The voiced retroflex lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The 'implicit' symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨𝼈 ⟩.[1] The sound may also be transcribed as a short ⟨ɭ̆ ⟩, or with the retired IPA dot diacritic, ⟨ɺ̣⟩.
| Voiced retroflex lateral flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 𝼈 | |||
| ɭ̆ | |||
| ɺ̣ | |||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | 𝼈 | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+1DF08 | ||
| |||
Features
editFeatures of the voiced retroflex lateral flap:
- Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ilgar | [example needed] | Contrasts /l, ɺ, ɭ, 𝼈 / and possibly /ʎ, ʎ̆/, though the last are likely underlying sequences of /lj, ɺj/. | |||
| Iwaidja | [ŋa𝼈uli] | 'my foot' | Contrasts /l, ɺ, ɭ, 𝼈 / and possibly /ʎ, ʎ̆/, though the last are likely underlying sequences of /lj, ɺj/. | ||
| Kannada | ಕೇಳಿ/Kēḷi | [keː𝼈i] | 'to ask' | Can be an approximant [ɭ ] instead. | |
| Kobon | ƚawƚ | [𝼈aw𝼈 ] | 'to shoot' | Subapical. | |
| Konkani | फळ/fāḷ | [fə𝼈 ] | 'fruit' | ||
| Kresh[2] | [example needed] | — | — | ||
| Malayalam | വേളി/vēḷi | [veː𝼈i] | 'marriage' | Can be an approximant [ɭ ] instead. | |
| Marathi | केळी/Kēḷī | [ke𝼈iː] | 'bananas' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Tarama & Irabu[3] | — | [paɨ𝼈 ] | 'to pull' | ||
| Norwegian | Trøndersk[4] | glas | [ˈɡɺ̠ɑːs] | 'glass' | Apical postalveolar;[4] also described as central [ɽ].[5] See Norwegian phonology |
| O'odham[6] | [example needed] | — | — | Apical postalveolar.[6] | |
| Pashto[7][8] | ړوند/llund | [𝼈und] | 'blind' | Contrasts plain and nasalized flaps.[7][8] Tend to be lateral at the beginning of a prosodic unit, and a central flap [ɽ] or approximant [ɻ ] elsewhere. | |
| Tamil | குளி/Kuḷi | [ˈku𝼈i] | 'bathe' | Allophone of /ɭ /. See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | పెళ్ళి/Pelli | [ˈpe𝼈i] | 'Marriage' | Allophone of /ɭ /. See Telugu phonology | |
| Tarahumara | Western Rarámuri | [example needed] | — | — | Often transcribed /𝼈 /.[9] |
| Totoli[10] | — | [u𝼈aɡ] | 'snake' | Allophone of /ɺ/ after back vowels.[10] | |
| Tukang Besi[11] | [example needed] | — | — | Possible allophone of /l/ after back vowels, as well as an allophone of /r/.[11] | |
| Wayuu[citation needed] | laülaa | [𝼈áɨ𝼈aa] | 'old man' | postalveolar? | |
| Zaghawa | Chadian dialects | Beri | [be𝼈i] | 'Zaghawa' | |
A retroflex lateral flap has been reported from various languages of Sulawesi such as the Sangiric languages, Buol and Totoli,[12] as well as Nambikwara in Brazil (plain and laryngealized), Gaagudju in Australia, Purépecha and Western Rarámuri in Mexico, Moro in Sudan, O'odham and Mohawk in the United States, Chaga in Tanzania, and Kanuri in Nigeria.
Various Dravidian and Indo-Aryan languages of Indian subcontinent are reported to have a retroflex lateral flap, either phonemically or phonetically, including Gujarati, Konkani, Marathi, Odia, and Rajasthani.[13] Masica describes the sound as widespread in the Indic languages of India:
A retroflex flapped lateral /ḷ/, contrasting with ordinary /l/, is a prominent feature of Odia, Marathi–Konkani, Gujarati, most varieties of Rajasthani and Bhili, Punjabi, some dialects of "Lahnda", ... most dialects of West Pahari, and Kumauni (not in the Southeastern dialect described by Apte and Pattanayak), as well as Hariyanvi and the Saharanpur subdialect of Northwestern Kauravi ("Vernacular Hindustani") investigated by Gumperz. It is absent from most other NIA languages, including most Hindi dialects, Nepali, Garhwali, Bengali, Assamese, Kashmiri and other Dardic languages (except for the Dras dialect of Shina and possibly Khowar), the westernmost West Pahari dialects bordering Dardic (Bhalesi, Khashali, Rudhari, Padari) as well as the easternmost (Jaunsari, Sirmauri), and from Sindhi, Kacchi, and Siraiki. It was once present in Sinhalese, but in the modern language has merged with /l/.[14]
References
edit- ^ The substitution ⟨ɺ̢ ⟩ may be used when ⟨𝼈 ⟩ cannot be displayed properly. The two are not canonically equivalent in Unicode. Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (8 November 2020). "Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
- ^ Brown, D. Richard (1994). "Kresh". In Kahrel, Peter; van den Berg, René (eds.). Typological Studies in Negation. Typological Studies in Language. Vol. 29. John Benjamins. p. 163. doi:10.1075/tsl.29.09bro. ISBN 978-90-272-2919-9.
- ^ Jarosz, Aleksandra (2014). "Miyako-Ryukyuan and its contribution to linguistic diversity". JournaLIPP (3): 43. doi:10.5282/journalipp/192.
- ^ a b Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, p. 155, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- ^ Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), 1 (2010), Novus forlag: 3–44
- ^ a b Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 213. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- ^ a b MacKenzie, D. N. (1990). "Pashto". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). The major languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 9780415057721.
- ^ a b Penzl, Herbert (1965). A reader of Pashto. p. 7.
- ^ Burgess, Don (1984). "Western Tarahumara". In Langacker, Ronald W. (ed.). Southern Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches. Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar. Vol. 4. SIL. p. 7. ISBN 0-88312-098-4. LCCN 84-051054.
The voiced alveolar retroflexed lateral l is difficult for a non-native speaker to distinguish from the alveolar retroflexed vibrant r.
- ^ a b Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2001). Sourcebook on Tomini-Tolitoli languages: General information and word lists. The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-511. ISBN 0-85883-516-9.
- ^ a b Donohue, Mark (1999), "Tukang Besi", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, p. 152, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- ^ Sneddon, J. N. (1984). Proto-Sangiric & the Sangiric languages. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 20, 23. doi:10.15144/PL-B91.
- ^ Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2
- ^ Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 97, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2