User:Cmglee/2011

Hello!

My interest in editing Wikipedia is in illustrating articles, so let me know if you wish some article on science, mathematics or technology illustrated.

Here is some of my work to date; click on images for more details:

Templates

Template:venn3

{{venn3
|caption=Breakdown of British and<br>American [[traffic collision]] causes
|unit=%
|labelA=Driver factors
|labelB=Roadway<br>factors
|labelC=Vehicle factors
|countA=57
|countB=3
|countC=2
|countAB=27
|countAC=6
|countBC=1
|countABC=3
}}

Template:bartable

Composition of the human body

Element	Percent by mass		Atomic percent (calc.)
Oxygen	65%	65	25.6%	25.6
Carbon	18%	18	9.5%	9.5
Hydrogen	10%	10	63%	63
Nitrogen	3%	3	1.3%	1.3
Calcium	1.5%	1.5	0.24%	0.24
Phosphorus	1.2%	1.2	0.24%	0.24
Potassium	0.2%	0.2	0.03%	0.03
Sulfur	0.2%	0.2	0.04%	0.04
Chlorine	0.2%	0.2	0.04%	0.04
Sodium	0.1%	0.1	0.03%	0.03
Magnesium	0.05%	0.05	0.01%	0.01
Iron	3 g in men, 2.3 g in women
Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Iodine	< 0.05% each
Selenium, Fluorine	< 0.01% each

Template:stereo image

Stereo image
Right frame
Left frame
Cross-eye view ()
Parallel view ()
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Round Church) and the south end of Round Church Street in Cambridge, England.

• 
  The Jenny Wren pub and bus stop with an approaching Citi 1 bus.
• 
  The Golden Hind pub.
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  The Grove primary school at King's Hedges, Cambridge.
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  Avenue of London plane trees on Jesus Green, Cambridge, England.
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  Autonomy building at Cambridge Business Park.
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  Cambridge Leisure Park.
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  University of Cambridge's Faculty of Education's Donald McIntyre Building.
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  The Cavendish Building at Homerton College's present site.

Images

Original drawings

3D render

• 
  ☎∈ Animation of the simplest tensegrity structure.
• 
  ☎∈ Animation of a simple tensegrity structure.

Pseudo-3D SVG

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  ☎∈ Comparison of parallax-barrier and lenticular autostereoscopic displays. Note: The figure is not to scale.
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  ☎∈ Golomb rulers in interior design: Example of a conference room with proportions of a Golomb ruler, making it configurable to 10 different sizes.
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  ☎∈ Principle of operation of a pound lock
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  ☎∈ Breakdown of the bundled tube structure of the Willis Tower with simplified floor plans.
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  ☎∈ Comparison of bounding box of various classes of ship sizes with measurements in isometric view.
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  ☎∈ Nominal dimensions of a standard Lego brick and plate.
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  ☎∈ A cone, sphere and cylinder of radius r and height h illustrating the ratio of volumes of a cone, sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height.
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  ☎∈ Some 3D shapes in isometric projection. Black labels denote dimensions of the 3D object, while red labels denote dimensions of the 2D projection (drawing).
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  ☎∈ Massing model showing the shape of the Bank of China Tower. The labels correspond to the number of 'X' shapes on each outward facing side.
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  ☎∈ Massing model showing the shape of the top of the Maybank Tower, Kuala Lumpur.
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  ☎∈Trimetric projection of the design of the Time Pyramid (Zeitpyramide) in Wemding, Germany.
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  ☎∈ Visualisation of powers of ten from 1 to 1 million.
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  ☎∈ Visualisation of powers of ten from 1 to 1 billion.
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  ☎∈ Visualisation of composition by volume of Earth's atmosphere. Data is from NASA Langley: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/pdf/245893main_MeteorologyTeacherRes-Ch2.r4.pdf .
• 
  ☎∈ Visualisation of the distribution (by volume) of water on Earth. Each tiny cube (such as the one representing biological water) corresponds to approximately 1000 cubic km of water, with a mass of approximately 1 trillion tonnes (200000 times that of the Great Pyramid of Giza or 5 times that of Lake Kariba, arguably the heaviest man-made object). The entire block comprises 1 million tiny cubes. Data is from http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html .

