This list of works by Robert Lawson categorises and provides brief details of the structures designed by Scottish-born architect Robert A. Lawson (1833–1902) who is said did more than any other designer to shape the face of the Victorian era architecture of the city of Dunedin.[1]
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/O%27Brien_Designs_of_Lawson.jpg/300px-O%27Brien_Designs_of_Lawson.jpg)
Lawson designed an estimated 46 church buildings, 21 banks, 134 houses, 16 school buildings, 13 hotels, 15 civic and institutional buildings, and 120 commercial and industrial buildings. Of these 94 survive, including 46 in Dunedin, 43 in the rest of New Zealand and five in Melbourne.[2]
Among the buildings which Lawson personally designed, collaborated on or supervised the design of are:[3][4]
Building | Type | Completed | Location | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Free Church School | Education | 1857 | Steiglitz, near Geelong, Victoria | |
Roman Catholic School | Education | 1858 | Steiglitz, near Geelong, Victoria | |
House | Residential | 1862 | Dunedin | |
Cottage | Residential | 1862 | Dunedin | Eight-room wooden cottage. |
Cottage, Dowling Street | Residential | 1862 | Dowling Street, Dunedin | |
Cottages for J. J. Waters (6 off) | Residential | 1862 | Dunedin? | Four-roomed. |
Business premises for Bing Harris and Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1863 | High Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for John Duncan | Commercial/Industrial | 1863 | Maclaggan Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for McLandress, Hepburn & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1863 | Manse Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for Oliver and Ulph, wholesale ironmongers | Commercial/Industrial | 1863 | Manse Street, Dunedin | |
Café for G. Malin | Commercial/Industrial | 1863 | High Street, Dunedin | |
Cottage | Residential | 1863 | Maitland Street, Dunedin | Four-roomed. |
Cottages for William Fraser | Residential | 1863 | Royal Terrace, Dunedin | |
Cottages (two off) | Residential | 1863 | Royal Terrace, Dunedin | |
House | Residential | 1863 | Halfway Bush, Dunedin | |
House for Thomas Dick | Residential | 1863 | Queen Street, Dunedin | |
Otago Benevolent Institution | Civic/Institutional | 1863 | Caversham, Dunedin | |
Warehouse and offices for Sargood, King and Sargood | Commercial/Industrial | 1863 | Stafford Street, Dunedin | Now part of No. 22 Stafford Street, the premises of Dunedin Wesleyan Church |
Waikouaiti Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1863 | Kildare Street, Waikouaiti | Small, timber gothic revival church. Demolished.[5] |
Temporary building for First Church congregation | Ecclesiastical | 1864 | Dowling Street, Dunedin | |
Anderson's Bay Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1864 | Corner of 76 Silverton Street and Spottiswoode Street, Andersons Bay, Dunedin | Opened in February 1864. Even after a new brick church was constructed in 1913, this wooden church remained in use for many years as a hall. Still exists as of August 2012. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2017.[6] |
Alterations to printing offices for Mills, Dick & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1864 | Stafford Street, Dunedin | |
Baptist Church | Ecclesiastical | 1864 | Corner of Hanover and Great King Streets, Dunedin | Demolished by 1912. |
Cottage | Residential | 1864 | Port Chalmers | Six roomed. |
Extensions to premises for A. Meyer | Commercial/Industrial | 1864 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
Extensions to premises for Ferguson and Mitchell | Commercial/Industrial | 1864 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
House | Residential | 1864 | Royal Terrace, Dunedin | Villa. |
House for Archibald Barr | Residential | 1864 | London Street, Dunedin | Barr was Lawson's brother-in-law. |
House for Robert and Jessie Lawson | Residential | 1864 | Bellevue Street, Roslyn, Dunedin | Lawson's private residence. |
House for William Purdie | Residential | 1864 | Location unknown | |
House for Andrew Todd | Residential | 1864 | East Taieri | |
Offices for Murray Kerr & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1864 | Crawford Street, Dunedin | The building featured a range of nine offices, designed for use by shipping agents.[7] |
Schoolhouse, Wakari | Education | 1864 | Wakari, Dunedin | |
South Dunedin District School | Residential | 1864 | William Street, Dunedin | Generally known as Park's School after its first headmaster. Now a private residence. |
Store for J. and J. H. Barr | Commercial/Industrial | 1864 | Stafford Street, Dunedin | |
Store for Marshall & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1864 | Wakari, Dunedin | |
Allanton Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1865 | Corner of Grey and Precelly Streets, Allanton | It was originally built in a gully and thus being prone to flooding. In 1904 it was pulled up by two steam traction engines, to a more commanding position on the hill above. The last service in the Church took place on 11 October 1998. The building is now privately owned. [8] |
Block of brick buildings | Commercial/Industrial | 1865 | Princes Street, Dunedin | Unknown client. |
Palmerston Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1865 | Gilligan Street, Palmerston | Still exists and is used as a builders workshop. |
St George's Hall | Civic/Institutional | 1865 | Upper Stuart Street, Dunedin | |
Store for G. G. Russell & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1865 | High Street, Dunedin | |
Bank of Otago | Bank | 1866 | Clutha Ferry (Balclutha) | |
Extensions to Mornington Schoolhouse | Education | 1866 | Mornington, Dunedin | |
Extensions to premises of A. R. Livingstone, stationers | Commercial/Industrial | 1866 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
House | Residential | 1866 | Cargill Street, Dunedin | Six-roomed. Believed to still exist at no. 56. |
