Breakdown of age at time of injury in the US from 1995–1999.[1]

  0–15 (3.0%)
  16–30 (42.1%)
  31–45 (28.1%)
  46–60 (15.1%)
  61–75 (8.5%)
  76+ (3.2%)

to do

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  • Sullivan -replace with page #s sfn
  • Brown-Séquard syndrome - several dermatomes lower

anatomy

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31 spinal nerves; there;s a c8 (cord not column); c1-c7 exit above vertebrae, c8 on exit below.[2]

spinal nerves anterior=efferent, pos=aff.[2]

class

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LMN vs UMN (at vs below lvl of inj).[3]

temp control, hypo early hyper later, improves over time.[4]

cardiovasc problems[4]

Quadriparesis is weakness in all four limbs, paraparesis is weakness in the legs.[1]

above t6 resp affected, above t12 cough fx'd.[2] p.175

causes

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uncommon in kids, but lap belt or birth injuries[5]

pathophys

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description primary/secondaary

comorbidities

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associated spinal fx in 56% cervical, 100% thorax, 85% lumbar.[6]

+ benefits methylprednisolone: bbb, free rads...[7]

prognosis

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c3 nd higher usu fatal.[3]

epidemiology

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c-spine carries highest mortality of SCI lvls.[2]

societal impact

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  • avg lifetime costs, collective costs.[8]
  • lifetime costs chart by level.[9]
  • lifetime costs, para/quad [10]
  • high quad > $3mil.[6]
  • $40.5 billion/yr in us.[11]
  • employment stats at 1 yr, 20 yrs, n 35.[9]
  • loss of productivity.

global costs[4]

research

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drugs, hypo, oscillating, Anti-Nogo antibodies, cell transplantation therapy[12]

refs

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Augustine, J.J. (21 November 2011). "Spinal trauma". In Campbell, J.R. (ed.). International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-300408-3.


Bigelow, S.; Medzon, R. (16 June 2011). "Injuries of the spine: Nerve". Trauma: A Comprehensive Emergency Medicine Approach. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50072-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

  1. ^ Data from the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Committee on Spinal Cord Injury; Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health; Institute of Medicine (27 July 2005). Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities. National Academies Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-309-16520-4.
  2. ^ a b c Bigelow & Medzon 2011, p. 168.
  3. ^ Snell 2010, p. 170.
  4. ^ a b Fulk, Behrman & Schmitz 2013, p. 897.
  5. ^ Schottler, Jennifer; Vogel, Lawrence C; Sturm, Peter (2012). "Spinal cord injuries in young children: A review of children injured at 5 years of age and younger". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 54 (12): 1138–1143. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04411.x. ISSN 0012-1622. PMID 22998495.
  6. ^ a b Bigelow & Medzon 2011, p. 167.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Silva14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Fulk, Behrman & Schmitz 2013, p. 890.
  9. ^ a b National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (March 2013). "Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance" (PDF). Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham.
  10. ^ Augustine 2011, p. 194.
  11. ^ Kabu S, Gao Y, Kwon BK, Labhasetwar V (2015). "Drug delivery, cell-based therapies, and tissue engineering approaches for spinal cord injury". Journal of Controlled Release. 219: 141–54. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.060. PMC 4656085. PMID 26343846.
  12. ^ Daroff et al. 2012, p. 983.