Charts

• 
  ☎∈ Timeline of the colleges of the University of Cambridge in the order their students are presented for graduation, compared with some events in British history.
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  ☎∈ Log-lin pressure-temperature phase diagram of water. The Roman numerals indicate various ice phases.
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  ☎∈ Comparison of sizes of semiconductor manufacturing process nodes with some microscopic objects and visible light wavelengths. At this scale, the width of a human hair is about 10 times that of the image.
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  ☎∈ Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density, pressure, the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects.
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  ☎∈ Comparison of male and female life expectancy at birth for countries and territories as defined in the 2011 CIA Factbook, with selected bubbles labelled. The dotted line corresponds to equal female and male life expectancy.
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  ☎∈ Graphs of life expectancy at birth for some sub-Saharan countries showing the fall in the 1990s primarily due to the AIDS pandemic.
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  ☎∈ Estimated and projected populations of the world and its inhabited continents from 1950 to 2100. The shaded regions correspond to range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; for example, it estimates that the world population will reach 8 billion between 2022 and 2035.
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  ☎∈ Proportion of world (countries with data) nominal GDP for the countries with the top 10 highest nominal GDP in 2010, from 1980 to 2010 with IMF projections until 2016. Countries marked with an asterisk are non-G8 countries. Grey lines show actual US dollar values.
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  ☎∈ Plot of Voyager 2's heliocentric velocity against its distance from the sun, illustrating the use of gravity assist to accelerate the spacecraft by Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. To observe Triton, Voyager 2 passed over Neptune's north pole resulting in an acceleration out of the plane of the ecliptic and reduced velocity away from the sun.
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  ☎∈ Inferred orbits of 6 stars around supermassive black hole candidate Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way galactic centre.
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  ☎∈ Graph showing the relationship between the roots, turning or stationary points and inflection point of a cubic polynomial and its first and second derivatives.
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  ☎∈ Comparison of standard normal distribution (with mean = 0 and standard deviation = 1, coloured green) and the distribution shifted by 1.5 sigma (with mean = -1.5 coloured blue, and mean = 1.5 coloured red) on the effect on the upper and lower specification limits (USL and LSL, respectively).
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  ☎∈ Comparison of mean, median and mode of two log-normal distributions with different skewness.
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  ☎∈ Plot of signal-to-noise ratio of the Wow! signal vs time.
• ☎∈ Cambridge Central Library opening hours during Lion Yard library refurbishment.
  ☎∈ Cambridge Central Library opening hours during Lion Yard library refurbishment.

Other original drawings

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  ☎∈ Trajectories of projectiles launched at different elevation angles but the same speed of 10 m/s in a vacuum and uniform downward gravity field of 10 m/s². Points are at 0.05 s intervals and length of their tails is linearly proportional to their speed. t = time from launch, T = time of flight, R = range and H = highest point of trajectory (indicated with arrows).
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  ☎∈ Images of the black letters in an ideal convex lens of focal length f are shown in red. Selected rays are shown for letters E, I and K in blue, green and orange, respectively. Note that E (at 2f) has an equal-size, real and inverted image; I (at f) has its image at infinity; and K (at f/2) has a double-size, virtual and upright image.
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  ☎∈ Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (not-to-scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.
  * Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.
• 
  ☎∈ Comparison of approximate profiles of some pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Where the base is an oblong, the longer side is shown. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data is available.
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  ☎∈ Development of the Petronas Towers Tower 1 level 43 floor plan from a Rub el Hizb symbol.
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  ☎∈ Funcionamiento de una antena Yagi-Uda.
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  ☎∈ OpenTTD industry/commodity flow chart for Temperate climate, illustrating flow of commodities between industries in Temperate scenarios.
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  ☎∈ Some data flows and storage levels in the Git revision control system.
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  ☎∈ Simplified illustration of dry etching using positive photoresist during a photolithography process in semiconductor microfabrication.
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  ☎∈ Simplified illustration of dry etching using positive photoresist during a photolithography process in semiconductor microfabrication. Note: Not to scale.
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  ☎∈ Five-set Venn diagram using congruent ellipses in a radially symmetrical arrangement devised by Branko Grünbaum. Labels have been simplified for greater readability; for example, A denotes A ∩ B^c ∩ C^c ∩ D^c ∩ E^c (or A ∩ ~B ∩ ~C ∩ ~D ∩ ~E), while BCE denotes A^c ∩ B ∩ C ∩ D^c ∩ E (or ~A ∩ B ∩ C ∩ ~D ∩ E).
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  ☎∈ Euler diagram of some types of quadrilaterals. (UK) denotes British English and (US) denotes American English.
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  ☎∈ Euler diagram of types of triangles, assuming isosceles triangles have at least 2 equal sides, implying that equilateral triangles are also isosceles triangles.
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  ☎∈ A Venn diagram showing the relationships between pronunciation, spelling, and meaning of words, for example, homographs, homonyms, homophones, heteronyms, and heterographs.
• 
  ☎∈