House | Residential | 1866 | York Place, Dunedin | Four-roomed. |
House | Residential | 1866 | near Dunedin | Villa. |
House for Thomas Shand | Residential | 1866 | West Taieri | |
Jopp's Hotel | Hotel | 1866 | Clutha Ferry (Balclutha) | |
Manse for St Paul's Presbyterian Church | Residential | 1866 | Oamaru | |
Masonic Hall | Civic/Institutional | 1866 | Itchen, Oamaru | Still exists as of August 2012. |
Offices and free bond for Service, Gibson & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1866 | Lower High Street, Dunedin | Later the premises of the Dunedin Savings Bank and then La Maison. Still exists |
Otepopo St John's Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1866 | State Highway 1), Herbert | Still exists as of september 2023. Designed only the west wing, which featured his first use of Oamaru Stone. The remainder of the building was designed by William Mason when it was extended in 1870. It now houses a pipe organ museum.[9] |
School and Schoolmasters House, Clutha Ferry | Education | 1866 | Clutha ferry (Balclutha) | |
School and Schoolmasters House, Palmerston | Education | 1866 | Palmerston | |
The Dunedin Boot and Shoe Company Building | Commercial/Industrial | 1866 | Princes Street (west side, between Dowling and Rattray), Dunedin | |
Woolshed for J .H. Barr | Commercial/Industrial | 1866 | Albert Downs sheep farm, Kaihiku | |
Bank of New Zealand, Tokomairiro | Bank | 1867 | Milton | At the time of the banks construction the settlement was known as Tokomairiro. |
Bank of New Zealand, Hawksbury | Bank | 1867 | Waikouaiti | |
Business premises for A. Hassell | Commercial/Industrial | 1867 | York Place, Dunedin | |
Business premises for Herbert & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1867 | Lawrence | |
Business premises for J. and W. Robertson, Matheson Bros. | Commercial/Industrial | 1867 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
Commercial Hotel, Lawrence | Hotel | 1867 | Lawrence | |
Cottage | Residential | 1867 | Canongate, Dunedin | Four-roomed. |
Dwelling house | Residential | 1867 | Cargill Street, Dunedin | Six-roomed. Believed to still exist. |
House "Brooklands" for J . P. Hepburn | Residential | 1867 | Goodwood, near Palmerston | Still exists as of August 2012. |
House for H. S. Fish | Residential | align=center | Stafford Street, Dunedin | Constructed of stone and brick. |
House for H. J. Millar | Residential | 1867 | Brook, near Oamaru | |
House for J. Mackenzie | Residential | 1867 | Wakari | Built of stone. |
House for R. B. Martin | Residential | 1867 | Roslyn, Dunedin | Villa. |
Manse for First Church of Otago | Residential | 1867 | Moray Place, Dunedin | This was a two-storey building, faced entirely with Oamaru stone with a oriel window, and a Gothic doorway.[10] |
Manse for North Taieri Presbyterian Church | Residential | 1867 | North Taieri | Still exists as of August 2012. |
North Taieri Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1867 | 39 Wairongoa Road, North Taieri | Still exists as of August 2012. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2005.[11] |
Otepopo Presbyterian Manse | Residential | 1867 | 1895 Maheno-Herbert Road (State Highway 1), Herbert | Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 1983.[12] |
Otokia Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1867 | Near Henley | |
Pukehiki Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1867 | Highcliff Road, Otago Peninsula | |
Schoolhouse, West Taieri | Education | 1867 | West Taieri | |
Warden's Court, Lawrence | Civic/Institutional | 1867 | Lawrence | Later used as the Post Office. Still exists as of August 2012. |
Alterations to building | Residential | 1868 | Port Chalmers | |
Business premises for A. and T. Inglis | Commercial/Industrial | 1868 | George Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for Richard Pearson | Commercial/Industrial | 1868 | York Place, Dunedin | |
Building for William Kettle | Commercial/Industrial | 1868 | Port Chalmers | |
Extensions to building for Bing Harris & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1868 | High Street, Dunedin | |
Extensions to building for Sargood, King & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1868 | Stafford Street, Dunedin | |
House for J. Blakeley | Residential | 1868 | Manor Place, Dunedin | |
House for A. J. Grant | Residential | 1868 | Beaumont Station, Clutha District | |
House for James Paterson | Residential | 1868 | Crichton, Tokomairiro (Milton) | |
Roman Catholic Chapel | Ecclesiastical | 1868 | Waikouaiti | |
St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church | Ecclesiastical | 1868 | Oamaru | |
School and Masters House, Otepopo | Education | 1868 | Otepopo | |
Star and Garter Hotel | Hotel | 1868 | 13–17 Itchen Street, Oamaru | See text. Construction commenced in 1866. Still exists as of August 2012. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 1 status in 1991.[13] |
Bank of New Zealand, Hawksbury | Bank | 1869 | Waikouaiti | Built in stone. Still exists as of August 2012. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 1997.[14] |
Bank of New Zealand, Palmerston | Bank | 1869 | Palmerston | |
Bank of New Zealand, Timaru | Bank | 1869 | Timaru | |
Business premises | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | George Street, Dunedin | Unknown client. |
Business premises | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | West Taieri | Unknown client. |
Business premises for Butterworth brothers | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | High Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for C. Ziele & Co and Charles Moore saddler | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | Rattray Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for Edward McGlashan | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for George Young Jewellers | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for Hay Bros and Wright | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | Corner of Princes Street and Upper Octagon, Dunedin | |
