elements 103, 105 and 107". Nuclear Physics A. 273 (2): 505–522. Bibcode:1976NuPhA.273..505O. doi:10.1016/0375-9474(76)90607-2.
  25. ^ Münzenberg, G.; Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; Reisdorf, W.; Schmidt, K. H.; Schneider, J. H. R.; Armbruster, P.; Sahm, C. C.; Thuma, B. (1981). "Identification of element 107 by α correlation chains". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 300 (1): 107–8. Bibcode:1981ZPhyA.300..107M. doi:10.1007/BF01412623. S2CID 118312056.
  26. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Ter-Akopian, G. M.; Pleve, A. A.; et al. (1978). Опыты по синтезу 108 элемента в реакции 226Ra + 48Ca [Experiments on the synthesis of element 108 in the 226Ra+48Ca reaction] (PDF) (Report) (in Russian). Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  27. ^ Glanz, James (6 April 2010). "Scientists Discover Heavy New Element". The New York Times.
  28. ^ Morita, Kosuke; Morimoto, Kouji; Kaji, Daiya; Akiyama, Takahiro; Goto, Sin-ichi; Haba, Hiromitsu; Ideguchi, Eiji; Kanungo, Rituparna; Katori, Kenji; Koura, Hiroyuki; Kudo, Hisaaki; Ohnishi, Tetsuya; Ozawa, Akira; Suda, Toshimi; Sueki, Keisuke; Xu, HuShan; Yamaguchi, Takayuki; Yoneda, Akira; Yoshida, Atsushi; Zhao, YuLiang (2004). "Experiment on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the Reaction 209Bi(70Zn,n)278113". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 73 (10): 2593–2596. Bibcode:2004JPSJ...73.2593M. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.73.2593.
  29. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G.; Bogomolov, S. L.; Gikal, B.; Mezentsev, A.; Iliev, S.; Subbotin, V.; Sukhov, A.; Buklanov, G.; Subotic, K.; Itkis, M.; Moody, K.; Wild, J.; Stoyer, N.; Stoyer, M.; Lougheed, R. (October 1999). "Synthesis of Superheavy Nuclei in the 48Ca + 244Pu Reaction". Physical Review Letters. 83 (16): 3154. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.3154O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154. S2CID 109929705.
  30. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Dmitriev, S. N.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Itkis, M. G.; Polyakov, A. N.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Mezentsev, A. N.; Yeremin, A. V.; Voinov, A.; Sokol, E.; Gulbekian, G.; Bogomolov, S.; Iliev, S.; Subbotin, V.; Sukhov, A.; Buklanov, G.; Shishkin, S.; Chepygin, V.; Vostokin, G.; Aksenov, N.; Hussonnois, M.; Subotic, K.; Zagrebaev, V.; Moody, K.; Patin, J.; Wild, J.; Stoyer, M.; Stoyer, N.; et al. (2005). "Synthesis of elements 115 and 113 in the reaction 243Am + 48Ca". Physical Review C. 72 (3): 034611. Bibcode:2005PhRvC..72c4611O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.72.034611.
  31. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Gulbekian, G. G.; Bogomolov, S. L.; Gikal, B.; Mezentsev, A.; Iliev, S.; Subbotin, V.; Sukhov, A.; Ivanov, O.; Buklanov, G.; Subotic, K.; Itkis, M.; Moody, K.; Wild, J.; Stoyer, N.; Stoyer, M.; Lougheed, R.; Laue, C.; Karelin, Ye.; Tatarinov, A. (2000). "Observation of the decay of 292116". Physical Review C. 63 (1): 011301. Bibcode:2000PhRvC..63a1301O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301.
  32. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D.; Benker, D. E.; Bennett, M. E.; Dmitriev, S. N.; Ezold, J. G.; Hamilton, J. H.; Henderson, R. A.; Itkis, M. G.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Mezentsev, A. N.; Moody, K. J.; Nelson, S. L.; Polyakov, A. N.; Porter, C. E.; Ramayya, A. V.; Riley, F. D.; Roberto, J. B.; Ryabinin, M. A.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Sagaidak, R. N.; Shaughnessy, D. A.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Stoyer, M. A.; Subbotin, V. G.; Sudowe, R.; Sukhov, A. M.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; et al. (April 2010). "Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117". Physical Review Letters. 104 (14): 142502. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104n2502O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502. PMID 20481935.