  	Knock-out without trapping	Knock-out with trapping	Overprinting

  Comparison of a knock-out with and without trapping, and overprinting for perfect and imperfect registration. Rows are as follows:
  1. The cyan (lighter) plate,
  2. The magenta (darker) plate,
  3. Result with perfect registration (some monitors show slight misalignment), and
  4. Result with imperfect registration.
• 
  ☎∈ The legal bounds of a badminton court during various stages of a rally for singles and doubles games.
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  ☎∈ Comparison of some paper and photographic paper sizes close to the A4 size.
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  ☎∈ Comparison of ISO 216 and Swedish standard SIS 014711 paper sizes between A4 and A3 sizes.
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  ☎∈ Comparison of some book sizes based on American Library Association.
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  ☎∈ Illustration of 4-rail, 3-rail and 2-rail funicular railway layouts (note the gaps in the rails, and the unconventional wheels in the 2-rail layout).
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  ☎∈Principle of operation of a Serrurier truss for a telescope compared to a simple truss. For clarity, only the top and bottom structural elements are shown. Red and green lines denote elements under tension and compression, respectively.
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  ☎∈ Roger Penrose's solution of the illumination problem using elliptical arcs (blue) and straight line segments (green), with 3 positions of the single light source (red spot). The purple crosses are the foci of the larger arcs. Lit and unlit regions are shown in yellow and grey, respectively.
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  ☎∈ Icon for Template:Cemetery-stub
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  ☎∈ The tangent and radial trussing of the Mathematical Bridge in Queens' College, Cambridge, with its tangential members highlighted.
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  ☎∈ How Gerrymandering can influence electoral results on a non-proportional system.
  Example for a state with 3 equally sized districts, 15 voters and 2 parties: Plum (squares) and Orange (circles).
  
  In (a), creating 3 mixed-type districts yields a 3–0 win to Plum — a disproportional result considering the state-wide 9:6 Plum majority.
  
  In (b), Orange wins the urban district while Plum wins the rural districts — the 2-1 result reflects the state-wide vote ratio.
  
  In (c), gerrymandering techniques ensure a 2-1 win to the state-wide minority Orange party.

Processed images

SVG with embedded bitmap, designed to be easily translated into different languages

• 
  ☎∈ Lunar nearside with major maria and craters labeled. (First handcrafted SVG with embedded bitmap.)
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  ☎∈ Erdzugewandte Seite des Mondes mit den größten Maria und Kratern gekennzeichnet. (Example of translation of previous image into German by simply replacing the English terms in its SVG file with a text editor.)
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  ☎∈ Location of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date. Dates are landing dates in UTC.(Uses embedded bitmaps as icons.)
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  ☎∈ Planets and dwarf planets of the Solar System. Sizes are to scale, but relative distances from the Sun are not. (Uses 4 bitmaps of different shapes and rotated text.)
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  ☎∈ Manhattanhenge map of Manhattan Island, New York City (latitude approximately 40° N) centered on the intersection of Park Avenue and 34th Street, with times and directions of sunsets (solid line) and sunrises (dotted line) in 2011. Times marked with "*" have been adjusted for daylight saving. The purple, pink and green arrows correspond approximately to the summer solstice, equinoxes and winter solstice, respectively.
• 
  ☎∈ Fukushima I and II nuclear accidents overview map showing evacuation and other zone progression and selected radiation levels. (Uses gradients and more complex shapes.)]]
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  ☎∈ Cities and towns which are near antipodes in equirectangular projection. Blue labels correspond to the cyan areas and brown labels correspond to the yellow areas. Areas where blue and yellow overlap (coloured green) are land antipodes
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  ☎∈ Comparison of GPS, GLANOSS, GALILEO, COMPASS, ISS and geostationary orbits with the nominal size of the earth.
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  ☎∈ Principle of operation of an equatorial mount to keep a telescope pointing in the same direction. The black spots denote rotation axes seen end-on. The green telescope is rotated at the same rate as the earth but in the opposite direction, while the red telescope is not driven.
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  ☎∈ NASA photos of Earth and Moon labeled with some data on orbits and tilts.
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  ☎∈ Overview of Deep Impact spacecraft. (Uses white rectangles to blank existing labels.)
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  ☎∈ Illustration of Action Safe and Title Safe areas for 4:3 and 16:9 aspect ratios according to the BBC. (Uses multiple instances of one bitmap.)
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  ☎∈ Orbits and directions of travel of the planets, Pluto, Ceres and Halley's Comet, viewed perpendicular to the ecliptic directly above the Sun. Their positions correspond to their configuration during the 5–6 June 2012 transit of Venus. Constellation names correspond to constellations on the ecliptic in the given directions. In the full SVG image, brighter parts of orbits are nearer to the viewer than the ecliptic and darker parts are farther. Planets' sizes are to scale and distances are roughly to (a different) scale. (Uses stroke-dashoffset and stroke-dasharray to shade parts of ellipses.)
• 
  ☎∈ Observed structure of the Milky Way's spiral arms. (Uses rotated text to work around MediaWiki librsvg renderer not supporting textPath.)