Business premises for James Wall | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for C. Steinhoft | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | Corner of Princes and Rattray Streets, Dunedin | |
Business premises for R. K. Murray | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | Rattray Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises ( 2 off) | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | Tokomairiro (Milton) | Unknown client. |
Cottage | Residential | 1869 | Rattray Street, Dunedin | |
Cottage for Allan Harvey | Residential | 1869 | Palmerston | |
House | Residential | 1869 | Caversham, Dunedin | |
House | Residential | 1869 | Pelichet Bay, Dunedin | |
House for Peter Eagle | Residential | 1869 | 15 Scotland Street, Dunedin | Still exists as of August 2012. |
Manse | Residential | 1869 | Clinton, Popotunoa | |
Store and dwelling rooms | Commercial/Industrial | 1869 | Murrayville (Maori Hill), Dunedin | |
Wesleyan Trinity Church | Ecclesiastical | 1869 | Corner of Upper Stuart Street and Moray Place, Dunedin | Now the Fortune Theatre. |
Presbyterian Meeting Hall | Other ecclesiastical | 1869 | Roslyn, Otago Peninsula[clarification needed] | Still exists |
Baking oven for Hudson's Biscuit Manufacturers | Commercial/Industrial | 1870 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
Bank of Otago, Milton | Bank | 1870 | Milton | Later National Bank of New Zealand. |
Bank of Otago, Outram | Bank | 1870 | 5 Mountfort Street, Outram | This highly decorated timber building was later occupied by the National Bank of New Zealand. It is now a private residence. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2005.[15] |
Bank of Otago, Port Chalmers | Bank | 1870 | George Street, Port Chalmers | Later National Bank of New Zealand. Still exists as of August 2012. |
Business premises for B. Stohr | Commercial/Industrial | 1870 | Maclaggan Street, Dunedin | |
East Taieri Presbyterian church | Ecclesiastical | 1870 | East Taieri. | Gothic, lighter quoins, spire, substantial buttresses. [16] Still exists as of August 2012. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2004.[17][18] |
Hampden Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1870 | 4 London Street and Chelmsford Street, Hampden | Still exists as of August 2012. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 1983.[19] |
House | Residential | 1870 | 152 London Street, Dunedin | |
House | Residential | 1870 | Maori Hill, Dunedin | |
House | Residential | 1870 | Regent Road, Dunedin | |
House "Essequibo" for James Paterson | Residential | 1870 | Corner of High, Alva and Montpellier (then called Ann) Streets, Mornington, Dunedin | Paterson was a relative of Lawson's wife. |
House for J. Douglas | Residential | 1870 | Mount Royal, Waitaki District | |
House for L. Thoneman | Residential | 1870 | George Street, Dunedin | |
House for W. H. Teschemaker | Residential | 1870 | Taipo Hill Estate | |
Lawrence Holy Trinity Anglican Church | Ecclesiastical | 1870 | Lawrence | Demolished in 1924. |
Kakanui Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1870 | Waimate | Wooden construction.[20] Its final service was held in November 2019. It is now a privately owned.[21][22] |
St Andrew's Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1870 | Corner of Carroll and Melville Streets, Dunedin | Later Word of Life Church, then Archangel Michael Coptic Orthodox Church). [20] Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 1982.[23] |
Thomas Collins Hotel | Hotel | 1870 | Corner of Frederick and George Streets, Dunedin | Later the White Horse Hotel. |
Bank of Otago, Oamaru | Bank | 1871 | 11 Thames Street, Oamaru | Palladian.[24] Later National Bank of New Zealand and since 2012 a branch of the ANZ Bank. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 1 status in 1982.[25] |
Building, small wooden | Commercial/Industrial | 1871 | Unknown | Unknown client. |
Business premises for Arthur Briscoe & Co | Commercial/Industrial | 1871 | Corner of Jetty and Princes Streets, Dunedin | |
Business premises for H. S. Fish jnr. | Commercial/Industrial | 1871 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
Commercial Hotel | Hotel | 1871 | Tokomairiro (Milton) | |
Extensions to iron store | Commercial/Industrial | 1871 | Rattray Street, Dunedin | |
Extensions to Gunn & Ross's Ironmongery warehouse | Commercial/Industrial | 1871 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
House | Residential | 1871 | Near Portobello, Otago Peninsula | |
House | Residential | 1871 | Melrose, Dunedin | Four-roomed. |
House for Dr Borrows | Residential | 1871 | 11 Moray Place, Dunedin | |
House for James Smith | Residential | 1871 | Greenfield Station, Lawrence | |
Manse for Presbyterian Church | Residential | 1871 | Palmerston | |
North Dunedin (St Stephen's) Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1871 | Corner of Howe and Great at King Streets, Dunedin | Still in use as of September 2023. |
Stables | Commercial/Industrial | 1871 | Wakari, Dunedin | |
Store and dwelling house | Commercial/Industrial | 1871 | Kaikorai Road, Dunedin | |
Cottage | Residential | 1872 | Wakari, Dunedin | |
Business premises for George Matthews | Commercial/Industrial | 1872 | Moray Place, Dunedin | |
Business premises for Matheson Brothers | Commercial/Industrial | 1872 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for R. Wilson & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1872 | Corner of Bond and Jetty Streets, Dunedin | |
House "Fairy Knowe" for James Smith | Residential | 1872 | Andersons Bay, Dunedin | |
House for B. C. Haggit | Residential | 1872 | Melrose, Dunedin | |
House for James Whitelaw | Residential | 1872 | 9 Dundas Street, Dunedin | Villa. Still exists as of August 2012. Off Queen Street. |
House for J. W. Murdoch | Residential | 1872 | Pleasant Valley, Waitaki District | |
