Weister Creek is a stream, some 25 miles (40 km) long, in Vernon County (formerly Bad Axe County) in southwestern Wisconsin in the United States and is a tributary of the Kickapoo River. It lies in the Driftless Area which is characterized by hills and valleys apparently missed by the last glacial advance during the Pleistocene. Much of the lower half of Weister Creek is surrounded by wetlands and lies in the Kickapoo Valley Reserve.
| Weister Creek | |
|---|---|
 Beaver Dam on Weister Creek, Wisconsin 2010 | |
 | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| Region | Vernon County |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Vernon County |
| • location | Wisconsin, United States |
| • coordinates | 43°41′42″N 90°42′29″W / 43.69500°N 90.70806°W |
| • elevation | 1,200 ft (370 m) |
| Mouth | Confluence with the Kickapoo River |
• location | Vernon County, Wisconsin |
• coordinates | 43°37′15″N 90°37′39″W / 43.62083°N 90.62750°W[1] |
• elevation | 810 ft (250 m) |
History
editThe area’s history of European settlement dates back to the seventeenth century expedition of Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet who canoed down the Wisconsin River to the popular fur trading post Fort Crawford, now known as Prairie du Chien. W. T. Sterling is credited for being the first white explorer of Vernon County (formerly Bad Axe). Originally from Kentucky, his family and two other men ventured from Madison to explore the Kickapoo River and its tributaries in 1832.[2][3]
During the 1820s the Ho-Chunk Nation or Winnebago was forced to give up their reservation and were relocated by the federal government because of desire to exploit the lead ores in the area.[2]
The area known as the Kickapoo Valley Reserve would be "Lake LaFarge" but efforts by the Army Corps of Engineers to build a dam on the Kickapoo River above La Farge, Wisconsin for flood control were abandoned after a 20-year struggle with environmentalists. However, the federal government had acquired property for the dam project and reservoir beginning in 1969, and ultimately 140 farms were purchased from mostly unwilling local property owners.[2] In 1996, the federal Water Resources Development Act was passed, deauthorizing the dam and authorizing the transfer of the 8,569 acres (34.68 km2) mostly back to the State of Wisconsin, but specifying that 1,200 acres (4.9 km2) would be transferred to the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs to be held in trust for the Ho-Chunk.
Wetlands have largely been drained for pasture and comprise a tiny portion of the lands in the Kickapoo River watershed, 0.8%, whereas agriculture accounts for 50.4% of the land use followed closely by forest land at 48%.[4]
Ecology
edit
Weister Creek has a reputation as an excellent fishery for brown (Salmo trutta), rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).[5] Weister Creek is a Class III trout stream for its entire length.[6]
Recently a movement called "Save Taryn's Beaver" was launched to save a family of beavers on the upper creek. The beaver is a keystone species, increasing biodiversity in its territory through creation of beaver ponds and wetlands.[7] Not only are riparian habitats enlarged as the circumference of a beaver pond is much greater than the circumference of the two banks of a stream, but aquatic plants colonize newly available watery habitat. Insect, invertebrate, fish, mammal, and bird diversity are also expanded.[8] Beavers benefit bird diversity in numerous ways. Trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) and Canada geese (Branta canadensis) often depend on beaver lodges as nesting sites.[8][9] As trees are drowned by rising beaver impoundments they become ideal nesting sites for obligate cavity nesters such as wood ducks (Aix sponsa), goldeneyes (Bucephala spp.), mergansers (Mergus spp.), and owls (Titonidae, Strigidae).[8] In addition, beaver ponds have been shown to increase the number of trout, their size, or both, in a study of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta).[10] These findings are consistent with a study of small streams in Sweden, that found that brown trout were larger in beaver ponds compared with those in riffle sections, and that beaver ponds provide habitat for larger trout in small streams during periods of drought.[11] The importance of winter habitat to salmonids afforded by beaver ponds may be especially important (and underappreciated) in streams without deep pools or where ice cover makes contact with the bottom of shallow streams. Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were noted to overwinter in Montana beaver ponds, brook trout congregated in winter in New Brunswick and Wyoming beaver ponds, and coho salmon in Oregon beaver ponds.[12]
