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User:Dawit S Gondaria/sandbox

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SandboxDawit S Gondaria (talk) 21:22, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

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Audio sample: Click this link

About using mutiple Noticeboards: Chose one place for the actual discussion, maybe you already have. Then you can "advertise" it in more places, like "There is a discussion about X going on here (link), your input is welcome." See guidance at WP:APPNOTE.

>>> make it green

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Infobox reminder: You forgot a square bracket after a link and nested two links ([[Folk music|Traditional [[Amharic]] folk music]), which is why it didn't work. Also note that when adding an image to an infobox, |image= should only contain the file name and it should not be wrapped between two brackets. If you want to add a caption to the image, it should go in the |caption= parameter.

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Travelleers

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Karl Wilhelm Isenberg[1][2] Charles-Jacques Poncet[3][4]

Wiki guidelines images

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  1. According to Wikimedia Commons, the Wikimedia Foundation's position has always been that faithful reproductions of two-dimensional public domain works of art are public domain, and that claims to the contrary represent an assault on the very concept of a public domain. In other words, if the photo is of a two-dimensional painting/drawing/sketch, then the photo itself holds no copyright status of its own if it faithfully reproduces the artwork.
  2. According to Wikimedia Commons, old public domain photographs can be scanned and uploaded provided you are satisfied that the book publishers have not significantly modified the photograph for publication. The underlying reason for this is that modifications can go beyond the Threshold of Originality, for example by adding a novel colorization to a previous black-and-white photo. In short, the WMF holds that a scan that faithfully reproduces the photograph without original modifications holds the same copyright status as the photograph itself.
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None of this is legal advice, but I hope this helps with understanding Wikipedia's policies. —

you have to source the photograph with "IES (Institute of Ethiopian Studies)

Books i have

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Church and State in Ethiopia. Taddesse Tamrat [5]

Encyclopedia Aethiopica Volume 1: A-C [6]

Encyclopedia Aethiopica Volume 2: D-HA [7]

Encyclopedia Aethiopica Volume 3: HE-N [8]

Encyclopedia Aethiopica Volume 4: O-X [9]

Encyclopedia Aethiopica Volume 5: Y-Z [10]

Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes Country in Transition, 1896-1898.[11]

Greater Ethiopia Second Edition The Evolution of a Multiethnic society. Donald Levine.[12]

Medieval Ethiopian Kingship, Craft, and Diplomacy with Latin Europe. Verena Krebs.[13]

Pedro Paez's History of Ethiopia 1622 Volume 2. Pedro Paez [14]

Shewa, Menilek, and the Ethiopian Empire, 1813-1889. Kofi Darkwah.[15]

The Emperor's Own. Dagmawi Abebe.[16]

The Ethiopian-Adal War 1529-1543: The Conquest of Abyssinia. Jeffrey M. Shaw.[17]

The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Richard Pankhurst. [18]

The Ethiopians A History. Richard Pankhurst [19]

The Life and Times of Menelik II : Ethiopia, 1844-1913. Harold G Marcus [20]

The Orthodox Church of Ethiopia A history. John Binns. [21]

Wax & gold: tradition and innovation in Ethiopian culture. Donald Levine [22]

Sources via Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request

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Asma Giyorgis and His Work: History of the Gāllā and the Kingdom of Šawā. Bairu Tafla.[23]

Burke's royal families of the world : 2. vol. Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd [24]

Proceedings of the seventh International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. [25] [26]

Sources available on Internet archive /web

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Biographies

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Dictionary of African biography. (Encyclopaedia Africana, 1977) [27]

Taytu and Menelik II Ethiopia 1883-1910. Chris Prouty [28]

History

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A History of Ethiopia. Harold Marcus [29]

A history of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991. Bahru Zewde [30]

A history of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia. According to the hieroglyphic inscriptions of Egypt and Nubia, and the Ethiopian chronicles. E.A. Wallis Budge [31]

A social history of Ethiopia : the northern and central highlands from early medieval times to the rise of Emperor Téwodros II. Richard Pankhurst.[32]