Salutation Hotel | Hotel | 1872 | Corner of Arthur and Rattray Streets, Dunedin | Demolished in 1957. |
Shops (2 off) and dwelling house | Commercial/Industrial | 1872 | George Street, Dunedin | |
St Mary's Anglican Church | Ecclesiastical | 1872 | 8 Stromness Street, Palmerston | Constructed of stone in the Gothic style. Still exists as of August 2012. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2011.[26] |
St Patrick's Roman Catholic School, Lawrence | Education | 1872 | 13 Colonsay Street, Lawrence | Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 1 status in 1990.[27] |
Business premises for Andrew Mercer, grocer | Commercial/Industrial | 1873 | Rattray Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for F. Meenan, produce merchant | Commercial/Industrial | 1873 | George Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for George Gray Russell & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1873 | Corner of Bond, Crawford and Water Streets, Dunedin | Still exists as the Trustees Executors Company Building. |
Business premises for Murray Roberts & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1873 | Stafford Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for Wm Gilchrist, painter | Commercial/Industrial | 1873 | George Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for J. T. Mackerras & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1873 | Bond Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for Reid & Gray | Commercial/Industrial | 1873 | Unknown | For use as a implement and machine warehouse. |
Cottage for James Mollison | Residential | 1873 | Dunedin | |
First Church of Otago | Ecclesiastical | 1873 | Moray Place, Dunedin | This has been described by the Institute of Architects as a "Magnificent example of Gothic Architecture" (1867–1873).[16] |
House | Residential | 1873 | Maitland Street, Dunedin | |
House for J. L. Butterworth | Residential | 1873 | Heriot Row, Dunedin | |
House for John Reith | Residential | 1873 | Smith Street, Dunedin | |
House for Dr T. J. Dick | Residential | 1873 | Moray Place, Dunedin | |
House "Salisbury" for Donald Reid | Residential | 1873 | 141 Waironga Road, North Taieri | Lawson designed this substantial two-storey brick residence which incorporated an earlier dwelling which had been built in 1863. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2017.[28] |
National Mortgage and Agency Company of New Zealand building | Commercial | 1873 | Bond, Water and Crawford Streets, Dunedin | Now the Trustees Executors Office. |
Shop for W. Kettle | Commercial/Industrial | 1873 | Port Chalmers | |
Store for W. Higgins | Commercial/Industrial | 1873 | Waitahuna | |
Wilson's Bond | Commercial/Industrial | 1873 | north west corner of Bond and Jetty Streets, Dunedin | |
Building for Guthrie and Larnach (First stage) | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | Dunedin | |
Business premises for Brown Ewing & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | Corner of Manse and Princes Streets, Dunedin | |
Business premises for Craig and Gillies | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | George Street, Dunedin | Demolished in 1979. |
Cottage | Residential | 1874 | Mornington, Dunedin | Five-roomed. |
Cottage | Residential | 1874 | Moray Place, Dunedin | Known as Carnegie Cottage. Still exists as of August 2012. |
Craig & Gillies building | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | George Street, Dunedin, Dunedin | This three-storey building was partly constructed of Oamaru stone, on a base of Port Chalmers bluestone, with a brick superstructure with a cement finish.[29] Demolished in the late 1960s, its site is now occupied by part of Dunedin Civic Centre. [30] |
Erection of 90 ft high chimney for A. L. Smith & Co. patent brick works | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | Hillside, Dunedin | |
Extensions to business premises for G. M. Aldrich | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | Dowling Street, Dunedin | |
Extensions to Union Permanent and Investment Society building | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | Dowling, Dunedin | |
Goods sheds for New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | Beach Street, Port Chalmers | The building was later occupied by Shaw Savill and Albion. |
House | Residential | 1874 | Royal Street, Dunedin | |
House "Alyth" for Keith Ramsay | Residential | 1874 | 34 Royal Street, Dunedin | Still existing. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 1986.[31] |
House for J. McHerron | Residential | 1874 | Shringley Bank | |
Port Chalmers Holy Trinity Anglican Church | Ecclesiastical | 1874 | Corner of 1 Scotia and Grey Streets, Port Chalmers | Exist operates as a church. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 1 status in 1982.[32] |
Shop and dwelling for W. Bremner, tinsmith | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | Northeast corner of Frederick and George Streets, Dunedin | |
Stables and outhouses for D. F. Main | Residential | 1874 | Unknown | |
School and Schoolmaster's House, Purakaunui | Education | 1874 | Purakaunui Road, Purakaunui | Still exists as of August 2012. |
Schoolhouse, Green Island | Education | 1874 | Green Island, Dunedin | |
Stable for Guthrie and Larnach | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | Unknown | 25-stall brick building. |
Teachers Residence | Residential | 1874 | Purakaunui | |
Union Bank of Australia | Bank | 1874 | Corner of Liverpool and Princes Street, Dunedin | Palladian, similar to the National Bank in Oamaru.[20] Later ANZ Bank. As of 2013 it was a nightclub. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2005.[33] |
Warehouse and residence for R. Blackadder, merchant | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | Upper Octagon, Dunedin | |
Warehouse for G. F. Reid | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | 13 Stafford Street, Dunedin | |
Warehouse and Workshop | Commercial/Industrial | 1874 | Off Princes Street, Dunedin | Unknown client. |
