White Loon (Wawpawwawqua or Wapamangwa) (c. 1769 – November 22, 1876), Michikinikwa's son-in law, was a Miami leader during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812. He may also have been active in raids against the United States in years following the 1791 St. Clair's Defeat, repeatedly fighting against General "Mad" Anthony Wayne's troops, and, as "Wapamangwa", he signed the Greenville Treaty on August 3, 1795.[1] He led warriors at the Battle of Tippecanoe, along with Wea chief Stone Eater and Potawatomi chief Winamac.[2]
White Loon | |
|---|---|
| Wapamangwa | |
| Miami leader | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1769 |
| Died | November 22, 1876, 107 years Roanoke, Indiana |
| Relations | Little Turtle |
| Military service | |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Tippecanoe |
In an 1838 treaty between the Miami and the United States, White Loon was recognized as the owner of "one section of land, at the crossing of Longlois's creek, on the Ten mile reserve." [3] White Loon cited the taxes he paid on this land as a basis for an exemption from the Treaty of 1840, which forcibly removed most of the Miami nation to a reservation in the Kansas Territory. White Loon first traveled to Kansas with the Miami, but returned to Indiana with Francis La Fontaine, Meaquah, Rivarre, and Coesse.[4] The Indiana government supported White Loon's exemption, which was granted on the condition that he and his family would not receive the treaty-defined annuity payments if they remained in Indiana.[4]
He died, 107 years old, at Roanoke, Huntington County, Indiana on November 22, 1876.[5]
References
edit- ^ Kugel, Rebecca; Murphy, Lucy Eldersveld (2007). Native Women's History in Eastern North America Before 1900: A Guide to Research and Writing. University of Nebraska Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0803227798.
- ^ Coyle, Jim (4 Nov 2011). "War of 1812: The Battle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811". Toronto: Toronto Star. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ Kappler, Charles J (1904). "Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties". Government Printing Office. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ a b Beatty-Medina, Charles; Rinehart, Melissa (1 September 2012). Contested Territories: Native Americans and Non-Natives in the Lower Great Lakes, 1700-1850. MSU Press. p. 99. ISBN 9781609173418.
- ^ "White Loon" (obituary). Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fort Wayne Sentinel. 21 Oct 1876. p. 2. Retrieved 4 March 2022 – via Star Tribune.
External links
edit- "Last will and testament of Wa-Pe-Mung-Ah (alias White Loon)" (PDF). Allen County Public Library. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
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