"We will bury you" (Russian: «Мы вас похороним!», romanized: "My vas pokhoronim!") is a phrase that was used by Soviet First (formerly General) Secretary Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the USSR, while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow on November 18, 1956.[1][2] The phrase was originally translated into English by Khrushchev's personal interpreter Viktor Sukhodrev.[3] The phrase was received very negatively by contemporary Western audiences, but some modern translators have suggested the phrase was misinterpreted or mistranslated.
History
editWhile addressing the Western states at the embassy on November 18, 1956, in the presence of communist Polish politician Władysław Gomułka (with Poland being a Soviet-influenced satellite state at the time), Nikita Khrushchev said:
About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether or not we exist. If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don't invite us to come to see you. Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you![4][5]
The speech prompted the envoys from twelve NATO nations and Israel to leave the room.[4][5][6]
During Khrushchev's visit to the United States in 1959, the Los Angeles mayor Norris Poulson in his address to Khrushchev stated
We do not agree with your widely quoted phrase 'We shall bury you.' You shall not bury us and we shall not bury you. We are happy with our way of life. We recognize its shortcomings and are always trying to improve it. But if challenged, we shall fight to the death to preserve it.[7]
Many Americans meanwhile interpreted Khrushchev's quote as a nuclear threat.[8]
In another public speech Khrushchev declared: "We must take a shovel and dig a deep grave, and bury colonialism as deep as we can".[9] In a 1961 speech at the Institute of Marxism–Leninism in Moscow, Khrushchev said that "peaceful coexistence" for the Soviet Union means "intense, economic, political and ideological struggle between the proletariat and the aggressive forces of imperialism in the world arena".[10] Later, on August 24, 1963, Khrushchev remarked in his speech in Yugoslavia, "I once said, 'We will bury you,' and I got into trouble with it. Of course we will not bury you with a shovel. Your own working class will bury you",[11] a reference to the Marxist saying, "The proletariat is the undertaker of capitalism" (in the Russian translation of Marx, the word "undertaker" is translated as a "grave digger", Russian: могильщик), based on the concluding statement in Chapter 1 of the Communist Manifesto: "What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable". In his memoirs, Khrushchev stated that "enemy propaganda picked up the slogan and blew it all out of proportion".[12]
Khrushchev was known for his emotional public image. His daughter admitted that:
he was known for strong language, interrupting speakers, banging his fists on the table in protest, pounding his feet, even whistling.[10] ... manner, which suited his goal... to be different from the hypocrites of the West, with their appropriate words but calculated deeds[10]
Alternative translations
editMany authors have pointed out that "we will bury you" was misinterpreted as a threat of military violence by the USSR against the USA and other capitalist countries, whereas it basically meant that the communist system would outlast and replace capitalism,[10] as predicted by classical Marxist doctrine, and hence "we will bury you" essentially meant "we will survive you" or "we (communists) will live to see you (capitalists) buried".[13] Therefore, alternative translations have been suggested to convey this meaning more accurately. A frequently proposed variant is "We shall be present at your funeral".[14][15][16][17] In the metaphor used by Khrushchev, Russia's role was to take care of the funeral arrangements for capitalism after its demise.[13] It has, additionally, been claimed that the overhead hand clasp gesture reportedly used by Khrushchev in conjunction with the phrase contributed to the misinterpretation due to cultural differences.[13]
Mikhail Gorbachev suggested in his book Perestroika and New Thinking for Our Country and the World that the image used by Khrushchev was inspired by the acute discussions among Soviet agrarian scientists in the 1930s, nicknamed "who will bury whom", the bitterness of which can only be understood by the prevalence of Soviet pseudo-scientific Lysenkoist theory at the time.[18]
In popular culture
edit- Khrushchev's phrase was used as the title of Jan Šejna's book on communist Cold War strategies, [19] and a 1962 documentary called We'll Bury You.[20]
- The phrase appears in Sting's song "Russians" (1985).[21]
- In the opening scene of the 2020 film The Courier, Khrushchev closes his speech with the same words.[22]
- In the 2017 film The Death of Stalin, Khrushchev declares "I will bury you in history", at the death of Lavrentiy Beria.[23]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ ""We Will Bury You!"". Time. November 26, 1956. Archived from the original on January 24, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
- ^ "Khrushchev Tirade Again Irks Envoys", The New York Times, November 19, 1956, p. 1.
- ^ Умер личный переводчик Хрущева и Брежнева Виктор Суходрев. Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). May 16, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
- ^ a b "Envoys Stalk Again As Nikita Rants". The Milwaukee Sentinel. November 19, 1956. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
- ^ a b "Foreign News: We Will Bury You!". Time. November 26, 1956. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
- ^ "Khrushchev Tirade Again Irks Envoys". The New York Times. November 19, 1956. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
- ^ "Founding and history". Los Angeles World Affairs Council. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
- ^ James Stuart Olson, Historical dictionary of the 1950s, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, p. 157
- ^ Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Sergey Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfield. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953–1964, Penn State Press, 2007, p. 893
- ^ a b c d Dr. Stuart J. Birkby. "'We will bury you': How Mistranslation Heightened Cold War Tensions" (PDF). Galaxy. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
- ^ Nikita Khrushchev on QuotationsPage.com
- ^ Beichman, Arnold. The Long Pretense: Soviet Treaty Diplomacy from Lenin to Gorbachev. Transaction Publishers. p. 96. ISBN 1412837685.
- ^ a b c Morton Deutsch; Peter T. Coleman; Eric C. Marcus, eds. (2011), "Culture and Conflict", The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, Wiley, p. 630, ISBN 9781118046906
- ^ Moshe Lewin, The Soviet Century
- ^ Bill Swainson, The Encarta Book of Quotations
- ^ Robert Legvold, Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century and the Shadow of the Past
- ^ "Why Mistranslation Matters; Would history have been different if Khrushchev had used a better interpreter?" by Mark Polizzotti, The New York Times, July 28, 2018.
- ^ Gorbachev, Mikhail; Горбачев, Михаил Сергеевич (1987). Perestroika: new thinking for our country and the world (1st ed.). Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Harper & Row. p. 150. ISBN 0-06-039085-9. OCLC 16980455.
- ^ Šejna, Jan (1982). We Will Bury You. Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 978-0-283-98862-2.
- ^ "We'll Bury You". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
- ^ Sinclair, Carla (March 6, 2022). "Sting's haunting "Russians" is more relevant today than when he wrote it years ago". Boing Boing.
- ^ Thomas, Rob (March 17, 2021). "Benedict Cumberbatch excels as an ordinary spy in 'The Courier'". The Capital Times.
- ^ Lane, Anthony (March 9, 2018). "The Death of Stalin Dares to Make Evil Funny". The New Yorker.
External links
edit
Quotations related to Nikita Khrushchev at Wikiquote
