From 1967 to 1975, fifteen ships and their crews were trapped in the Suez Canal after the Six-Day War between Israel and Egypt. The stranded ships, which belonged to eight countries (West Germany, Sweden, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, Poland, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia), were nicknamed the Yellow Fleet after the desert sand that coated them.
During the war, Egypt blocked both ends of the canal to prevent its use by Israel. Scuttled ships, sea mines, and other debris continued to block transport through the canal until the wake of the Yom Kippur War, after which the blockade was lifted. In 1975, the Canal was reopened, enabling the ships to leave after eight years of being stranded. At that time, only two ships were capable of moving under their own power.
History
Closing of the canal
In June 1967, the fifteen ships were sailing northward through the Suez Canal as a war broke out between Israel and Egypt in what was to become known as the Six-Day War. Both ends of the canal were closed, and after three days it became apparent that the canal would remain blocked for some time as a result of the scuttling of ships to block passage. Fourteen ships were forced to anchor in the widest part of the Suez Canal, the Great Bitter Lake. Some of the scuttled ships cut off the SS Observer from the other ships and it had to anchor in Lake Timsah.[1]
Ships, dredgers, other floating craft and even a bridge were sunk to block the canal.[2] In addition to the vessels that were sunk, there were a number of sea mines that prevented navigation. With the war having left the Israelis in possession of the entire east bank of the canal, the Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser quickly resolved to keep the canal closed to all shipping indefinitely. The only alternative would have been to allow the Israelis to use it, which was anathema to the Egyptian government. Even if the political issues surrounding the canal could have somehow been resolved, its maintenance would have been economically nonviable since very few (if any) shippers would have been willing to send their vessels and crews through what was effectively a no man's land in an active combat zone.[original research?]
Throughout the eight years, the Israeli and Egyptian armies faced off against each other on either side of the Suez Canal. Sometimes raiding parties from both sides would slip across the canal to gather intelligence.[1] One of the big concerns was that the canal would become silted up without regular dredging. It turned out to be a non-issue: 90 percent of the canal's silt had been a result of currents caused by the turning of ships' propellers, which was virtually non-existent during this period.[1]
Eight years of war
In October 1967, the officers and crews of all fourteen ships met on the Melampus to found the "Great Bitter Lake Association" which provided mutual support. Crew members continued to regularly meet on board their ships, organized social events, founded a yachting club and held the "Bitter Lake Olympic Games" to complement the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Life boat races were arranged and soccer games were played on the largest ship, the MS Port Invercargill, while church services were held on the West German motorship Nordwind and movies were shown on the Bulgarian freighter Vasil Levsky.[1] The Swedish Killara had a pool.[3]
In time, it was possible to reduce the number of crew members on board the ships, and in 1969 the ships were gathered into several groups to further reduce the number of crew necessary for their upkeep. Those crew that were left to maintain the vessels were rotated every three months. In 1972, the last crew members of the German ships were finally sent home, with the maintenance of the ships left to a Norwegian company.
A postal system evolved, the hand-crafted postage stamps of which became collectors' items around the world. The Egyptian postal authority recognized the stamps, allowing their use worldwide.[1]
Re-opening of the canal
In early 1975, the Suez Canal was once again opened for international transport, and on 24 May 1975, the German ships Münsterland and Nordwind finally reached Hamburg port, cheered by more than 30,000 spectators. They were reportedly the only ships to have returned to their home port under their own power. For the Münsterland, this was the end of a voyage to Australia which had lasted eight years, three months, and five days.[4]
Legacy
In the 2010s, there was renewed interest in this incident. Two books have been published that chronicle the eight-year sojourn of the ships in the Great Bitter Lake, Acht Jahre gefangen im Großen Bittersee (in German) by Hans Jürgen Witthöft (2015),[5] and Stranded in the Six-Day War (in English) by Cath Senker (2017).[6][7]