Bank of New Zealand, Arrowtown | Bank | 1875 | 49 Buckingham Street, Arrowtown | Now part of the Lake District Museum. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2013.[34] |
Bank of New Zealand, Clinton | Bank | 1875 | Clinton | |
Bank of New Zealand, Mataura | Bank | 1875 | Mataura | |
Bank of New Zealand, Mosgiel | Bank | 1875 | Mosgiel | |
Bank of New Zealand, Outram | Bank | 1875 | Outram | |
House | Residential | 1875 | Moray Place, Dunedin | Constructed of brick or concrete. |
House for C. Ziele | Residential | 1875 | Smith Street, Dunedin | |
House for Dr Borrows | Residential | 1875 | Albert Street (now 325 Upper Stuart Street), Dunedin | This substantial Palladian style tow-storey brick villa was the second house that Lawson designed for Borrows. It Still exists as of August 2012 and has been restored. |
House for George Young | Residential | 1875 | Heriot Row, Dunedin | |
House for J. Eva | Residential | 1875 | 385 Leith Street, Dunedin | |
House for Walter Hislop | Residential | 1875 | 859 George Street, Dunedin | Still exists as of August 2012. |
Mission Schoolhouse, Brown Street | Education | 1875 | Brown Street, Dunedin | |
Crown Hotel | Hotel | 1875 | Balclutha | |
Lawrence Town Hall | Civic/Institutional | 1875 | Lawrence | Only the ground floor still exists as of August 2012. |
Otago Grand Hotel | Hotel | 1875 | Corner of Princes and Rattray Streets, Dunedin | |
Port Molyneux Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1875 | Port Molyneux | The church was later relocated to Kaka Point, where it still exists as of August 2012. |
St George's Anglican Church | Ecclesiastical | 1875 | 46 Derwent Street, Naseby | It was the first place of worship to be built of concrete in New Zealand. Still exists as of August 2012. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2011.[35] |
St Michael's and All Angels Anglican Church | Ecclesiastical | 1875 | Clyde | Still exists as of September 2023. The building is now privately owned.[36] |
Shop and dwelling house | Commercial/Industrial | 1875 | Balclutha | Unknown client. |
Store and dwelling house for G. W. Hutchins | Commercial/Industrial | 1875 | Balclutha | |
Bank of New Zealand, Naseby | Bank | 1876 | Naseby | |
Building | Commercial/Industrial | 1876 | South Musselburgh, Dunedin | Three-storey. Unknown client. |
Building for South British Insurance Company | Commercial/Industrial | 1876 | Liverpool Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises | Commercial/Industrial | 1876 | George Street, Dunedin | Unknown client. |
Extension to offices for McLean Brothers | Commercial/Industrial | 1876 | Manse Street, Dunedin | |
House | Residential | 1876 | Cargill Street, Dunedin | Eight roomed. Still may exist at no. 106. |
House | Residential | 1876 | Newington, Dunedin | |
House for Mrs Duthie | Residential | 1876 | Tokomairiro (Milton) | |
Knox Church, Dunedin | Ecclesiastical | 1876 | 453–463 George Street, Dunedin | Construction commenced in 1874. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 1 status in 1987.[37] |
Larnach Castle | Residential | 1876 | Camp Road, Otago Peninsula | Construction commenced in 1873. In 1874 the family moved in, but the lower apartments were not finished in 1875 and the main shell was completed in 1876. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 1 status in 1988.[38] |
Trinity Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1876 | Timaru | |
Warehouse | Commercial/Industrial | 1876 | High Street, Dunedin | Four-storey stone and brick. |
Warehouse for Charles Moore | Commercial/Industrial | 1876 | High Street, Dunedin | |
Bank of New Zealand, Dunedin | Bank | 1877 | Corner of George, London and Pitt Streets, Dunedin | Timber construction. Now demolished. |
Beissel's Saloon | Commercial/Industrial | 1877 | Princes Street, on the ewts side between Dowling and Rattray, Dunedin | |
Cottages | Residential | 1877 | Musselburgh, Dunedin | |
House | Residential | 1877 | near Mornington, Dunedin | Of brick construction. |
Houses (2 off) | Residential | 1877 | Arthur Street, Dunedin | |
Otago Harbour Board Offices | Civic/Institutional | 1877 | Vogel Street, Dunedin | |
Presbyterian Mission Church | Ecclesiastical | 1877 | St Kilda, Dunedin | |
Shamrock Hotel | Hotel | 1877 | Corner of Maclaggan and Rattray Streets, Dunedin | It is now the site of the Speight's Ale House. |
St Mary's Anglican Church | Ecclesiastical | 1877 | Portobello, Otago Peninsula | |
Store and dwelling house for John Cameron | Commercial/Industrial | 1877 | Maori Hill, Dunedin | |
Warehouse for David Proudfoot | Commercial/Industrial | 1877 | Corner of Burlington, Dowling and Lower High Streets, Dunedin | Demolished in 1986. |
Albion Brewery for Marshall and Copeland | Commercial/Industrial | 1878 | Dunedin | |
Alterations to business premises for Alex Hunter | Commercial/Industrial | 1878 | Great King Street, Dunedin | |
Business premises for James Scott | Commercial/Industrial | 1878 | Vogel Street, Dunedin | |
Chimney for Kaikorai Woollen Company | Commercial/Industrial | 1878 | Dunedin | Constructed of brick. |
Cottage | Residential | 1878 | Canongate, Dunedin | Five-roomed. |
Enfield Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1878 | 805 Weston-Ngapara Road, Enfield | Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 1983.[39] |
Fergusson and Mitchell Building | Commercial/Industrial | 1878 | off Princes Street, Dunedin | |
Fire Station | Civic/Institutional | 1878 | Harrop Street, Dunedin | Demolished in 1964. |
Hotel for James Gray | Hotel | 1878 | Kaitangata | |
House | Residential | 1878 | 43 Moray Place, Dunedin | Two- storey. It was later the location of The Asian Restaurant. Still exists as of August 2012. |
House | Residential | 1878 | Forth (now Warrender Street), Dunedin | Five-roomed. |
Stables | Residential | 1878 | Royal Terrace, Dunedin | |