Other processed images

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  ☎∈ Results of the Malaysian Dewan Rakyat based on the 2008 general election, showing parliamentary constituencies represented by equal-area hexagons with approximate geographic locations.
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  ☎∈ Current composition of the Malaysian Dewan Rakyat with changes since the 2008 general election emphasized for clarity. The parliamentary constituencies are represented by equal-area hexagons, positioned according to approximate geographic locations.
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  ☎∈ Equal-area representation of state constituencies as elected in 2008.
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  ☎∈ State legislative seat changes since the elections in 2008 (except Sarawak) and 2011 are highlighted for clarity.
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  ☎∈ Timeline of the history of Malaysia
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  ☎∈ Aerial view of the Fukushima I plant area before the accidents. When this photograph was taken in 1975, Unit 6 was under construction.
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  ☎∈ Locations of large artificial objects on the Moon superimposed on data from the Clementine (spacecraft) mission in [[equirectangular projection.
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  ☎∈ Lunar nearside with major maria and craters labeled.
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  ☎∈ Animation of seasonal differences especially snow cover through the year.
• 
  ☎∈ Huntington's map of world civilizations (1996).
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  ☎∈ This map shows the antipodes of each point on the Earth's surface – the points where the blue and pink overlap are land antipodes. Darker shades indicate areas of higher population density. This map uses the [[Equirectangular projection.
• 
  ☎∈ Mollweide projection map of distance to the nearest coastline (including oceanic islands, but not lakes) with red spots marking the poles of inaccessibility of main land masses, Britain, and the Iberian Peninsula. Thin isolines are 250 km apart; thick lines 1000 km.
• 
  ☎∈ An Euler diagram of the British Isles.
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  ☎∈ A television set drawn in near-isometric pixel art (left) compared with the same image with isometric proportions (right), enlarged to show the pixel structure.
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  ☎∈ A hybrid image constructed from low-frequency components of a photograph of Marilyn Monroe (left inset) and high-frequency components of a photograph of Albert Einstein (right inset). The Einstein image is clearer in the full image.
• 
  ☎∈

  No bokeh or blur

  Synthetic bokeh

  Gaussian blur

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  ☎∈ The .NET Framework stack.
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  ☎∈ Fitted cumulative log-normal distribution to annually maximum 1-day rainfalls.
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  ☎∈ Lenticular lens: Angle within the lens.
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  ☎∈ Lenticular lens: Angle outside the lens.
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  ☎∈ A squircle (blue) compared with a rounded square (red). A squircle is a mathematical curve defined by the equation x⁴+y⁴=r⁴, while a rounded square is four 90° circular arcs of the same radius connected by tangent straight lines. In this construction, the two curves are arranged to coincide at angles which are multiples of 45° (i.e. 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° etc.).

