Ying (traditional Chinese: 應; simplified Chinese: 应; pinyin: Yīng) was a minor kingdom in eastern China that existed from circa 1030 BCE to 646 BCE. Sometime after its establishment it became a vassal state of the Western Zhou, which extended into the Spring and Autumn period. Ying briefly became a vassal state of Chu in the early-600s BCE, but was annexed by the Chu in 646 BCE. Ying was in modern-day Pingdingshan, Henan province, where many artifacts from the state have been unearthed.[1]
State of Ying 應 | |
|---|---|
| c.1030 BCE–646 BCE | |
 Ying 應 is located to the north of Chu and southeast of Zhou; it is not to be confused with Ying 英, a different state to the east of Chu. | |
| Status | Vassal state |
| Capital | Pingdingshan |
| Common languages | Old Chinese |
| Religion | Chinese folk religion Ancestor veneration |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Historical era | Zhou dynasty |
• Established | c.1030 BCE |
• Conquered by Chu | 646 BCE |
| Today part of | China |
History
editThe state of Ying was founded around 1030 BCE by Ying Hou, a younger brother of King Cheng of Zhou.[2]: 312
Partial list of rulers
edit- 1. Ying Hou (應侯) younger brother of King Cheng of Zhou[1]
- 2. Ying Hou Xiangong (應侯見工), son of Ying Hou[3]
(Unknown intermediary king[s])
- Ying Ligong (or Xigong, 應釐公)[4]
(Unknown intermediary king[s])
- Ying Houcheng (應侯爯)[4]
(Unknown later king[s])
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Shaughnessy, Edward L. (2001). "New Sources of Western Zhou History: Recent Discoveries of Inscribed Bronze Vessels". Early China. 26/27: 73–98. doi:10.1017/S0362502800007240. ISSN 0362-5028. JSTOR 23354199. S2CID 163754190.
- ^ Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999-03-13). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521470308.
- ^ Wang, Longzheng (2009). "新见应侯见工簋铭文考释" [Explanation of the New Discoveries of Ying Hou Xiangong's gui Inscription]. Central Plains Historical Relics (in Chinese). 5: 54–58 – via Ai Xueshu.
- ^ a b "应侯簋考释" [Examination of Ying Hou's gui Inscription]. Cultural Sinology Reports (in Chinese). 15: 1–5 – via Baidu.
Further reading
edit- Liu, Yuan (Spring 2005). "读《西周封国考疑》" [Commentary on Verifying Western Zhou Vassals]. Chinese Historical Research Trends (in Chinese): 28–29
- Ying, Weiqiang 古应国文明史 [Ancient History of the Ying Civilization]. (in Chinese)
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