Wulfthryth, also known as Wilfrida (died c. 1000), was the second known consort of Edgar, King of England, in the early 960s. Historians disagree whether she was his wife or mistress. In 964, Edgar married Ælfthryth, and then or earlier Wulfthryth returned to Wilton Abbey, where she had been educated. She was accompanied by her daughter Edith, who was widely revered in the eleventh century as a saint. Wulfthryth remained there for the rest of her life as abbess and died on 21 September in an unknown year, around 1000. She was regarded as a saint at Wilton, but her cult did not spread more widely.[1]
Primary sources
editWulfthryth is known to history through several sources, including the hagiography of the Secgan Manuscript,[2] John of Worcester's Chronicle, William of Malmesbury,[3] Osburn's life of Dunstan, the Life of St Wulfthryth found in The Wilton Chronicle,[4] A Royal Charter of King Edgar to Wulfthryth,[5] and the Vita Edithae by Goscelin.[6] The medieval source record her as living an exemplary life of sanctity and virtue, and her virtues were often contrasted to the machinations of Edgar's second (third?) wife, Ælfthryth.[6]
Life
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Wulfthryth was an English noblewoman, a younger cousin of Wulfhild, born about 937, whom King Edgar of England carried off from the nunnery at Wilton Abbey and took to his residence at Kemsing, near Sevenoaks.[7] While in Kent, Wulfthryth gave birth to a daughter, Edith.[8] Goscelin and William of Malmesbury agree that Edgar married her, but that she renounced their marriage shortly after Edith was born. Edith was dedicated into religious life at Wilton as an infant; her mother followed her shortly afterwards.[9]
After at least a year, Wulfthryth returned to Wilton Abbey, taking Edith with her.[10] She later became head of the abbey and outlived her daughter.[11] According to scholar Katie Ann-Marie Bugyis, Wulfthryth "exemplifies the spiritual fecundity that a matron could achieve as a monastic leader', her "experience as a biological mother" did not prevent her from becoming an abbess, and the community did not consider her loss of virginity an obstacle to becoming a successful monastic leader.[9]
According to early monastic texts, under Saint Dunstan's direction Edgar did penance for this crime by not wearing his crown for seven years.[12] As part of his penance, Edgar gave Wilfrida six estates in Wiltshire and the Isle of Wight which she passed on to Wilton Abbey in 965AD.[13] Some form of bride abduction, often more simulated force than actual, by this time, may have existed as a vestige of earlier Anglo-Saxon tradition, and historians have alternatively referred to Wilfrida as Edgar's concubine or his second wife, although never as a captive. Given the religious customs of the time, his penance was probably related to his violation of the sanctity of her religious vocation, rather than to any personal affront to Wilfrida. It is clear that the two may have had a continuing friendship long after her return to Wilton. In any event, Edgar seems to have acknowledged Edith as his daughter; the relationship may have been considered a marriage, despite the formal church sanction, as was the custom of the time, and if so, Edith was a legitimate daughter.
Wulfthryth continued to have considerable influence upon Edgar after her return to Wilton. She was able to stop bailiffs from arresting a thief who had taken sanctuary in the Abbey,[14] and was able to secure the release of two Wilton priests who had been imprisoned by the reeve of Wilton.[15] As Abbess of Wilton, she built a stone wall around the Abbey, and also used her wealth to build up the abbey's collection of relics.[16] Goscelin calls her the "hidden treasure and light" of the Abbey, and she was held in high esteem during her life.[17] and she is credited with miracles during her lifetime,[18] and Alms giving.[19]
Veneration
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Both Wulfthryth and her daughter Edith were regarded as saints after their lifetimes. Wulfthryth died at Wilton on 21 September, probably in the year 1000, and was buried before the main altar of the Wilton Abbey church.[20]
Her Feast Day is 13 September.
References
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- ^ Yorke, Barbara (2004). "Wulfthryth (St Wulfthryth) (d. c.1000), abbess of Wilton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49423. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Stowe MS 944, British Library.
- ^ William of Malmesbury Gesta Regum Anglorum, Volume 2 (Oxford University Press, 1999)p.139).
- ^ Wiesje Emons-Nijenhuis, The Embedded Saint, the Wilton Chronicle's Life of St Wulfthryth in Revue Bénédictine Volume 119, Number 1 Jun 2009
- ^ Manuscript Sawyer 799
- ^ a b Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe, Stealing Obedience: Narratives of Agency and Identity in Later Anglo-Saxon England (University of Toronto Press, 2012) ebook.
- ^ Stephen Morillo, The Haskins Society Journal (Boydell Press, 2003), page 97
- ^ Pauline Stafford, Queen Emma & Queen Edith (Blackwell, 2001), pp. 324-325
- ^ a b Bugyis, Katie Ann-Marie (2019). The Care of Nuns: The Ministries of Benedictine Women in England During the Central Middle Ages. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-19-085128-6.
- ^ Mrs Jameson, Legends of the monastic orders: as represented in the fine arts, p. 95
- ^ Hollis, Stephanie (2004). "Goscelin's Writings and the Wilton Women". In Hollis, Stephanie (ed.). Writing the Wilton Women: Goscelin's Legend of Edith and Liber confortatorius. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers. p. 259. ISBN 2-503-51436-7.
- ^ Ann Williams, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004), (Edgar Pacificus), accessed 16 May 2012 (Subscription site)
- ^ Wulfthryth at OxfordDNB (Subscription site)
- ^ Stephen Morillo, The Haskins Society Journal (Boydell Press, 2003)page 112
- ^ Gwen Seabourne, Imprisoning Medieval Women: The Non-judicial Confinement and Abduction of Women in England, c. 1170-1509 (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011) page 184
- ^ Wulfthryth at OxfordDNB.
- ^ A. Wilmart, La légende de Ste Édith en prose et vers par le moine Goscelin, Analecta Bollandiana, 56 (1938), 5–101, 265–307
- ^ Wulfthryth at OxfordDNB.
- ^ The Liber Vitae of the New Minster, Winchester Fol 26r.20 (901 x 904 - ?)
- ^ Yorke, Barbara (2004). "Wulfthryth [St Wulfthryth] (d. c. 1000)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49423. (subscription or UK public library membership required)