Assorted photographs

United Kingdom

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  ☎∈ Cambridge Quayside and Magdalene Bridge viewed from the boardwalk.
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  ☎∈ Some participants of the cardboard boat race on Suicide Sunday 2011 at the University of Cambridge.
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  ☎∈ The steampunk-themed stage at Strawberry Fair 2011 in Cambridge, England.
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  ☎∈ Front facade of Emmanuel College, Cambridge viewed from Downing Street.
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  ☎∈ The Grand Arcade entrance on St Andrew's Street, Cambridge.
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  ☎∈ Riverside Bridge in Cambridge, England.
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  ☎∈ The Catholic church of Our Lady and the English Martyrs in Cambridge, England viewed from Parker's Piece.
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  ☎∈ A punt being pulled up rollers on the slipway between the upper and lower levels of the River Cam near the Mill Pool in Cambridge, England.
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  ☎∈ The Senate House viewed from the Great St Mary's tower.
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  ☎∈ Trinity College graduands entering the Senate House during a University of Cambridge graduation ceremony.
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  ☎∈ The Eagle pub in Cambridge with graffiti of World War II airmen covering the ceiling.
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  ☎∈ Memorial stone to Xu Zhimo at the Backs of King's College, Cambridge.
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  ☎∈ The former facade of the Pitt Club, now used by Pizza Express at 7a Jesus Lane, Cambridge, England.
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  ☎∈ A former room of the Pitt Club, now used by Pizza Express at 7a Jesus Lane, Cambridge, England.
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  ☎∈ The Cambridge Union Society debating chamber during the 2011 Cambridge Festival of Ideas.
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  ☎∈ Orthorectified frontal view of Trinity College Great Gate.
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  ☎∈ Trinity College at night
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  ☎∈ Interior of the University of Cambridge Judge Business School.
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  ☎∈ St Catharine's College at night
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  ☎∈ In the Mathematical Bridge, the straight lines (tangent to the bridge surface) lie outside the curved bridge surface.
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  ☎∈ Wolfson College, Cambridge, showing the Chinese-style Lee Hall, a stone with Chinese-character inscriptions on the right, and a statue with a student next to it.
• 
  ☎∈ The Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, by night.
• 
  ☎∈ Cambridge skyline viewed from the Castle Mound. The roof in the foreground is part of St Giles church, the tower on the left is part of St John's College chapel, and the long tall building on the right is King's College Chapel.
• 
  ☎∈ Main entrance and porters' lodge of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge.
• 
  ☎∈ Some observatory buildings at the Institute of Astronomy of the University of Cambridge. The Northumberland Telescope is in the dome on the left. The covered structures in the foreground are mounts for portable telescopes.
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  ☎∈ The 36-inch telescope at the Institute of Astronomy of the University of Cambridge being used for the 2011 Cambridge Astronomy Association Introduction to Astronomy course.
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  ☎∈ High Street of Coton, Cambridgeshire.
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  ☎∈ The Plough from the Coton village green.
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  ☎∈ Interior of the Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial chapel.
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  ☎∈ Premier Inn in Orchard Park, Cambridge.
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  ☎∈ The Orchard Community Centre and houses along Central Avenue in Orchard Park, Cambridge.
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  ☎∈ Orchard Park Community Primary School in Orchard Park, Cambridge.
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  ☎∈ Stitched panorama of building ARM I by architects Barber - Casanovas - Ruffles at Peterhouse Technology Park, Cambridge.
• 
  ☎∈ Cambridge Business Park entrance.
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  ☎∈ BBC Cambridgeshire building at Cambridge Business Park.
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  ☎∈ CSR plc Churchill House office at Cambridge Business Park.
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  ☎∈ Red Gate Software headquarters at Cambridge Business Park.
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  ☎∈ Autonomy Corporation headquarters at Cambridge Business Park.
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  ☎∈ Model of 2010 Mercedes GP Petronas Formula One Team car at the Cambridge Business Park Autonomy building lobby.
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  ☎∈ St John's Innovation Centre in April 2011.
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  ☎∈ Fancy-dress participants of Cambridge Fun Run on 18 November 2011.
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  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park Innovation Centre in April 2011.
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  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park Napp Pharmaceutical Group building from the A14 interchange ramp in April 2011.
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  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park new Napp Pharmaceutical Group buildings in April 2011.
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  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park rear entrance in April 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park main entrance in April 2011. This image has high dynamic range.
• 
  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park east pond in April 2011.
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  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park west pond in April 2011.
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  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park Trinity Centre restaurant overlooking the south pond in April 2011.
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  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park health and fitness club in April 2011.
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  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park Broadcom building in April 2011.
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  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park Cambridge Consultants building in April 2011.
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  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park Napp Pharmaceutical Group building in April 2011.
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  ☎∈ Cambridge Science Park Trinity Centre entrance in April 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Cambridge Regional College main entrance
• 
  ☎∈ Cambridge Regional College the park building.
• 
  ☎∈ Deck of Jane Coston cycle bridge between Milton and Cambridge.
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  ☎∈ Milton Country Park visitor centre in April 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Hall's Pool in Milton Country Park.
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  ☎∈ Morris dancers at Reach Fair 2009
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  ☎∈ River Nene from Frank Perkins Parkway, Peterborough
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  ☎∈ March, Cambridgeshire High Street bridge and River Nene
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  ☎∈ March, Cambridgeshire Broad Street
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  ☎∈ March, Cambridgeshire Town Hall and market
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  ☎∈ The Aldeburgh Martello Tower from across its bridge.
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  ☎∈ Interior of a "pagoda" at Orford Ness.
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  ☎∈ Exterior of two "pagodas" at Orford Ness.
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  ☎∈ The interior of the south wing of The Galleria in Hatfield, Hertfordshire.
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  ☎∈ The south wing of The Galleria, viewed from the north wing, with the connecting bridge on the right of the photograph.
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  ☎∈ Hatfield New Town centre, looking weet along its axis.
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  ☎∈ Hatfield railway station on the East Coast Main Line.
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  ☎∈ Statue of Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury in front of the park gates of Hatfield House.
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  ☎∈ Church of St Etheldreda in Old Hatfield.
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  ☎∈ High dynamic range view from the Leeds Corn Exchange balcony, of the west end of the interior in November 2010
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  ☎∈ Tower Bridge viewed from the top of London City Hall.
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  ☎∈ Windsor Guildhall's former covered corn market showing gaps between inside columns and the ceiling.
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  ☎∈ The Last Supper by Franz de Cleyn in the West Gallery of Windsor parish church of St John The Baptist.
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  ☎∈ Cheltenham Flyer locomotive at the Museum of the Great Western Railway in Swindon.
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  ☎∈ Rhyl clock tower and East Parade.
• 
  ☎∈ Two specimens and a cocoon at the [[Isle of Wight, England
• 
  ☎∈ A rock climber scaling a sandstone crag at High Rocks outside Tunbridge Wells, UK.
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  ☎∈ The large chasm at High Rocks outside Tunbridge Wells, UK.
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  ☎∈ Steps and rocks at High Rocks outside Tunbridge Wells, UK.
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  ☎∈ The Crooked Bridge of the Aerial Walk.
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  ☎∈ The Regency TR-1 which used Texas Instruments' NPN transistors was the world's first commercially-produced transistor radio.
• 
  ☎∈ Trophies made of Lego blocks for First Lego League 2005 regional winners.
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  ☎∈ Lady Godiva statue at Broadgate, Coventry in October 2011.
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  ☎∈ Time Zone Clock control panel in front of Coventry Transport Museum.
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  ☎∈ Rear view of ThrustSSC, with a panel removed to show one of the aluminium alloy wheels, at Coventry Transport Museum.
• 
  ☎∈ Front view of ThrustSSC at Coventry Transport Museum.
• 
  ☎∈ Backstage Pass tour at Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, Coventry.  More photographs 