Temporary Lunatic Asylum Building | Civic/Institutional | 1878 | Seacliff | Despite difficulties with the land stability the building served to accommodate patients throughout the life of the main hospital and still existed as late as 1988. |
Bank of New Zealand, Port Chalmers | Bank | 1879 | Corner of Gray and George Streets, Port Chalmers | Still exists as of August 2012. |
House for Walter Guthrie | Residential | 1879 | Corner of Forbury Road and Valpy Street, Dunedin | |
Maungatua/West Taieri Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1879 | Maungatua | |
Post Office and Government Building, Timaru | Civic/Institutional | 1879 | Timaru | This was a reduced version of his design for the Dunedin Town Hall.[20] It still exists as of 2013, but without its original clock tower. |
Royal Exchange Hotel | Hotel | 1879 | Lower High Street, Dunedin | It was later used by the Standard Insurance Company. Demolished in 1966. |
Shop and residence | Commercial/Industrial | 1879 | St Andrew Street, Dunedin | |
The Otago Corn and Wool Exchange Building | Commercial/Industrial | 1879 | Corner of Dowling Street and Lower High (now Burlington) Street, Dunedin | Later renamed the Commerce Building. Still exists as of August 2012. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 1986.[40] |
Bing Harris Company building | Commercial | 1880 | High Street, Dunedin | Construction commenced in 1868.[citation needed] |
Business premises | Commercial/Industrial | 1880 | Princes Street, Dunedin | Unknown client. |
Business premises for New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company | Commercial/Industrial | 1880 | Rattray Street, Dunedin | Still exists as of August 2012. |
New rooms for the YMCA | Civic/Institutional | 1880 | Moray Place, Dunedin | |
Brown, Ewing and Company building | Commercial | 1882 | Manse Street, Dunedin | Warehouse. [citation needed] |
Dunedin Town Hall | Civic/Institutional | 1880 | Dunedin | Construction commenced in 1878.[20] |
House for Alex McGaw | Residential | 1881 | Waiwera, Clutha District | |
House for Dr Richardson | Residential | 1881 | Glen Road, Dunedin | |
Larnach Mausoleum | Other ecclesiastical | 1881 | Dunedin Northern Cemetery, Dunedin | [16] |
Offices for Keith Ramsay and Henry Guthrie | Commercial/Industrial | 1880 | 135 Cumberland Street extension, Dunedin | |
The Tabernacle – Church of Christ | Ecclesiastical | 1880 | Great King Street, Dunedin | |
East Gore Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1881 | 6 Rock Street, East Gore, Gore | Is in the process of being converted into an arts centre. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2013.[41] |
Mornington Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1881 | 33 Brunel Street, Mornington, Dunedin | The last service was held in 2008 and it was subsequently converted to a private residence. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2017.[42] |
Riversdale Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1881 | Riverdale | |
Roslyn Borough Council Hall | Civic/Institutional | 1881 | Dunedin | |
Alterations for building for Ross, McNeill & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1882 | Dunedin | |
Business premises for W. and G. Turnbull | Commercial/Industrial | 1882 | High Street, Dunedin | |
Extensions tor Speight's Brewery | Commercial/Industrial | 1882 | Rattray Street, Dunedin | This was the malthouse. The original four floor structure that Lawson designed was later increased in height by another two floors. |
Gymnasium for Otago Boys High School | Education | 1882 | Dunedin | Constructed on the grounds of the asylum. |
House | Residential | 1882 | Belleknowes, Dunedin | |
Kaihiku Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1882 | Kaihiku, South Otago | Constructed of timber with a slate roof. |
Mackerras and Hazlett Bonded Store | Commercial/Industrial | 1882 | Crawford Street, Dunedin | |
Martin & Watson's building | Commercial | 1882 | corner of The Octagon and lower Stuart Street, Dunedin | Now the Bacchus building (1882).[citation needed] |
Offices for Martin and Watson | Commercial/Industrial | 1882 | Corner of Lower Stuart Street and Octagon, Dunedin | Later occupied by the ANZ Bank and then a wine bar and restaurant as of 2013. |
Shop and dwelling | Commercial/Industrial | 1882 | St Clair, Forbury, Dunedin | |
Warehouse for Brown Ewing & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1882 | Manse Street, Dunedin | |
Wool and Grain Store and Offices for McLean & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1882 | Bond and Crawford Streets, Dunedin | |
Bank of New South Wales | Bank | 1883 | 9 Thames Street, Oamaru | Now the Forrester Gallery. Palladian. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 1 status in 1987.[43] |
House for G. E. Tennet | Residential | 1883 | Mornington, Dunedin | |
The Royal Hotel | Hotel | 1883 | 808 Great King Street, Dunedin | Still exists as of August 2012. |
Wyndham Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1883 | Wyndham | |
Car sheds for Dunedin City and Suburban Tramways Company | Commercial/Industrial | 1884 | Cumberland Street, Dunedin | |
House | Residential | 1884 | Forbury | |
House for Henry Reunert | Residential | 1884 | Balclutha | Still exists, but heavily altered. |
House for medical superintendent | Residential | 1884 | Seacliff Lunatic Asylum | |
House for Otago Acclimatisation Society manager | Residential | 1884 | Opoho, Dunedin | |
Seacliff Lunatic Asylum | Civic/Institutional | 1884 | 22, 36 Russell Road and Coast Road, Seacliff | Gothic. Construction commenced in 1878. Although Lawson's building has long since been demolished the site was granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 1 status in 2012.[44] |
Malloch's Store | 1885 | Cumberland Street, Dunedin | Still exists as of August 2012 and is occupied by the Good earth Café. | |
Congregational Church | Ecclesiastical | 1885 | 178 Forbury Road, Dunedin | Now the Reformed Church of Dunedin. |