A voyage to Abyssinia, and travels into the interior of that country, executed under the orders of the British government in the years 1809 and 1810. Henry Salt [33]

An introduction to the economic history of Ethiopia : from early times to 1800. Richard Pankhurst.[34]

Eritrea. Randall Fegly[35]

Eritrea : even the stones are burning. Roy Pateman[36]

Ethiopia under Mussolini : fascism and the colonial experience. Alberto Sbacchi. [37]

Historical dictionary of Ethiopia. Chris Prouty[38]

Layers of time : a history of Ethiopia. Paul B Henze [39]

Legacy of bitterness : Ethiopia and fascist Italy, 1935-1941. Alberto Sbacchi[40]

Marxist modern : an ethnographic history of the Ethiopian revolution. Donald Lewis Donham [41]

Priests and politicians: Protestant and Catholic missions in Orthodox Ethiopia, 1830-1868. Donald Crummey[42]

The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia : from earliest times to the twentieth century. Steven Kaplan [43]

The Era of the princes. Abir Mordechai [44]

The lost empire : the story of the Jesuits in Ethiopia, 1555-1634. Philip Caraman[45]

The Royal Chronicle of Abbysinia, 1769-1840. Herbert Joseph Weld Blundell [46]

Topic Amhara

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Land tenure among the Amhara of Ethiopia; the dynamics of cognatic descent. Allan Hoben[47]

Topic Various

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Identity jilted, or, Re-imagining identity? : the divergent paths of the Eritrean and Tigrayan nationalist struggles. Alemseged Abbay [48]

Sources available in Wiki Library

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Cambridge

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A Victorian Gentleman and Ethiopian Nationalist The Life and Times of Hakim Wärqenäh, Dr. Charles Martin. Peter P. Garretson.[49]

Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society 1800-1941. Tsehai Berhane-Selassie.[50]

Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes volume 7. Samuel Purchas.[51]

Initia Amharica. C.H. Armbruster.[52]

Journals of the Rev. Messrs Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society Detailing their Proceedings in the Kingdom of Shoa, and Journeys in Other Parts of Abyssinia, in the Years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842.[53]

Mussolini in Ethiopia, 1919–1935 The Origins of Fascist Italy's African War. Robert Mallett.[54]

Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Abyssinia During the Years 1520–1527. Francisco Alvarez.[55]

The Cambridge History of Africa.[56]

The Life and Adventures of Nathaniel Pearce. Volume 1.[57]

The Life and Adventures of Nathaniel Pearce. Volume 2.[58]

The United States and Fascist Italy. Gian Giacomo Migone.[59]

Other Library's

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Biodiversitylibrary.org

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Travels to discover the source of the Nile : in the years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773. In six volumes. James Bruce [60]

Voyages and travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt, in the years 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806. Henry Salt [61]

Sources: Journals

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Aethiopica. International journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies [62]

Boston University African Studies Center. Jstor [63]

Itinerario. Cambridge on behalf of Leiden [64]

Journal of Ethiopian Studies. Institute of Ethiopian Studies. Jstor [65]

Northeast African Studies. Michigan State University Press. Jstor [66][67]

Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies. UCLA [68]

Topic specific sources

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About Welkait/Amhara history/dispute

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Which Way the Horn of Africa: Disintegration or Confederation. Daniel Kendie (1994) [69]

News

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BBC [70]

Sources

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Amharic

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Amharic are reliable, up to date and correspond to the data in source (Ethnologue). The exact unrounded figures are:

  • L1 in Ethiopia: 31,800,000
  • L2 in Ethiopia: 25,100,000
  • L1 worldwide: 32,345,260
  • L2 worldwide: 25,100,000

Girma A. Demeke: [71]

Early mention of Amhara

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A chronicle 1128 AD: Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).[72]

Categorize =

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Music section sources: [73] & [74] & [75] & [76] & [77] & [78] & [79] & [80]

Source: Azmari Poet-Musicians: [81]

Source: [82]

source: Wald Saala [83]


source: Encyclopaedia Aethiopica Vol.1 A-C by Siegbert Uhlig[84]

source: Proceedings Siegbert Ughlig [85]

Source: Theatre [86]

Source: Ethiopia in Broader Perspective: Papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Volume 1 [87]


Wube Haile Maryam:[88][88]: 549 [89][90][91] & [92] 

& [93][94][95]  &

[96]

Sabagadis Woldu: [97] & [98]

Tasfa Seyon [99][100][101]

[102][103]

which culminated in a victory at the battle of Faras May.

