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| Khash195/Chlosyne leanira | |
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| Species: | C. leanira
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| Chlosyne leanira | |
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Chlosyne leanira, the leanira checkerspot, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America from western Oregon south to California, Nevada, Utah and western Colorado, as well as Baja California.[2] The wingspan is 33–40 mm. Generally, females are larger than males, but males have a more apparent red color to their wings.[3]
Adults feed on flower nectar while the larvae feed on (Orobanchaceae) Castilleja species, particularly the leaves and flowers of this host plant.[2][4]
Young larvae live together in a loose web. Third-instar larvae hibernate, and examination of Chlosyne leanira in Gates Canyon, California revealed that they overwinter as larvae.[2][5]
Subspecies
editMultiple subspecies of C. leanira have been identified:[6]
- Chlosyne leanira oregonensis (Bauer, 1975) (Oregon)
- Chlosyne leanira leanira (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860) (California)
- Chlosyne leanira obsoleta (Hy. Edwards, 1878) (California)
- Chlosyne leanira nebularum (Austin & M. Smith, 1998) (California)
- Chlosyne leanira elegans (Priestaf & J. Emmel, 1998) (California)
- Chlosyne leanira wrightii (W. H. Edwards, 1886) (California)
- Chlosyne leanira cerrita (Wright, 1905) (California)
- Chlosyne leanira alma (Strecker, 1878) (Arizona, Utah)
- Chlosyne leanira basinensis (Austin & M. Smith, 1998) (Nevada)
- Chlosyne leanira flavodorsalis (Austin & M. Smith, 1998) (California)
- Chlosyne leanira austrima (Austin & Smith, 1998) (Baja California)
Phylogenetic Relationships
editTaxonomic relationships of Chlosyne and related genera
editPhylogenetic relationships of butterfly species in the Nymphalidae family were analyzed using mitochondrial DNA sequences. Four species groups were found to be monophyletic: Euphydryas, Phyciodes, Chlosyne, and Melitaea groups. The following genera were found to be paraphyletic: Castilia, Didymaeformia, Eresia, Melitaea, and Thessalia.[7]
Melitaeini tribe
editThe Melitaeini tribe consists of about 250 species divided into five generic groups known as the Euphydryas, Phyciodes, Chlosyne, Gnathotriche, and Melitaea. Three subtribes were recognized in the Melitaeini tribe, which include the Euphydryiti, Phycioditi, and Melitaeiti. The Melitaeiti subtribe includes the Chlosyne, Gnathotriche, and Melitaea groups. The Chlosyne group of species occurs in the Nearctic region like the Euphydryas and Phyciodes groups.[7]
Chlosyne genus
editThe Chlosyne group includes 30 species that were split into 5 genera. Most species were categorized into the Chlosyne genus due to great similarity in male genitalia, but three species were categorized into the Thessalia genus due to a greater difference in male genitalia. In a phylogenetic analysis of different butterfly species, Thessalia leanira was categorized under the Chlosyne group. The phylogenetic analysis also suggested that in the Melitaeiti subtribe (within the Melitaeini tribe), the Chlosyne genus is synonymous to Thessalia. However, the DNA sequences from the Chlosyne species exhibited great enough divergence to suggest that Chlosyne should be a separate tribe from Melitaeiti. While species in Thessalia appear to be basal and paraphyletic to Chlosyne in the predicted cladogram, Thessalia is still conservatively grouped within the Chlosyne genus.[7]
Physical Description
editThe wingspan of males has been described as 33-35 mm, and the wingspan of females has been described as 36-40mm.[3] The upper surface of the wings of both sexes is dark brown as the ground color; although the dark brown appears as small macules.[3] The forewings have red scales at their base and apex. Red marginal lunules are also present on the forewings of both sexes, but they’re best visualized in males. The under surface of the forewings has an orange-red ground color as well as pale and dark markings.[3] The hindwings’ undersurface has sub-basal fascia that extend across the costa, cell, and inner margin.[3]
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Food
editAdult Chlosyne leanira subspecies have a variety of flower preferences.
