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New York
A vertical triband design (red, white, red) with a red maple leaf in the centre.
Flag
Motto: A mari usque ad mare (Latin)
"Placeholder"
Anthem: "Placeholder"
Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"[1]
A projection of North America with New York highlighted in green
CapitalNew York City
Official languages
Demonym(s)New Yorker
GovernmentFederal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Mary III
Scott Kelly
Kirsten Gillibrand
LegislatureParliament
• Upper house
General Council
• Lower house
General Assembly
Independence 
from the United Kingdom
July 1, 1867
December 11, 1931
April 17, 1982
Area
• Total area
9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi) (Xth)
• Water (%)
11.76 (2015)[2]
• Total land area
9,093,507 km2 (3,511,023 sq mi)
Population
• 2024 Q3 estimate
Neutral increase 41,288,599[3] (36th)
• 2021 census
Neutral increase 36,991,981[4]
• Density
4.2/km2 (10.9/sq mi) (236th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $2.472 trillion[5] (16th)
• Per capita
Increase $60,495[5] (28th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $2.242 trillion[5] (10th)
• Per capita
Increase $54,866[5] (18th)
Gini (2024)Positive decrease 29.2[6]
low inequality
HDI (2022)Increase 0.935[7]
very high (18th)
CurrencyCanadian dollar ($) (CAD)
Time zoneUTC−5.5
Internet TLD.ca

New York is a country located in North America. Covering 1,128,338 km2, it is the fourth largest country in North America; with a population of almost 150 million, it is the second most populous country in North America. It is bordered in the north by Canada, in the east by New England and the Atlantic Ocean, in the south by America, in the south-west by Upper Louisiana, and in the west by Rupertsland. New York is the fourth largest and second most populous country in North America. New York's capital and largest city is New York City and other major urban areas include Chicago, Philadelphia, and Rupertsville.

Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now New York for thousands of years. Beginning in the 17th century, British and Dutch expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast, setting up five colonies. In 1664, the British conquered the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam and renamed it the Province of New York. In the aftermath of the Yankee-American Revolution, five loyalist colonies were merged together to form New York. In 1815, New York was given home rule and became a British dominion, and would expand westwards to the Mississippi River. The country went through a period of reform, culminating with the abolition of slavery in 1837. During the 19th century, New York fought three wars with America over control of the Ohio River. During the Great Wars, New York began to establish itself as a military power with in the British Empire, but also pushed for greater autonomy. This culminated with the creation of Commonwealth of Nations, of which New York is a founding member. Since the Great Missile War, New York has been a global power, and an influential nation within the Commonwealth.

New York is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition. The country's head of government is the prime minister, who holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the elected General Assembly and is appointed by the governor general, representing the monarch of New York, the ceremonial head of state. A developed country, New York has a high nominal per capita income globally and its advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world. It's main economic activities include manufacturing, finance, agriculture, mining, and trade. New York ranks highly in quality of life, education, productivity, and social equality. As a major power, New York's strong support for racial equality abroad and internationalism has been closely related to its policies of intervention and peacekeeping in North and South America. New York is part of multiple international organizations, and a founding member of the Global Council, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Congress of North America, and the International Alliance for Liberty.

Etymology

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Main article: Name of New Zealand

In 1664, New York City and the Province of New York were named in honor of the Duke of York (later King James II of England). James's elder brother, King Charles II, appointed the Duke as proprietor of the former territory of New Netherland, including the city of New Amsterdam, when the Kingdom of England seized it from Dutch control. Originally, the name New York only referred to the area around the Hudson River. After the Yankee-American Revolution, the Province of New York, alongside four other colonies, were merged into the Colony of New York. The Colony of New York was named after it's capital, New York City, and was a separate entity from the Province of New York.

When home rule was granted in 1815, the word dominion was conferred as the country's title.[8] After the creation of the Commonwealth in 1945, the term Dominion of New York was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered New York a "realm of the Commonwealth".[9] Officially, the name of the country is New York, but it is commonly referred to as the Commonwealth of New York.