In spite of the benefits of beaver to trout and bird abundance and diversity, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources continues to recommend removal of trees and brush from the banks of several Kickapoo river watershed streams to reduce beaver colonization.[6] The town of Clinton is holding hearings to decide the fate of the Weister Creek beavers.[13] At the first hearing, May 12, 70 citizens showed up and it was standing room only in a debate between those who wanted to protect the beavers versus those who feared further road damage or loss of pastureland to wetland.[14][15] At a special follow-up town board meeting on June 1 a compromise was reached to adopt a proposal by Steve Solberg, an environmental engineer of La Crosse and Ben Hansen of Viroqua, for a flow device to permanently lower the beaver pond by 1.5 feet (0.46 m) so that it would not threaten Dell Road and to open up pastureland that had been flooded by the beavers. The lowered pond level should encourage the beaver to relocate downstream. It is hoped that funding will be provided by the Ho Chunk Nation.[16][17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Weister Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 29 August 1980. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ^ a b c Kickapoo Reserve Management Board (Feb 2006). Kickapoo Valley Reserve Master Plan (Report). Retrieved Apr 28, 2010.
- ^ History of Vernon County, Wisconsin, together with sketches of its towns, villages and townships, educational, civil, military and political history; portraits of prominent persons, and biographies of representative citizens. Springfield, IL: Union Publishing Company. 1884. Retrieved Apr 28, 2010.
- ^ Rapid Watershed Assessment Kickapoo River Watershed (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. July 2008. p. 4. Retrieved 2010-06-20.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Kickapoo Valley Reserve Water Resources". Kickapoo Valley Reserve. Feb 2006. Retrieved Apr 28, 2010.
- ^ a b Middle Kickapoo Valley Watershed (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ Wright, J.P.; Jones, C.G.; Flecker, A.S. (2002). "An ecosystem engineer, the beaver, increases species richness at the landscape scale". Oecologia. 132 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1007/s00442-002-0929-1. PMID 28547281.
- ^ a b c Rosell F, Bozser O, Collen P, Parker H (2005). "Ecological impact of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis and their ability to modify ecosystems" (PDF). Mammal Review. 35 (3–4): 248–276. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00067.x. hdl:11250/2438080. Retrieved Mar 1, 2010.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Brenner, F.J. (1960). "Canada geese nesting on a beaver lodge" (PDF). The Auk. 77 (4): 476–477. doi:10.2307/4082428. Retrieved Mar 1, 2010.
- ^ Gard R (1961). "Effects of beaver on trout in Sagehen Creek, California". Journal of Wildlife Management. 25 (3): 221–242. doi:10.2307/3797848. JSTOR 3797848.
- ^ Hägglund, Å. & Sjöberg, G. (1999). "Effects of beaver dams on the fish fauna of forest streams". Forest Ecology and Management. 115 (2–3): 259–266. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00404-6.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Collen P, Gibson RJ (2001). "The general ecology of beavers (Castor spp.), as related to their influence on stream ecosystems and riparian habitats, and the subsequent effects on fish – a review". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 10: 439–461. doi:10.1023/A:1012262217012.
- ^ Jasperson-Robson, Dorothy (May 7, 2010). "Concerns over beaver dam, damage to road flare in town of Clinton". Westby Times. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ Dorothy Jasperson-Robson (May 19, 2010). "Standing room only at Clinton beaver dam meeting". Westby Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ Solberg, Jim (May 12, 2010). "Ridgerunner Reports: Beaver support thriving communities". Jackson County Chronicle. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ "BeaverLand Booklet" (PDF). Native Seed LLC. 2010-05-23. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
- ^ Jasperson-Robson, Dorothy (2010-06-14). "Process approved to start moving the beaver downstream". Westby Times. Retrieved 2010-06-20.