William Frederick Harris (March 6, 1918 – December 7, 1950) was a United States Marine Corps (USMC) lieutenant colonel during the Korean War. The son of USMC General Field Harris, he was a prisoner of war during World War II and a recipient of the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism during the breakout in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. He was last seen by American forces on December 7, 1950, was listed missing in action and is presumed to have been killed in action. Harris was featured in the book and film Unbroken.[1][2]
William Frederick Harris | |
|---|---|
 Lt Col William Harris | |
| Nickname(s) | Bill F. Harris |
| Born | March 6, 1918 Lexington, Kentucky |
| Died | December 7, 1950 (aged 32) Changjin County, South Hamgyong, North Korea |
| Place of Burial | Pisgah Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Versailles, Kentucky |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service |  United States Marine Corps |
| Years of service | 1939–1950 |
| Rank |  Lieutenant colonel |
| Service number | 0-5917 |
| Commands | 3rd Battalion 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division |
| Battles / wars | World War II |
| Awards | Navy Cross Purple Heart |
| Relations | Field Harris (father) |
Biography
editWilliam Frederick Harris was born on March 6, 1918, at Good Samaritan Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky, to Field Harris (1895–1967) and Katherine Chinn-Harris (1899–1990).[1]
Harris graduated from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, in the class of 1939. He was in A Company, 1st Battalion, 4th Marines[3] and was captured by Japanese forces during the Battle of Corregidor in May 1942.
He escaped with Edgar Whitcomb, future governor of Indiana,[4] and on May 22, 1942, swam 8+1⁄2 hours across Manila Bay to Bataan, where he joined Filipino guerrillas fighting Japan just after the Battle of Bataan.[5] In the summer of 1942, Harris and two others left Whitcomb and attempted to sail to China in a motorboat, but the engine failed and the boat drifted for 29 days with little food or water. The monsoon blew them back to an island in the southern part of the Philippines where they split up and he joined another resistance group.[6] Harris headed towards Australia hoping to rejoin American forces he heard were fighting in Guadalcanal, but he was recaptured in June[7] or September 1943[8] by Japan on Morotai island, Indonesia, around 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Bataan.[9][10]
Harris was taken to Ōfuna POW camp, arriving February 13, 1944[11] and became acquainted with Louis Zamperini. Harris experienced malnutrition and brutal treatment at the hands of his jailers, notably by Sueharu Kitamura (later convicted of war crimes). Due to malnutrition, by mid-1944 the over 6 feet (180 cm) tall Harris weighed only 120 pounds (54 kg) and had beriberi.[12] In September and November 1944, Harris was beaten severely, to the point of unconsciousness, by Kitamura.[13][14] According to fellow captive, Pappy Boyington, Harris was knocked down 20 times with a baseball bat for reading a newspaper stolen from the trash.[15] Harris was near death when he arrived at a POW camp near Ōmori in early 1945. Zamperini provided Harris with additional rations and he recovered.[16] William Harris was chosen to represent prisoners of war during the surrender of Japan, aboard USS Missouri on September 2, 1945.
After World War II, Harris remained in the Marines. He married Jeanne Lejeune Glennon in 1946 and had two daughters.[1]
He was recalled to active duty during the Korean War.[2] He was the commanding officer of Third Battalion, Seventh Marines, First Marine Division (Reinforced) in the Korean War. During the breakout in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, his unit stayed behind as a rear guard to protect retreating forces. Despite heavy losses, Harris rallied his troops and personally went into harm's way during the battle. Harris was last seen by American forces on December 7, 1950, walking and carrying two rifles on his shoulders. He was listed as missing in action, but after the war when former POWs had neither seen nor heard of him, Harris was declared to be dead. He was awarded the Navy Cross in 1951 for his actions at Chosin. Because of his penchant for escape and survival exhibited during World War II, his peers and family were reluctant to accept his death. A superior officer held on to his Navy Cross for a number of years, expecting to be able to give it to Harris personally.[17]
Remains thought to be his were eventually recovered and interred at Pisgah Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Versailles, Kentucky.[18] His family doubted the remains were his, and conclusive testing using DNA had not been attempted as of 2014.[1]
Awards
edit
For his leadership and heroism on December 7, 1950, Harris was awarded the Navy Cross.