History

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Main article: History of New York
Further information: Timeline of Canadian history and Historiography of Canada

Indigenous peoples

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The first inhabitants of North America are generally hypothesized to have migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 14,000 years ago.[10] The Paleo-Indian archeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.[11] The characteristics of Indigenous societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.[12] Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.[13] Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis,[14] the last being of mixed descent who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations people married European settlers and subsequently developed their own identity.[14]

 
A map of Canada showing the percent of self-reported indigenous identity (First Nations, Inuit, Métis) by census division, according to the 2021 Canadian census[15]

The Indigenous population at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000[16] and two million,[17] with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples.[18] As a consequence of European colonization, the Indigenous population declined by forty to eighty percent.[19] The decline is attributed to several causes, including the transfer of European diseases, to which they had no natural immunity,[20] conflicts over the fur trade, conflicts with the colonial authorities and settlers, and the loss of Indigenous lands to settlers and the subsequent collapse of several nations' self-sufficiency.[21]

Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful.[22] First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting European coureurs des bois and voyageurs in their explorations of the continent during the North American fur trade.[23] These early European interactions with First Nations would change from friendship and peace treaties to the dispossession of Indigenous lands through treaties.[24] From the late 18th century, European Canadians forced Indigenous peoples to assimilate into a western Canadian society.[25] Settler colonialism reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[26] A period of redress began with the formation of a reconciliation commission by the Government of Canada in 2008.[27] This included acknowledgment of cultural genocide,[28] settlement agreements,[27] and betterment of racial discrimination issues, such as addressing the plight of missing and murdered Indigenous women.[29]

European colonization

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Map of territorial claims in North America by 1750. Possessions of British America (pink), New France (blue), and New Spain (orange); California, Pacific Northwest, and Great Basin not indicated.[30]

It is believed that the first documented European to explore the east coast of Canada was Norse explorer Leif Erikson.[31] In approximately 1000 AD, the Norse built a small short-lived encampment that was occupied sporadically for perhaps 20 years at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland.[32] No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when seafarer John Cabot explored and claimed Canada's Atlantic coast in the name of Henry VII of England.[33] In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence where, on July 24, he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words, "long live the King of France", and took possession of the territory New France in the name of King Francis I.[34] The early 16th century saw European mariners with navigational techniques pioneered by the Basque and Portuguese establish seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast.[35] In general, early settlements during the Age of Discovery appear to have been short-lived due to a combination of the harsh climate, problems with navigating trade routes and competing outputs in Scandinavia.[36]

In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, founded St John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English seasonal camp.[37] In 1600, the French established their first seasonal trading post at Tadoussac along the Saint Lawrence.[32] French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent year-round European settlements at Port Royal (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608).[38] Among the colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana.[39] The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.[40]

The English established additional settlements in Newfoundland in 1610 along with settlements in the Thirteen Colonies to the south.[41] A series of four wars erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War.[42] Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht and Canada and most of New France came under British rule in 1763 after the Seven Years' War.[43]

American Revolution

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Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe (1771) dramatizes James Wolfe's death during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec City.[44]

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 established First Nation treaty rights, created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia.[45] St John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769.[46] To avert conflict in Quebec, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley.[47] More importantly, the Quebec Act afforded Quebec special autonomy and rights of self-administration at a time when the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly agitating against British rule.[48] It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there, staving off the growth of an independence movement in contrast to the Thirteen Colonies.[49] The Proclamation and the Quebec Act in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the