After conquering Tigray in 1831, Wube gained the submission of the lord of Merab Mellash in 1832, and after suppressing a revolt against his rule, imposed a military government throughout the Eritrean highlands in the 1840's, using a policy of divide-and-rule that set Akele Guzai against Seraye, clan against clan, the highlands against the lowlands, and left a legacy of bitter feuds that divided Eritrea for a century. His last raid was in 1850, against Senhit and Barka, in an effort to block Egyptian expansion and to seize Kunama and Bilen slaves. His power then declined, defeated by Tewodros in 1855.[104]

Mansfield Parkyns traveled from Massawa to Adua on a route somewhat different from that taken by other European travelers and found that the first Christian villae, Kiaquor, under control of the Abyssinian dejazmach Wube, was well inside Hamasien. [105]

Proceedings Qene: [106]

Books

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Amhara/Amharic

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The Languages of Israel. Spolsky, Shohamy [107]

Biographies

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Dictionary of African Biography vol 1-6 (Oxford, 2012) [108][109]

The life and Times of Menelik II. Harold G Marcus [110]

Encyclopedia

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Encyclopaedia Aethiopica vol 4: O-W [111]

History

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Church and State. Taddesse Tamrat [112]

Greater Ethiopia. Levine [113]

The Ethiopians. Pankhurst [114]

The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia. Donham [115]

Music

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SING AND SING ON : sentinel musicians and the making of the ethiopian american diaspora. Kaufman [116]

Theater

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African Theatre 14: Contemporary Women. Plastow, Solomon[117]

African Theatre Histories 1850-1950. Plastow [118]

Azmari Songs

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Poem: The description of Major William Cornwallis Harris on the perfomance of an female Azmari in negus Sahle Selassie court. The poem song reveals the political atmoshere and prevailing attitudes of Sahle's court towards his enemies.

In stature like the lance he bears,
His godlike mien the prince declares;
 And famed for virtue through the land,
 All bow to Saloo's just command.
The sabre feels the royal grasp,
 And Pagans writhe in death's cold clasp;
 The Galla taste the captive fare,
 And dread the vengeance which they dare.

— A memorable observation by Major William Cornwallis Harris, of an female Azmari praise of king Sahle Selassie court, in " Misgana (translated from Amharic) praise song", [119]

Culture Section

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Qene

Cuisine section =

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Summary:

Main articles: Ethiopian cuisine & Wat (food)

The Amharas' cuisine consists of various vegetable or spicy meat side dishes and entrées, usually a wat, or thick stew, served atop injera, a large sourdough flatbread made of teff flour in the shape of pancakes usually of about 30 to 45 cm in diameter. When eating traditional injera dishes in groups, it's normally it eaten from a mesob (shared food basket), with each person breaking off pieces of injera flatbread using only the right hand, from the side nearest them and dipping it into stew in the center of the basket. There is also a great variety of vegetarian stews such as lentils, ground split peas, grains, accompanied by injera and/or bread. Amharas adhering to any of the Abrahmic religions do not eat pork or shellfish of any kind for religious reasons. Amhara Orthodox Christians do not consume meat and diary products (i.e. egg, butter, milk, and cheese) on Wednesdays and Fridays except the 50 days between Easter and Pentecost. Meat and diary products are only eaten on feasting days i.e. Christmas, Epiphany, Easter and at all other times.[120] [121]

Ethiopia is a big buna(coffee) exporter, but also has a very large domestic consumer base. During social gatherings Amharas drink Buna in a unique and traditional way known as a coffee ceremony. First the coffee is roasted, then ground and placed in a Jebena (coffee pot) with boiling water. When ready it is then served to people in little cups, up to three times per ceremony. The ceremony is typically performed by the woman of the household, or the female host and is considered an honor. Amhara women dress up for the occasion in a Habesha kemis, a traditionel dress. Other locally produced beverages are tella(beer) and tej(honey wine), which are served and drunk on major religious festivals, Saints Days and weddings.[122] [123]

sources:

Doro Wot
A stew dish served with beef, lamb, chicken, eggs and variety of vegetables, on top of Injera flatbread. 		Gored gored
A spicy raw beef dish seasoned with a variety of spices. 		Tibs
Grilled beef with tomato, onions and green peper. There are several variations of Tibs dishes. 		ful
Beans with variety of vegetables, feta cheese and bread, flavored with Berbere spice and olive oil. 		Misir Wot
Misir Wot is a Lentil stew, served with a variety of vegetables, there are several variations. This example is served potatoes, beets, apple, salad, paprika and rice atop of injera. A popular vegan dish. 		Tej
Honey Wine. 		Buna
Amhara coffee culture & hospitality. Young woman in traditional wear serving coffee.
             

Literature section

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Main article: List of Amharic writers Surviving Amharic literary 

works dates back to the 14th century, when songs and poems were composed. In the 17th century Amharic became the first African language to be translated into Latin[124] when Ethiopian priest and lexicographer Abba Gorgoryos(1595–1658) made a European voyage to Thuringia in Germany in 1652 AD. Gorgoryos along with his colleague and friend Hiob Ludolf co-authored the earliest grammar book of the Amharic language, an Amharic-Latin dictionary and as well as contributing to Ludolf's book "A History of Ethiopia".[125][126] History of modern literature in Amharic hoewever started two centuries later than in Europe, with the first Amharic fiction Novel Ləbb Wälläd Tarik, published in Rome in 1908, widely considered the first novel in Amharic, by Afäwarq Gäbrä Iyäsus.[127]   Since then countless of literature in Amharic was published, and many modern writers in Amharic translate their work into English for commercial considerations.[128]

Summary: sources: Getatchew Haile [129]

Afäwarq Gäbrä Iyäsus
(1868-1947) 		Heruy Wolde Selassie
(1878-1938) 		Haddis Alemayehu
(1910–2003) 		Kebede Michael
(1916–1998) 		Getatchew Haile
(1931–2021) 		Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin
(1936–2006)
         

Architecture section

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Istifanos Monastery
(9th and 13th century) 		Genneta Maryam
(13th century) 		Guzara Castle
(16th century) 		Teddy Afro
(1976–present) 		Debre Berhan Selassie Church
(17th century) 		Zeritu Kebede
(1984–present) 		Mentewab's castle
(18th century) 		Maryam Church
(19th century)
               

Music section

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Main article: List of musicians using Amharic vocals Summary:

Up until the mid 20th century, Amharic music consisted mainly of religious and secular folk songs and dances.[130] Qañat Amhara secular folk music developed in the countryside[131] through the use of traditionel instruments such as the masenqo, a one-string bowed lute; the krar, a six-string lyre; and the washint flute played by the local village musicians called the Azmaris,[132] and the peasantry dancing the Eskista; the most well known Amharan folk dance.[133] The begena, a large ten-string lyre; is an important instrument solely devoted to the spiritual part of Amhara music.[134] Other instruments includes the Meleket wind instrument, and the Kebero and Negarit drums.

From the 1950's onward foreign influence i.e foreign educated Ethiopians and the availability of larger quantities of new instruments led to new genre's of Amharic music and ushered in the 1960's and 1970's Golden age of Ethiopian music.[135][136] The popular Ethio-Jazz genre pioneered by Mulatu Astatke was created from the Tizita qañat of the Amhara combined with the use of Western instruments.[137] Saxophone legend Getatchew Mekurya instrumentalized the Amhara war cry Shellela into an genre in the 1950's before joining the Ethio-Jazz scene later in his career.[138][139] Other Amharic artists from the Golden age such as Asnaketch Worku, Bahru Kegne, Kassa Tessema and Mary Armede were renowned for their mastery of traditionel instruments.