  33. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Sagaidak, R. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Voinov, A. A.; Gulbekian, G.; Bogomolov, S.; Gikal, B.; Mezentsev, A.; Iliev, S.; Subbotin, V.; Sukhov, A.; Subotic, K.; Zagrebaev, V.; Vostokin, G.; Itkis, M.; Moody, K.; Patin, J.; Shaughnessy, D.; Stoyer, M.; Stoyer, N.; Wilk, P.; Kenneally, J.; Landrum, J.; Wild, J.; Lougheed, R. (2006). "Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the 249Cf and 245Cm+48Ca fusion reactions". Physical Review C. 74 (4): 044602. Bibcode:2006PhRvC..74d4602O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602.
  34. ^ ""Заслуживают "Нобеля" Юрий Оганесян, Артем Оганов и Валерий Фокин"". Kommersant (in Russian). 5 October 2015. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. «Заслужил своего "нобеля" Юрий Оганесян из Объединенного института ядерных исследований.
  35. ^ Medvedev, Yuri (18 December 2018). "Перевернуть пирамиду". Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). No. 285. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Александр Михайлович, и все же ваш прогноз. Кто из наших ученых может в ближайшее время получить заветного Нобеля? Многие очевидным претендентом считают академика Юрия Оганесяна...
    Александр Сергеев: Конечно, кандидатура достойнейшая. Очень надеюсь, что ему поможет наступающий год, который Генеральная ассамблея ООН объявила Годом Периодической таблицы химических элементов.
  36. ^ Cantrill, Stuart (26 January 2016). "New kids on the p-block". Nature Chemistry.
  37. ^ "Periodic Table of Elements". IUPAC. 28 November 2016.
  38. ^ "IUAPC announces the names of the elements 113-115-117-118". IUPAC. 30 November 2016.
  39. ^ "Names proposed for new chemical elements". BBC News. 8 June 2016.
  40. ^ Oganessian, Yu. T.; et al. (2002). "Results from the first 249
    Cf    +48
    Ca     experiment"     (PDF). JINR Communication. JINR, Dubna.
  41. ^ Van Noorden, Richard (8 June 2016). "Four new element names proposed for periodic table". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.20069. S2CID 211729809.
  42. ^ St. Fleur, Nicholas (8 June 2016). "Four Elements on the Periodic Table Get New Names". The New York Times.
  43. ^ Feltman, Rachel (9 June 2016). "For the second time in history, a living scientist has an element named in his honor". Washington Post.
  44. ^ "Honorary doctorates of the faculties of natural sciences". uni-frankfurt.de.
  45. ^ "International Conference: Nuclear Reactions on Nucelos and Nuclei" (PDF). unime.it. 5–9 October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2017. In honour of Yuri Oganessian for his laurea honoris causa that will be conferred by the University of Messina.
  46. ^ a b "Յուրի Հովհաննիսյանին շնորհվեց ԵՊՀ պատվավոր պրոֆեսորի կոչում [Yuri Hovhannisyan was awarded the title of YSU Honorary Professor]". ysu.am (in Armenian). Yerevan State University. 15 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022.
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  48. ^ "Указ Президента РФ от 20 ноября 2003 г. N 1372 "О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации"". onagradah.ru (in Russian). 20 November 2013.
  49. ^ "2010 Russian Federation National Awards have been presented". kremlin.ru. 12 June 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020.
  50. ^ "Yu.Ts.Oganessian and M.G.Itkis are National Award winners 2010". jinr.ru. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. 12 June 2011.
  51. ^ Ghazanchyan, Siranush (24 September 2019). "Yuri Oganessian awarded Armenia's St. Mesrop Mashtots Order". armradio.am. Public Radio of Armenia. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019.
  52. ^ "Recipients of Kurchatov Medal". ras.ru. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020.
  53. ^ "EPS Nuclear Physics Division – Lise Meitner Prize". eps.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
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  55. ^ "Президент РАН вручил Большую золотую медаль им. М.В. Ломоносова Юрию Оганесяну". Scientific Russia (in Russian). 2 April 2018.
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  58. ^ "Professors Balzani and Oganessian to receive first UNESCO-Russia Mendeleev International Prize in the Basic Sciences". unesco.org. UNESCO. 3 November 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022.
  59. ^ "Նիկոլ Փաշինյանը Յուրի Օգանեսովին ՀՀ քաղաքացիություն է շնորհել" (in Armenian). Yerkir Media. 10 July 2018. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018.
  60. ^ "President Sargsyan receives renowned scientists Yuri Oganessian and Ani Aprahamian". Armenpress. 6 November 2017.
  61. ^ "Yuri Oganessian". haypost.am. 28 December 2017. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018.
  62. ^ "Collector coins have been put into circulation". cba.am. Central Bank of Armenia. 14 April 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022.
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