Chlosyne leanira fulvia
editThessalia leanira fulvia is synonymous to Chlosyne leanira fulvia. Chlosyne leanira fulvia larvae consume (Orobanchaceae) Castilleja integra, a flowering plant.[4] Additionally, C. leanira fulvia prefers yellow or white flowers such as white to light rose-toned Allium textile, white Asteracaeae shrubs, white Ceanothus fendleri, yellow Heterotheca villosa, and white Nasturtium officinale.[8]
Chlosyne leanira alma
editC. leanira alma prefers white flowers such as Leucelene ericoides.[8]
Chlosyne leanira leanira
editC. leanira leanira prefers white Achillea millefolium lanulosa and yellow Asteraceae.[8]
Distribution
editCalifornia
editIn an 8-year period, only 6 Chlosyne leanira wrighti were observed in Hall Canyon, which is located in Ventura, California.[9] A survey of butterfly species in the Sutter Buttes mountain range in California's Central Valley did not uncover any C. leanira. Sutter Buttes is characterized by its long, hot summers and short, wet winters, with an annual precipitation of about 51cm. It consists of grasslands, chaparral, oak woodland, and scattered wetlands.[10]
However, C. leanira was detected at two sites similar to Sutter Buttes in a study comparing the presence of different butterfly species in three similar locations. The two sites were Gates Canyon in California and in the Sierra Nevada Range in Washington.[10]
In another study, C. leanira was again seen in Gates Canyon, which is northeast of San Francisco. However, only one brood was observed between 1976 and 2002.[5]
Oregon
editC. leanira was also present in the Ashland Watershed Reserve, which is located in the Siskiyou Mountains in Oregon. The watershed includes mainly hardwood plants, and the mountains that the Ashland Watershed is located in is characterized by warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters with an annual precipitation of about 51 cm. Specifically, C. leanira was present in forest areas with prescribed fires, forest areas that had not burned since at least1978, and fuel break areas in Ashland Watershed.[11]
References
edit- ^ "Chlosyne Butler, 1870" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
- ^ a b c Butterflies and Moths of North America
- ^ a b c d e Higgins, L. G. (1960). "A Revision of the Melitaeine Genus Chlosyne and Allied Species (lepidoptera: Nymphalinae)". Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 112 (14): 381–465. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1960.tb00796.x. ISSN 1365-2311.
- ^ a b Mead, Elliott W.; Foderaro, Tommaso A.; Gardner, Dale R.; Stermitz, Frank R. (1993-06-01). "Iridoid glycoside sequestration byThessalia leanira (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) feeding onCastilleja integra (Scrophulariaceae)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 19 (6): 1155–1166. doi:10.1007/BF00987377. ISSN 1573-1561.
- ^ a b Thorne, James H.; O'Brien, Joshua; Forister, Matthew L.; Shapiro, Arthur M. (2006). "Building Phenological Models from Presence/Absence Data for a Butterfly Fauna". Ecological Applications. 16 (5): 1842–1853. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1842:BPMFAD]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1939-5582.
- ^ P., Pelham, Jonathan (2008). A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada : with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. Lepidoptera Research Foundation. OCLC 300015598.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Wahlberg, Niklas; Zimmermann, Marie (2000). "Pattern of Phylogenetic Relationships among Members of the Tribe Melitaeini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences". Cladistics. 16 (4): 347–363. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00355.x. ISSN 1096-0031.
- ^ a b c Paul., Yoder, (2014). Flower Visitation by Colorado Butterflies (40,615 Records) with a Review of the Literature on Pollination of Colorado Plants and Butterfly Attraction (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea). C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Colorado State University. OCLC 1181953958.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Pfeiler, Edward; Jump, Peter M. (December 2010). "Historical Records of the Butterfly Fauna at a Coastal Sage Scrub Site in Southern California, USA". The Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 64 (4): 211–215. doi:10.18473/lepi.v64i4.a6.
- ^ a b Whitaker, Melissa; Long, Elizabeth (3 February 2014). "Survey of the butterflies of the Sutter Buttes, California" (PDF). The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 47. The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc: 1–10.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Huntzinger, Mikaela (2003-09-01). "Effects of fire management practices on butterfly diversity in the forested western United States". Biological Conservation. 113 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00356-7. ISSN 0006-3207.