Continental Europe

• 
  ☎∈ The Cube Houses in Rotterdam viewed from Blaak Subway Station.
• 
  ☎∈ The living room of the "show cube" in Rotterdam.
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  ☎∈ KUKA Robocoaster amusement park ride at Legoland Billund, Denmark.
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  ☎∈ Town centre of Hoek van Holland.
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  ☎∈ Parabolic arches inside Casa Milà in Barcelona, Spain by Antoni Gaudí
• 
  ☎∈ Fish ladder in Uppsala, Sweden.

Taiwan

• 
  ☎∈ Main facade of Ciyou Temple in Songshan, Taipei.
• 
  ☎∈ Altars in Ciyou Temple in Songshan, Taipei.
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  ☎∈ Shakadang River at Taroko National Park, Taiwan.
• 
  ☎∈ Bridge of 100 Lions at Taroko National Park, Taiwan.
• 
  ☎∈ A rockfall barrier beside a tunnel at Taroko National Park, Taiwan.
• 
  ☎∈ Tunnel of Nine Turns trail at Taroko National Park, Taiwan closed due to rockfall.
• 
  ☎∈ The Chihsing Tan Katsuo museum and former fish-flake factory in Hualien, Taiwan.
• 
  ☎∈ The atrium of the National Museum of Taiwan Literature in Tainan, Taiwan.
• 
  ☎∈ Night market in Anping near Tainan, Taiwan.
• 
  ☎∈ Lion dancers at the Tianhou temple on Cijin island at Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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  ☎∈ The west coast of Kaohsiung, Taiwan from Cijin island lighthouse hill.
• 
  ☎∈ The west coast of Cijin island, Kaohsiung, Taiwan from its lighthouse hill.