The President of the United States of America takes pride in presenting the Navy Cross (Posthumously) to Lieutenant Colonel William Frederick Harris (MCSN: 0-5917), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding Officer of the Third Battalion, Seventh Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in the Republic of Korea the early morning of 7 December 1950. Directing his Battalion in affording flank protection for the regimental vehicle train and the first echelon of the division trains proceeding from Hagaru-ri to Koto-ri, Lieutenant Colonel Harris, despite numerous casualties suffered in the bitterly fought advance, promptly went into action when a vastly outnumbering, deeply entrenched hostile force suddenly attacked at point-blank range from commanding ground during the hours of darkness. With his column disposed on open, frozen terrain and in danger of being cut off from the convoy as the enemy laid down enfilade fire from a strong roadblock, he organized a group of men and personally led them in a bold attack to neutralize the position with heavy losses to the enemy, thereby enabling the convoy to move through the blockade. Consistently exposing himself to devastating hostile grenade, rifle and automatic weapons fire throughout repeated determined attempts by the enemy to break through, Lieutenant Colonel Harris fought gallantly with his men, offering words of encouragement and directing their heroic efforts in driving off the fanatic attackers. Stout-hearted and indomitable despite tremendous losses in dead and wounded, Lieutenant Colonel Harris, by his inspiring leadership, daring combat tactics and valiant devotion to duty, contributed to the successful accomplishment of a vital mission and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.
— Board of Awards, Serial 1089, 17 October 1951[19]
Harris also received the Purple Heart, the Prisoner of War Medal, the Combat Action Ribbon, the Korean Service Medal, the United Nations Service Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, the Korean War Service Medal and the World War II Victory Medal.[20]
 
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Brammer, Jack (December 23, 2014). "Central Kentucky woman will be looking for her dad in WWII epic 'Unbroken'". Lexington Herald-Leader.
- ^ a b Hillenbrand, Laura (2010). Unbroken: A World War II Story Of Survival, Resilience, And Redemption. New York: Random House. ISBN 9780679603757.
- ^ Lewis, John B. "POWs from 4th Marine Regiment". west-point.org. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
- ^ Whitcomb, Edgar D. (1958). Escape from Corregidor. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company. OCLC 1508549.
- ^ Sloan, Bill (2013). Undefeated: America's Heroic Fight for Bataan and Corregidor. Simon and Schuster. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-4391-9965-7.
- ^ Whitcomb 1958, pp. 233-234.
- ^ Whitcomb 1958, p. 235. "I was kept in solitary confinement in a cell in Ambon for two months; and then on August 1, 1943 I was flown to Yokohama." – William Harris.
- ^ Whitcomb 1958, p. xiii. "Unfortunately, natives betrayed them there, and they were turned over to the Japanese. This was in September 1943. From there Bill was flown to Japan..." - Field Harris.
- ^ Hillenbrand 2010, pp. 201-202.
- ^ Whitcomb 1958, p. xiii.
- ^ Moore, Stephen (September 2, 2013). Presumed Lost. Naval Institute Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-61251-455-0.
- ^ Hillenbrand 2010, p. 220.
- ^ Hillenbrand 2010, pp. 228-229.
- ^ Moore 2013, p. 236.
- ^ Whitcomb 1958, p. 233.
- ^ Hillenbrand 2010, p. 272.
- ^ Hillenbrand 2010, p335-337.
- ^ "LTC William F. Harris". Find a Grave (photo of tombstone). Retrieved June 3, 2015.
- ^ "William Frederick Harris". Military Times Hall of Valor. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
- ^ "William F. Harris". Korean War Veterans Memorial Roll of Honor at abmc.gov. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
External links
edit- "William F. Harris". Marine Corps Coordinating Council Kentucky. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
- Simmons, Edwin H. (2002). Frozen Chosin US Marines at the Changjin Reservoir (PDF). U.S. Marine Corps Historical Center. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-16-051168-4.
- "William Frederick Harris – Korean War Battle Death File". americanbattlegraves.com. Retrieved June 3, 2015.