The von Wartburg line (or Nantes-Épinal line) is the name commonly given to a language border highlighted by Walther von Wartburg in his 1939 study, Die Entstehung der romanischen Völker (The origins of the Romance peoples). This line enables a distinction between the northern and southern varieties of Gallo-Romance languages in the 9th century.[1] It was identified for the first time by Jakob Jud.[2]
1 Current limits of the Occitan language
2 Old limits of the Occitan language[3]
3 Current limits of Franco-Provençal[4]
4 Old limits of Francoprovencal[5]
5 Southern limits of the French language in the 8th century (von Wartburg line)
6 Southern limits of the French language in the 13th century[3]
7 Limits of Breton in the 19th century
8 Limits of Breton in the 9th century
9 Current limits of Germanic languages in France
10 Historical extent of Oïl languages[3]
11 Historical extent of Germanic languages in France
According to Walther von Wartburg, this linguistic border is the result of Frankish settlement "north of the Loire River" and corresponds to the political and ethnic border that took form around the year 500 between the Frankish kingdom of Neustria in the north, and Aquitaine and Burgundy in the south. For other linguists, the Vulgar Latin spoken in northern Gaul was already different before the Franks' arrival.[6][7]
With time, this line moved south until becoming the current border of Oïl languages, and Occitan and Franco-Provençal.[8]
Geographical distribution
editThe von Wartburg starts from the mouth of the Loire, follows the river until the Sologne, before following the Loire again around Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire. From there, it continues north of the Morvan, leaving to the south a significant part of Burgundy and all of Franche-Comté before reaching the south of the Vosges.
Further reading
edit- Walther von Wartburg, Die Entstehung der romanischen Völker, Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1939
- Jean-René Trochet, Aux origines de la France rurale : outils, pays et paysages, CNRS éditions, Paris, 1993[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Christian Bromberger, Alain Morel (2001). Limites floues, frontières vives : Des variations culturelles en France et en Europe. Ethnologie de la France (in French). Éditions des Maison des sciences de l'homme. ISBN 9782735109081.
- ^ Charles Parain, Le développement des forces productives en Gaule du Nord, Recherches Internationales à la Lumière du Marxisme, Issues 35 to 38, "Nouvelle Critique" Editions, 1963, p. 33.
- ^ a b c Dialectal areas in France, situation and evolution, according to Pierre Bonnaud (1981).
- ^ Franco-Provençal, the progress of a definition, by Gaston Tuaillon
- ^ To the roots of Franco-Provençal
- ^ According to R. Anthony Lodge: "the contact of Latin with the various indigenous (substrate) languages of Gaul, coupled with differential rates of romanisation, almost certainly meant that even before the Germanic invasions the Latin spoke in Gaul was not uniform." French: From Dialect to Standard, R. Anthony Lodge, Psychology Press, 1993
- ^ According to Jean-René Trochet, the von Wartburg line is the northern limit of ancient northern varieties of Occitan in the West and Franco-Provençal in the East. Aux origines de la France rurale, CNRS éditions, 1993, p. 91.
- ^ Alain Morel , Bromberger Christian (2001). Limites floues, frontières vives : Des variations culturelles en France et en Europe (in French). Paris: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. pp. 386. ISBN 2-7351-0908-9.
- ^ Jean-René Trochet, a French ethnologist and geographer, writes a chapter about the von Wartburg line in this book.