Singapore

• 
  ☎∈ Aerial view of the Singapore Supreme Court and City Hall.
• 
  ☎∈ A trishaw and rider at the Raffles Hotel arcade.
• 
  ☎∈ The Float@Marina Bay viewed from the Helix Bridge.
• 
  ☎∈ The Shoppes shopping mall at Marina Bay Sands.
• 
  ☎∈ Architectural model showing layout of the Marina Bay Sands complex.
• 
  ☎∈ Interior of LASALLE College of the Arts' New City Campus.
• 
  ☎∈ Information panel showing the current location and upcoming stops of an East-West Singapore MRT train.
• 
  ☎∈ Bukit Panjang LRT platform at Choa Chu Kang station.
• 
  ☎∈ A traditional village house on Pulau Ubin, Singapore.
• 
  ☎∈ A tame wild boar on Pulau Ubin and its keeper.
• 
  ☎∈ Causeway Point shopping centre in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Night market and Singapore Chinatown around Chinese New Year 2011.

Malaysia

• 
  ☎∈ Malaysian chee cheong fun with chilli and black sweet sauce.
• 
  ☎∈ View to the northwest from the Petronas Towers skybridge, including the shadow of Tower 1 and the skybridge, and the Public Bank building.
• 
  ☎∈ Ceiling of the lobby of Dewan Filharmonik Petronas in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Rear of the lobby of Dewan Filharmonik Petronas in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Main atrium of Berjaya Times Square shopping mall.
• 
  ☎∈ Cosmo's World theme park inside Berjaya Times Square in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Overgrown west wall of Pudu Prison in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ View of Masjid Jamek and the confluence of Gombak and Klang rivers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• 
  ☎∈ Original part (left) and extension (right) of Jamek mosque in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia exhibiting differently coloured bricks.
• 
  ☎∈ The Kerinchi Pylon viewed from the nearby monsoon drain
• 
  ☎∈ Menara Telekom and the Kerinchi Pylon viewed from the University of Malaya
• 
  ☎∈ Rainforest precinct of 1 Utama shopping mall.
• 
  ☎∈ A train of the Kelana Jaya line of the RapidKL LRT passing through Petaling Jaya.
• 
  ☎∈ Aerial view of Bandar Sunway in Klang Valley in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ The front facade of Sunway Pyramid shopping mall.
• 
  ☎∈ Summit USJ shopping mall in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ The 19 USJ City Mall decorated for Chinese New Year 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Panorama of Putrajaya from Cyberjaya Lake Gardens in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Cyberview Lodge in Cyberjaya in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Penang city hall
• 
  ☎∈ Atrium of KOMTAR in Penang in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Penang International Airport check-in counters in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Interior of Fort Cornwallis, Penang, Malaysia in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Free Rapid Penang shuttle bus at Weld Quay in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Star Libra and SuperStar Virgo docked in Penang, Malaysia in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Penang ferry Pulau Rimau docked at Weld Quay ferry terminal in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Penang ferry Pulau Pinang in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Penang ferries Pulau Rimau, Pulau Rawa and Pulau Payar docked at the Butterworth ferry terminal in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Butterworth (Malaysia) railway station in Feb 2011.
• 
  ☎∈ Penang Bridge main span viewed from the roadway in Feb 2011.

EasyTimeline

Template:Distance_from_Sun_using_EasyTimeline

☎ ∈ The following chart shows the range of distances of the planets, dwarf planets and Halley's Comet from the Sun.

Distances of selected bodies of the Solar System from the Sun. The left and right edges of each bar correspond to the perihelion and aphelion of the body, respectively, hence long bars denote high orbital eccentricity. The radius of the Sun is 0.7 million km, and the radius of Jupiter (the largest planet) is 0.07 million km, both too small to resolve on this image.

 

Template:Hyperfocal_distance_depth_of_field_using_EasyTimeline

☎ ∈

Depths of field of 3 ideal lenses of focal lengths, f1, f2 and f3, and f-numbers N1, N2 and N3 when focused at objects at different distances. H1, H2 and H3 denote their respective hyperfocal distances (using Definition 1 in that article) with a circle of confusion of 0.03 mm diameter. The darker bars show how that, for fixed subject distance, the depth of field is increased by using a shorter focal length or smaller aperture. The second topmost bar of each set illustrates the configuration for a fixed focus camera with the focus permanently set at the hyperfocal distance to maximise the depth of field.

Template:Tallest_building_history_using_EasyTimeline

☎ ∈ Timeline of recent buildings that have held the title Tallest building in the world. Heights of buildings are to scale. Note the early buildings that lost the title as their spires collapsed.