Stranded ships
| Name | Nationality | Owner | Captain | Cargo | Gross tonnage | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MS Nordwind | West Germany | Nordstern Reederei | Gerhard Lomer | T-shirts | 8,656 | [3] |
| MS Münsterland | West Germany | Hamburg America Line | Karl Hoffmann, replaced by Jürgen Katzler, Wolfgang Scharrnbeck | Eggs, fruit | 9,365 | [8][9] |
| MS Killara | Sweden | Rederiaktiebolaget Transatlantic | Sture Sundnér | Wool, hides, fruit, lead, pigs from Australia | 12,990 | [10] |
| MS Nippon | Sweden | Svenska Ostasiatiska Kompaniet | Arthur Bjuréus, Ulf Bergman | Case goods from Far East | 10,660 | |
| MS Essayons[A 1] | France | 7,051 | ||||
| MS Agapenor | United Kingdom | Blue Funnel Line | Plastic toys for Woolworths | 7,654 | [11][12][13] | |
| MS Melampus | United Kingdom | Blue Funnel Line | Jim Starkey | 8,509 | [12][14] | |
| MS Scottish Star | United Kingdom | Blue Star Line | Brian McManus | 10,174 | [11][12] | |
| MS Port Invercargill | United Kingdom | Port Line | Arthur Kensett | 10,463 | [12][15] | |
| SS African Glen[A 2] | United States | Farrell Lines | 6,116 | |||
| MS Djakarta | Poland | Polish Ocean Lines | 6,915 | |||
| MS Boleslaw Bierut | Poland | Polish Ocean Lines | Bogdan Kryspin | 6,674 | ||
| MS Vasil Levsky | Bulgaria | Navigation Maritime | 4,975 | |||
| MS Lednice | Czechoslovakia | Československá plavba dunajská (Czechoslovak Danube Shipping)[16] | Klement Benda, Ladislav Šlechta[17] | Raw cowhides from Ethiopia | 1,462 | [18][19] |
| SS Observer[A 3] | United States | Marine Carriers Corp. | Charles Kapelowitz | Wheat (Galveston to Bombay) | 17,614 | [1] |
- Table notes
- ^ ex Sindh
- ^ Sunk in 1973 during the Yom Kippur War
- ^ Was stranded in Lake Timsah
See also
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f Time 1969
- ^ Pearson & Anderson 1975, p. 67
- ^ a b Blair 1975
- ^ "Hamburg damals: Gefangen im Bittersee" [Hamburg then: Trapped in the Bitter Lake]. NDR (in German). 24 May 2020.
- ^ "Acht Jahre gefangen im Großen Bittersee" [Trapped in the Great Bitter Lake for 8 years]. DVZ (in German). 17 December 2015.
- ^ "Meet the searfarers who were stranded in the Six-Day War". The Express. 3 June 2017.
- ^ "Stranded in the Suez Canal". National Museums Liverpool.
- ^ "Kapitäne erzählen: Gefangen im Suezkanal" [Captains tell: Trapped in the Suez Canal]. 17 May 2008 – via Spiegel Online.
- ^ "mare — Startseite: Ausgewählte Beiträge aus der aktuellen mare" [mare — home page - Selected articles from the current mare]. www.mare.de.
- ^ New Zealand Maritime Index 1969
- ^ a b BBC 2010
- ^ a b c d Lee 2010
- ^ Frickers 2009
- ^ Great%20Biter%20lakes www.chrisjclarke.net [dead link]
- ^ "Československá plavba dunajská (ČSPD): Historie ČNP" [Czechoslovak Danube Cruise (ČSPD): History of ČNP]. www.namorniplavba.cz. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009.
- ^ Jindra, Zdenek. "Nepokojný Egypt — Filatelie, poštovní známky, známka, magazín o filatelii — Infofila.cz" [Troubled Egypt - Philately, Postage Stamps, Stamp, Magazine on Philately & Infrastructure - Infofila.cz]. www.infofila.cz. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ kronologia#kepek tr. ship data sheet / atiranyitott_oldal / 1849 / chronology pictures www.hajoregiszter.hu [dead link]
- ^ "plavba.net". ww3.plavba.net. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
References
- Blair, Jonathon (June 1975). "New Life for the Troubled Suez Canal". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- Pearson, John; Anderson, Ken (May 1975). "A 'new' Suez Canal shapes up for 1980s". Popular Mechanics. 143 (5). Hearst Magazines. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved 23 August 2011. - Total pages: 208
- BBC (10 November 2010). "The Yellow Fleet". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- Frickers, Gordon (2009). "Agapenor manoeuvring in Bombay (Mumbai) Roads". frickers.co.uk. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- Lee, Bill (18 May 2010). "Yellow Fleet memories sough". Telegraph & Argus. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- merchantnavyofficers.com (2011). "Blue Funnel". merchantnavyofficers.com. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- Time (21 November 1969). "World: The Suez Canal's Bleak Centennial". Time. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- New Zealand Maritime Index (1969). "New Zealand Maritime Index". Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- Seemotive – Post vom Großen Bittersee (German)
- The Yellow Fleet at Ships on Stamps
External links
- Ian Russel. "Melampus in Suez". The Blue Funnel Line 1866–1986. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.