Otago Boys' High School | 1885 | 2 Arthur Street, Dunedin | Construction started in 1982. Now known as the "Tower Block" and still in use. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 1 status in 1984.[45] | |
Business premises for G. and T. Young | Commercial/Industrial | 1886 | Princes Street, Dunedin | |
Garrison Hall | Civic/Institutional | 1886 | Corner of Grey and High Streets, Timaru | It featured laminated timber trusses which covered a large span with a fixing system that allowed for movement of the whole roof structure. Still exists as of August 2012. |
Lawrence Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1886 | 7 Colonsay Street, Lawrence | It is now a private residence. Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2004.[46] |
Looseboxes at Forbury Park Racecourse | Commercial/Industrial | 1886 | Dunedin | |
Offices for the James McDonald cement factory | Commercial/Industrial | 1886 | Corner of Cumberland, Water and Vogel Streets, Dunedin | Still exists and as of August 2012 it was called Vogel House. |
Cellar at J. Hopkins Tramway Restaurant | Commercial/Industrial | 1887 | Rattray Street, Dunedin | |
House for Carlton | Residential | 1887 | Ratanui, near Owaka | The date of completion is uncertain. |
House for Chappell | Residential | 1887 | Unknown | |
House for H. McKenzie | Residential | 1887 | Kaitangata | |
Store | Commercial/Industrial | 1887 | Unknown | Unknown client. |
House for Hugh Fraser | Residential | 1888 | Green Valley, Palmerston | |
House for James Durie | Residential | 1888 | Montpellier (now 502 Queen's Drive), Dunedin | |
House for James Hendry | Residential | 1888 | 98 Albany Street, Dunedin | Still exists as of August 2012. |
House for John Hutton | Residential | 1888 | Fortrose, Southland | |
House for William Wilson | Residential | 1888 | Grosvenor Street, Kensington, Dunedin | |
Repairs to concrete dam for Inch Valley Flour Mill | Commercial/Industrial | 1888 | near Palmerston | |
Cheese factory building for J. Duncan | Commercial/Industrial | 1889 | Palmerston | |
Grain and Wool Stores for Reid, McLean & Co. | Commercial/Industrial | 1889 | Bounded by Cumberland, Jetty and Vogel Streets, Dunedin | Later occupied by Dalgety & Co, and as of 2013 occupied by Carpet Court. |
House | Residential | 1889 | Roslyn, Dunedin | |
House for G. A. Mackisack | Residential | 1889 | Montpellier (now 504 Queen's Drive), Dunedin | |
Tokomairiro Presbyterian Church | 1889 | 30–34 Union Street, Milton | Granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 1 status in 2008.[47] | |
Earlsbrae Hall | 1890 | Essendon, Victoria, Australia | Designed while he was in partnership as Lawson and Grey. In 1920 became Lowther Hall Anglican Grammar School, a private girls school.[48] | |
Camberwell Hotel and shops | Hotel | 1891 | Camberwell, Victoria, Australia | |
Farmhouse | Residential | 1891 | Lauriston, Victoria, Australia | |
Shop, bakehouse and dwelling | Commercial/Industrial | 1891 | Camberwell, Melbourne, Australia | |
Hearn's building | Commercial/Industrial | 1892 | Brunswick, Victoria, Australia | Designed by Lawson and Grey. |
Presbyterian Shire of Wellington | Ecclesiastical | 1895 | Yarram, Victoria, Australia | Now St Andrew's Uniting Church. |
Presbyterian College Church | Ecclesiastical | 1898 | 149 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia | |
St John's Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1898 | Kite Street, Orange, Australia | Now St John's Uniting Church. |
Warehouse and offices for Moran and Cato | Commercial/Industrial | 1898 | Brunswick Street, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia | Designed by Lawson and Grey. Still exists as of 2013. |
House | Residential | 1900 | York Place, Dunedin | Designed by the partnership of Lawson & Salmond, but to which a specific partner cannot be attributed. |
Alterations to business premises of Phoenix Company | Commercial/Industrial | 1901 | Maclaggan Street, Dunedin | Designed by Lawson and Salmond. |
Houses (2 off) | Residential | 1901 | Manor Place, Dunedin | Designed by the partnership of Lawson & Salmond, but to which a specific partner cannot be attributed. |
House | Residential | 1901 | Union Street, Dunedin | Designed by the partnership of Lawson & Salmond, but to which a specific partner cannot be attributed. |
House | Residential | 1901 | High Street (now Highgate), Dunedin | Designed by the partnership of Lawson & Salmond, but to which a specific partner cannot be attributed. |
House | Residential | 1901 | Constitution Street, Dunedin | Designed by the partnership of Lawson & Salmond, but to which a specific partner cannot be attributed. |
House | Residential | 1901 | Clerk Street, Dunedin | Designed by the partnership of Lawson & Salmond, but to which a specific partner cannot be attributed. |
House | Residential | 1901 | Crookston, Clutha District | Designed by the partnership of Lawson & Salmond, but to which a specific partner cannot be attributed. |
House | Residential | 1901 | Andersons Bay, Dunedin | Designed by the partnership of Lawson & Salmond, but to which a specific partner cannot be attributed. |
Houses (2 off) | Residential | 1901 | Caversham, Dunedin | Designed by the partnership of Lawson & Salmond, but to which a specific partner cannot be attributed. |
Houses (5 off) | Residential | 1901 | Market Street, Dunedin | Terrace houses. Designed by the partnership of Lawson & Salmond, but to which a specific partner cannot be attributed. |
St Enoch's Presbyterian Church | Ecclesiastical | 1901 | Alexandra | Lawson designed additions and alterations to this existing church. Still exists as of september 2023. |
McKenzie Memorial Cairn | 1902 | Pakihiwaitahi, Horse Range, Waitaki District | This 19.2m high cairn which honoured Sir John Mackenzie was constructed of unhewn stone. This is Lawson's last completed work. It fell into despair, collapsed in 1913 and was replaced by another on top of Puketapu, near Palmerston. |
Unless they are significant, alterations to existing houses are not listed.
