Formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1915, the Women’s Peace Army was an Australian anti-war socialist movement that sought to mobilise and unite women, regardless of political or religious beliefs, in their opposition to war. Autonomous branches of the Women’s Peace Army were also established in the Australian cities of Sydney and Brisbane.[1]

Advert

Formation and aims

edit
 
Vida Goldstein, a noted suffragist and pacifist

The Women's Peace Army was formed in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on 8 July 1915 during a meeting of the Women’s Political Association presided by Vida Goldstein, a noted suffragist and pacifist.[2][3] The Women's Peace Army's motto was "We war against war" and their flag utilised the colours of the suffragette movement - purple (dignity), green (hope) and white (purity).[4]

The movement opposed war and by association conscription, proclaiming that governments should seek a mandate from the people, such as a referendum, before entering into a war.[4]

The movement actively held regular public meetings to recruit new members. Other activities included staging peace demonstrations and petitioning members of parliament.[1]

New members were required to sign a pledge dedicating themselves to the principles of the Women's Peace Army -

"I believe that war is a degradation of motherhood, an economic futility, and a crime against civilisation and humanity. I therefore, pledge myself to active service in the cause of peace by working against compulsory military training and every form of militarism. Further, I solemnly pledge myself to face uninchingly adverse criticism, calumny, and persecution for my faith that LOVE and JUSTICE alone will bring peace to the world." (Membership booklet for the Women's Peace Army, Queensland branch)[5]

 
Marching in Bourke Street Melbourne over food, Women’s Peace Army, 1917

There was support for anti-war movements driven by the war-related inflation which saw food shortages largely felt by the working classes. This led to violent demonstrations and food riots in 2017 in Melbourne.[6] On 22 August 2017, the Women's Peace Army led hundreds of women on a march to Parliament House demanding "we want food and fair play". With headlines such as "Women Fight Police" the media reported protestors attacking police with umbrellas and their hands, and the police drawing their batons and handcuffs. The police arrested five people including Adela Pankhurst, and Elizabeth Wallace.[7] A former suffragette Pankhurst was the daughter of British activist Emmeline Pankhurst, and after a rift formed between mother and daughter, Pankhurst was sent to live in Australia.[8]

Queensland branch

edit

The Queensland branch of the Women's Peace Army was established at a meeting in Brisbane on 16 November 1915. The meeting was attended by Melbourne delegates Adela Pankhurst and Cecilia John, who both gave speeches. Clio Jensen was later elected president of the Queensland branch, with Margaret Thorp as secretary/treasurer and seasoned suffragist Emma Miller sharing the position of vice-president with Mabel Lane.[4] A later advert (above) described Parkhurst as "Organiser".

During one meeting at Brisbane's Centennial Hall, army authorities notified the organisers that they would arrest anyone who sang the anti-war song "I Didn't Raise My Son to Be a Soldier", an offence under the War Precautions Act. In defiance, copies of the song sheet were distributed at the meeting with the audience singing the banned song in unity. No arrests were made.[4]

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Francis, Rosemary (16 September 2013). "Women's Peace Army (1915 - 1919)". The Australian Women's Register. National Foundation for Australian Women (NFAW) in conjunction with The University of Melbourne. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  2. ^ "WOMEN'S PEACE ARMY". The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957). 9 July 1915. Retrieved 22 June 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  3. ^ Women's Political Association (8 August 2022). "Changing The World: The Women's Political Association". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d Young, Pam (1991). Proud to be a Rebel: The Life and Times of Emma Miller (PDF). St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. p. 201. ISBN 0702223743.
  5. ^ "Women's Peace Army, Queensland Branch". One Search catalogue. State Library of Queensland. 1915. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  6. ^ Oppenheimer, Melanie (2014). The power of humanity: 100 years of Australian Red Cross 1914-2014. Sydney, NSW, Australia: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7322-9485-4.
  7. ^ "WOMEN FIGHT POLICE". Leader. No. 3216. Victoria, Australia. 25 August 1917. p. 39. Retrieved 3 August 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
  8. ^ Hogan, Susan, "Adela Constantia Pankhurst (1885–1961)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 3 August 2024

Further reading

edit