The political turmoil during the Derg regime (1974-1991) led to censorship of music; night life came to a standstill through government imposed curfews and the curbing of musical performances. Notable Ethiopian musicians were jailed including those of Amhara descent such as Ayalew Mesfin and Telela Kebede.[140][141] A revival of Qene; Amharic poetic songs which uses double entendre known as sam-enna warq (‘‘wax and gold’’) was used for subversive dialogue and resistance to state censorship. Thousands of Ethiopians including musicians migrated during this period to form communities in different countries.[142][143]

Amharic songs of resistance against the autocratic EPRDF regime led by the TPLF (1991-2018) continued; with prevailing themes being rampant corruption, economic favoritism, excessive emphasis on ethnic identity and its ability to undermine national unity. Amharic musicians; such as Getish Mamo, Nhatty Man, Teddy Afro and others turned to the old tradition of sam-enna warq and used layered expression to evade skirt stringent censorship and oppresive laws (such as the anti-terror law) while reminding the people of their similarities and the importance of maintaining solidarity.[144]


Getatchew Mekurya
(1935-2016) 		Tilahun Gessesse
(1940-2009) 		Alemayehu Eshete
(1941–2021) 		Mulatu Astatke
(1943–present) 		Alemu Aga
(1950–present) 		Aster Aweke
(1959–present) 		Teddy Afro
(1976-present) 		Zeritu Kebede
(1984-present)
               


Tilahun Gessesse
(1940-2009) 		Alemayehu Eshete
(1941–2021) 		Alemu Aga
(1950–present) 		Aster Aweke
(1959–present) 		Teddy Afro
(1976–present) 		Zeritu Kebede
(1984–present) 		The Weeknd
(1990-present) 		Eden Alene
(2000-present)
               

Sports section

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Gena

Abebe Bikila
(1932-1973) 		Seifu Makonnen
(1952-2020) 		Haile Gebrselassie
(1973–present) 		Meselech Melkamu
(1985–present) 		Almaz Ayana
(1991–present) 		Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin
(1936–2006)
           

Films Section

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Tesfaye Gessesse
(1937-2020) 		Haile Gerima
(1946-present) 		Amleset Muchie
(1978–present) 		Mahder Assefa
(1987–present) 		Hanan Tarik
(1994–present) 		Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin
(1936–2006)
      File:Hanan Tarik in 2019.png  

Theater section

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Art Section

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Science & Technology section