References
edit- ^ Mane-Wheoki, Jonathan (1993). "Lawson, Robert Arthur". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ Ledgerwood, Norman (2013). R. A. Lawson: Victorian Architect of Dunedin (Paperback). Dunedin: Historic Cemeteries Conservation trust of New Zealand. pp. 226, 237–241. ISBN 978-0-473-24403-3.
- ^ Ledgerwood, Norman (2013). R. A. Lawson: Victorian Architect of Dunedin (Paperback). Dunedin: Historic Cemeteries Conservation trust of New Zealand. pp. 226, 237–241. ISBN 978-0-473-24403-3.
- ^ Entwisle, Peter (2013). "R.A. Lawson's Architectural Works" (PDF). Historic Cemeteries Conservation Trust of New Zealand. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ "Last service at church tomorrow". Otago Daily Times Online News. 20 October 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ "Andersons Bay Presbyterian Church (Former)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Dunedin, Thursday, April 7th", Otago Daily Times, 7 April 1864, retrieved 16 April 2021
- ^ Cochrane, Donald (1 September 2010). "Photo Gallery No 19: Churches on the Move". Presbyterian Archives Research Centre. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ MacLean, Hamish (13 September 2018). "A home for pipe organs". Otago Daily Times Online News. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ "News of the Week", Otago Witness, 27 September 1867, retrieved 16 April 2021
- ^ "North Taieri Presbyterian Church". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Otepopo Presbyterian Manse (Former)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ Bauchop, Heather. "Star and Garter Hotel (Former)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ Bauchop, Heather; Howard, Jonathan. "Bank of New Zealand (Former)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Bank of Otago". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Knight, Cyril Roy. "Lawson, Robert Arthur". The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1966. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
- ^ "East Taieri Presbyterian Church". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ Photo at East Taieri Presbyterian Church. Home Page. Retrieved on 7 February 2008.
- ^ "Hampden Presbyterian Church". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Mane-Wheoki, Jonathan (1993). "Lawson, Robert Arthur". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ MacLean, Hamish (11 November 2019). "Final service at 149-year-old church". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ Patterson, Gus (8 November 2019). "Couple loves heritage". Oamaru Mail. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ "St Andrew's Presbyterian Church and Warden's Cottage (Former)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ National Bank at archINFORM. Retrieved on 7 February 2008.
- ^ Bauchop, Heather. "Bank of Otago (Former)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ "St Mary's Church and Sunday School (Anglican)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "St Patricks Church School and Hall". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ "Salisbury". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ "City Improvements", Otago Daily Times, 13 April 1874, retrieved 16 April 2021
- ^ [1] A World War I-era photograph of George Street, showing the Craig & Gillies building (to the left, with arched window)
- ^ "Alyth". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Holy Trinity Church (Anglican)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Union Bank of Australia". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ "Bank of New Zealand (Former)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ "St George's Anglican Church". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ Morgan, Jared (27 January 2021). "St Michael's and All Angels Church sold". Otago Daily Times Online News. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ "Knox Church (Presbyterian)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ "Larnach Castle". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Enfield Presbyterian Church". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Commerce Building". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Gore Presbyterian Church (Former)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Mornington Presbyterian Church (Former)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Bank of New South Wales (Former)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Seacliff Lunatic Asylum Site". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ "Otago Boys' High School (Tower Block)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ Bauchop, Heather. "Lawrence Presbyterian Church (Former)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ Bauchop, Heather. "Tokomairiro Church (Presbyterian)". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ Photo at "Subdivision and Consolidation of Land". Archived from the original on 17 December 2004. Retrieved 16 July 2005.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Heritage Council Victoria. Retrieved on 8 February 2008 from 2004-12-17 internet archive.
External links
edit- Inspired: The Dunedin Architecture of R.A. Lawson. A map and information guide to the architectural highlights of R.A. Lawson in the city of Dunedin.
- Lawson: The man behind the name.