Reform Period and expansion

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Great Wars

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Commonwealth era

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Contemporary

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Geography

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Climate

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Biography and conservation

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Government and Politics

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Law

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National government

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Local governments

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Monarchy and commonwealth

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Foreign relations

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Military and peacekeeping

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Economy

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Science and technology

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Demographics

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Population

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Language

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Immigration

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Religion

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Health

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Education

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Culture

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Symbol

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Literature

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Media

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Visual arts

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Music

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Sports

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See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ "Royal Anthem". Government of Canada. August 11, 2017. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020.
  2. ^ "Surface water and surface water change". OECD. Archived from the original on December 9, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  3. ^ "Population estimates, quarterly". Statistics Canada. September 25, 2024. Archived from the original on September 25, 2024. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
  4. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Canada)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. April 16, 2024. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  6. ^ Income inequality (Report). OECD. doi:10.1787/459aa7f1-en.
  7. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. March 13, 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  8. ^ O'Toole, Roger (2009). "Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context". In Hvithamar, Annika; Warburg, Margit; Jacobsen, Brian Arly (eds.). Holy Nations and Global Identities: Civil Religion, Nationalism, and Globalisation. Brill. p. 137. ISBN 978-90-04-17828-1.
  9. ^
  10. ^
  11. ^ Rawat, Rajiv (2012). Circumpolar Health Atlas. University of Toronto Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4426-4456-4.
  12. ^
  13. ^ Sonneborn, Liz (January 2007). Chronology of American Indian History. Infobase Publishing. pp. 2–12. ISBN 978-0-8160-6770-1.
  14. ^ a b Graber, Christoph Beat; Kuprecht, Karolina; Lai, Jessica C. (2012). International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 366. ISBN 978-0-85793-831-2.
  15. ^ "Census Program Data Viewer dashboard". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  16. ^ Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C (2008). Dying and Death in Canada. University of Toronto Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4.
  17. ^ Thornton, Russell (2000). "Population history of Native North Americans". In Haines, Michael R; Steckel, Richard Hall (eds.). A population history of North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 380. ISBN 978-0-521-49666-7.
  18. ^ O'Donnell, C. Vivian (2008). "Native Populations of Canada". In Bailey, Garrick Alan (ed.). Indians in Contemporary Society. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 2. Government Printing Office. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-16-080388-8.
  19. ^ Marshall, Ingeborg (1998). A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-7735-1774-5.
  20. ^
  21. ^
  22. ^ Preston, David L. (2009). The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-8032-2549-7.
  23. ^ Miller, J.R. (2009). Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-Making in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4426-9227-5.
  24. ^
  25. ^ Asch, Michael (1997). Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference. UBC Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7748-0581-0.
  26. ^
  27. ^ a b "Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action" (PDF). National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. 2015. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2015.
  28. ^ "Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" (PDF). National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. May 31, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  29. ^ "Principles respecting the Government of Canada's relationship with Indigenous peoples". Ministère de la Justice. July 14, 2017. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023.
  30. ^ Chapman, Frederick T. European Claims in North America in 1750. JSTOR community.15128627. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  31. ^
  32. ^ a b Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; McManamon, Francis; Milner, George (2009). "L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site". Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 27, 82. ISBN 978-0-313-02189-3.
  33. ^ Blake, Raymond B.; Keshen, Jeffrey; Knowles, Norman J.; Messamore, Barbara J. (2017). Conflict and Compromise: Pre-Confederation Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4426-3553-1.
  34. ^ Cartier, Jacques; Biggar, Henry Percival; Cook, Ramsay (1993). The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. University of Toronto Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8020-6000-6.
  35. ^ Kerr, Donald Peter (1987). Historical Atlas of Canada: From the beginning to 1800. University of Toronto Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8020-2495-4.
  36. ^
  37. ^ Rose, George A (October 1, 2007). Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries. Breakwater Books. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-55081-225-1.
  38. ^ Kelley, Ninette; Trebilcock, Michael J. (September 30, 2010). The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy. University of Toronto Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8020-9536-7.
  39. ^ LaMar, Howard Roberts (1977). The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West. University of Michigan Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-690-00008-5.
  40. ^ Tucker, Spencer C; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta (September 30, 2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 394. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8.
  41. ^
  42. ^ Nolan, Cathal J (2008). Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization. ABC-CLIO. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-313-33046-9.
  43. ^ Allaire, Gratien (May 2007). "From 'Nouvelle-France' to 'Francophonie canadienne': a historical survey". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (185): 25–52. doi:10.1515/IJSL.2007.024. ISSN 0165-2516.
  44. ^ Buckner, Philip, ed. (2008). Canada and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125. ISBN 978-0-19-927164-1.
  45. ^ Hicks, Bruce M (March 2010). "Use of Non-Traditional Evidence: A Case Study Using Heraldry to Examine Competing Theories for Canada's Confederation". British Journal of Canadian Studies. 23 (1): 87–117. doi:10.3828/bjcs.2010.5.
  46. ^ Hopkins, John Castell (1898). Canada: an Encyclopaedia of the Country: The Canadian Dominion Considered in Its Historic Relations, Its Natural Resources, its Material Progress and its National Development, by a Corps of Eminent Writers and Specialists. Linscott Publishing Company. p. 125.
  47. ^ Nellis, Eric (2010). An Empire of Regions: A Brief History of Colonial British America. University of Toronto Press. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-4426-0403-2.
  48. ^ Stuart, Peter; Savage, Allan M. (2011). The Catholic Faith and the Social Construction of Religion: With Particular Attention to the Québec Experience. WestBow Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-1-4497-2084-1.


Further reading

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