The Wiener Stadtbank or Wiener Stadtbanco (lit. 'Municipal Bank of Vienna') was an Austrian municipal bank which in 1762 became the first note-issuing bank of the Habsburg monarchy. It was founded in 1706 by emperor Charles VI, and closed in 1811 after having been bankrupted by the financial stress from the Napoleonic Wars.[1]
History
editA first state-owned Vienna Banco del Giro was created in 1703, inspired by Italian precedents and possibly also by the Bank of England established in the previous decade. In the context of Habsburg defeats in the War of the Spanish Succession, however, it failed to gain momentum, and the attempt was given up in 1705.[2]: 248
The Wiener Stadtbank started operations in 1706 on the basis of an Imperial patent letter of 24 December 1705, which pledged that it would be run "without any intervention from the Hofkammer" or Habsburg finance ministry.[2]: 249 Whereas its main role from the start was to help finance the Habsburg state by increasing the liquidity of its debt, its control by the Viennese municipality allowed for a degree of day-to-day autonomy that acted as a disciplining device.[2]: 96 It took over the accounts of the preceding Vienna banco del Giro.[2]: 249
It was originally located in Vienna's city hall now known as the Altes Rathaus. In 1754, it relocated to the Palais Rottal.[3]
The bank's assets were mainly Habsburg government debt, while its reserves of precious metal were always limited.[2]: 250 It financed itself by collecting deposits and issuing fixed term debt instruments. By the late 1750s, it had lost any pretence of independence from the Hofkammer.[2]: 251 In 1762, during the Seven Years' War, it started printing notes which later became known as Bancozettel. By 1788, it was the fourth-largest in Europe by volume of notes issuance, after the Russian Assignation Bank, the Bank of England, and the French Caisse d'Escompte. In 1797, the convertibility of the bank's liabilities, which had been preserved until then despite precarious balance sheet strength, was eventually suspended and the Wiener Stadtbank's notes were given legal tender status.[2]: 249-250
The depreciation of the bank's notes eventually led to its closure in 1811, enacted with the bankruptcy declaration (German: Bankrottpatent) issued by Emperor Francis I on 20 February 1811. The banknotes formerly issued by the Wiener Stadtbank were exchanged against "redemption notes" at a rate of five to one, equivalent to a haircut of 80 percent, in effect a sovereign default that ruined many savers. Furthermore, the old notes were made invalid by 1 February 1812, before all could have been exchanged.[4]: 67–68
After a five-year interval, the Wiener Stadtbank was succeeded by the Austrian National Bank, founded in 1816.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Friedrich Walter (1937), "Die Wiener Stadtbank und das Staatsbankprojekt des Grafen Kaunitz aus dem Jahre 1761", Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie / Journal of Economics, Springer: 444–460
- ^ a b c d e f g Ulrich Bindseil (2019). Central Banking before 1800: A Rehabilitation. Oxford University Press. p. 149.
- ^ "Wiener Stadt-Banco". Wien Geschichte Wiki.
- ^ Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević (2018), The History of Money in Croatia 1527 – 1941, Zagreb: Croatian National Bank