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Others notable

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Articles i might create

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Vocalist

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Writers

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References

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  1. ^ https://books.google.nl/books?id=7_OSo6tOZOsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isenberg+Dictionary+of+the+Amharic+language&hl=nl&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=isenberg%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Amharic%20language&f=false
  2. ^ https://books.google.nl/books?id=eAsIAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Grammar+of+the+Amharic+language+isenberg&hl=nl&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Grammar%20of%20the%20Amharic%20language%20isenberg&f=false
  3. ^ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Jacques-Poncet
  4. ^ https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0031.007/--french-physician-at-the-court-of-gondar-poncets-ethiopia?rgn=main;view=fulltext
  5. ^ Tamrat, Taddesse (1972). Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198216711. OCLC 953237273.
  6. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye; Crummey, Donald; Goldenberg, Gideon, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447047463. OCLC 722894586.
  7. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447052382.
  8. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro, eds. (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N. Wiesbaden. ISBN 9783447056076. OCLC 921905105.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye (2010). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: O-X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-06246-6.
  10. ^ Bausi, Alessandro; Uhlig, Siegbert, eds. (2014). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica - Vol. 5, Y - Z, Supplementa, Addenda et Corrigenda, Maps, Index. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz. ISBN 9783447067409.
  11. ^ Bulatovich, Alexander (2000). Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes Country in Transition, 1896-1898. Translated by Seltzer, Richard. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569021163.
  12. ^ Levine, Donald Nathan (2000). Greater Ethiopia Second Edition The Evolution of a Multiethnic society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226475615.
  13. ^ Krebs, Verena (2021). Medieval Ethiopian Kingship, Craft, and Diplomacy with Latin Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9783030649340.
  14. ^ Paez, Pedro (2011). Pedro Páez's History of Ethiopia, 1622. Vol. 2, Book IV. Farnham: Ashgate. p. 229-274. ISBN 9781908145017. OCLC 751723123. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Darkwah, R.H. Kofi (1975). Shewa, Menilek, and the Ethiopian Empire, 1813-1889. London: Heinemann Educational. ISBN 9780435322199.
  16. ^ Abebe, Dagmawi (2019). The Emperor's Own The History of the Ethiopian Imperial Bodyguard Battalion in the Korean War. Asia@War. Helion & Company. ISBN 9781912866311.
  17. ^ Shaw, Jeffrey M. (2021). The Ethiopian-Adal War 1529-1543: The Conquest of Abyssinia. Retinue to Regiment. Vol. 8. Helion & Company. ISBN 9781914059681.
  18. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 9780932415196.
  19. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (2001). The Ethiopians: A History. Wiley. ISBN 9780631224938.
  20. ^ Marcus, Harold G (1995). The Life and Times of Menelik II : Ethiopia, 1844-1913. Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569020104.
  21. ^ Binns, John (2020). The Orthodox Church of Ethiopia: A History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780567695024.
  22. ^ Levine, Donald Nathan (1972). Wax & gold: tradition and innovation in Ethiopian culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226475638. OCLC 1036909730.
  23. ^ Giyorgis, Asma (1987). Bairu Tafla (ed.). Asma Giyorgis and His Work: History of the Gāllā and the Kingdom of Šawā. Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH. ISBN 9783515037167.
  24. ^ Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (1980). "The Imperial House of Ethiopia". Burke's royal families of the world : 2. vol. London: Burke's Peerage. pp. 38–55. OCLC 1015115240.
  25. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1984). Sven Rubenson (ed.). Proceedings of the seventh International Conference of Ethiopian Studies : University of Lund, 26-29 April 192 /. Addis Abeba [Ethiopia], East Lansing, Michigan: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, African Studies Center, Michigan State University. p. 213-231. OCLC 38767663.
  26. ^ Dombrowski, Franz Amadeus (1984). Sven Rubenson (ed.). Proceedings of the seventh International Conference of Ethiopian Studies : University of Lund, 26-29 April 192 /. Addis Abeba [Ethiopia], East Lansing, Michigan: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, African Studies Center, Michigan State University. p. 233-241. OCLC 38767663.
  27. ^ Ofosu-Appiah, L.H (1977). Dictionary of African biography. New York: Reference Publications. ISBN 9780917256011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  28. ^ Rosenfeld, Chris Prouty (1986). "The background of Taytu Betul Hayle Maryam". Empress Taytu and Menilek II Ethiopia 1883-1910. Ravens Educational & Development Services. ISBN 9780932415103.
  29. ^ Marcus, Harold G (1994). A History of Ethiopia. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520081215.
  30. ^ Zewde, Bahru (2001). A history of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991. Oxford, England: James Curry. ISBN 9780821414408.
  31. ^ Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis (1966). A history of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia. According to the hieroglyphic inscriptions of Egypt and Nubia, and the Ethiopian chronicles. London, Oosterhout: Methuen (1928), N.B. Anthropological Publications (1966). OCLC 874381390.
  32. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1992). A social history of Ethiopia : the northern and central highlands from early medieval times to the rise of Emperor Téwodros II. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press. ISBN 9780932415868. OCLC 895098932.
  33. ^ Salt, Henry (1967). A voyage to Abyssinia, and travels into the interior of that country, executed under the orders of the British government in the years 1809 and 1810. London: Cass. OCLC 956860.
  34. ^ Pankhurst, Richard Keir Pethick. An introduction to the economic history of Ethiopia : from early times to 1800. London: Lalibela House ; distributed by Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 9780391019928. OCLC 581459184.
  35. ^ Fegly, Randall (1995). Eritrea. Santa Barbara, California: Clio Press. ISBN 9780585022666. OCLC 42854216.
  36. ^ Pateman, Roy (1990). Eritrea : even the stones are burning. Trenton N.J.: Red Sea Press. ISBN 093241561X. OCLC 1034663546.
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