HTML

Chaffing and winnowing

	secure channel		insecure channel
Alice		Charles		Bob
constructs 4 packets, each containing one bit of her message and a valid MAC	Serial Bit MAC 1 1 234 2 0 890 3 0 456 4 1 678	adds 4 chaff packets with inverted bits and invalid MAC, shown in italics (chaffing)	Serial Bit MAC 1 0 321 1 1 234 2 0 890 2 1 987 3 0 456 3 1 543 4 0 765 4 1 678	discards packets with invalid MAC to recover the message (winnowing)
In this example, Alice wishes to send the message "1001" to Bob. For simplicity, assume that all even MAC are valid and odd ones are invalid.

Template:DiagnosticTesting Diagram

		Condition (as determined by "Gold standard")
		Condition Positive	Condition Negative
Test Outcome	Test Outcome Positive	True Positive	False Positive (Type I error)	Positive predictive value = Σ True Positive Σ Test Outcome Positive
	Test Outcome Negative	False Negative (Type II error)	True Negative	Negative predictive value = Σ True Negative Σ Test Outcome Negative
		Sensitivity = Σ True Positive Σ Condition Positive	Specificity = Σ True Negative Σ Condition Negative

2011_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak

LEGEND	No food restrictions	Food sale/trade restrictions / ran tests
No cases
Suspected cases
Known cases
Deaths

Exposure to the outbreak start from April 21, 2011 with permanent or temporary stay in Germany, consumption of a food acquired in Germany or close contact with a HUS case.

Number of cases by country until 31 May 2011

Country	Deaths	Confirmed cases	Suspected cases
Germany	17	450	1 200
United Kingdom	0	3	-
Sweden	1	41	-
Denmark	0	14	26
Netherlands	0	2	-
France	0	0	3
Spain	0	1	-
Austria	0	-	-
Norway	0	-	-
Switzerland	0	2	-
Finland	0	-	1
Poland	0	1	-
United States	0	3	-

Uniform circular motion

Centripetal acceleration for some values of radius and magnitude of velocity

|v|   r		1 m/s 3.6 km/h 2.2 mph	2 m/s 7.2 km/h 4.5 mph	5 m/s 18 km/h 11 mph	10 m/s 36 km/h 22 mph	20 m/s 72 km/h 45 mph	50 m/s 180 km/h 110 mph	100 m/s 360 km/h 220 mph
		Slow walk		Bicycle		City car		Aerobatics
10 cm 3.9 in	Laboratory centrifuge	10 m/s² 1.0 g	40 m/s² 4.1 g	250 m/s² 25 g	1.0 km/s² 100 g	4.0 km/s² 410 g	25 km/s² 2500 g	100 km/s² 10000 g
20 cm 7.9 in		5.0 m/s² 0.51 g	20 m/s² 2.0 g	130 m/s² 13 g	500 m/s² 51 g	2.0 km/s² 200 g	13 km/s² 1300 g	50 km/s² 5100 g
50 cm 1.6 ft		2.0 m/s² 0.20 g	8.0 m/s² 0.82 g	50 m/s² 5.1 g	200 m/s² 20 g	800 m/s² 82 g	5.0 km/s² 510 g	20 km/s² 2000 g
1 m 3.3 ft	Playground carousel	1.0 m/s² 0.10 g	4.0 m/s² 0.41 g	25 m/s² 2.5 g	100 m/s² 10 g	400 m/s² 41 g	2.5 km/s² 250 g	10 km/s² 1000 g
2 m 6.6 ft		500 mm/s² 0.051 g	2.0 m/s² 0.20 g	13 m/s² 1.3 g	50 m/s² 5.1 g	200 m/s² 20 g	1.3 km/s² 130 g	5.0 km/s² 510 g
5 m 16 ft		200 mm/s² 0.020 g	800 mm/s² 0.082 g	5.0 m/s² 0.51 g	20 m/s² 2.0 g	80 m/s² 8.2 g	500 m/s² 51 g	2.0 km/s² 200 g
10 m 33 ft	Roller-coaster vertical loop	100 mm/s² 0.010 g	400 mm/s² 0.041 g	2.5 m/s² 0.25 g	10 m/s² 1.0 g	40 m/s² 4.1 g	250 m/s² 25 g	1.0 km/s² 100 g
20 m 66 ft		50 mm/s² 0.0051 g	200 mm/s² 0.020 g	1.3 m/s² 0.13 g	5.0 m/s² 0.51 g	20 m/s² 2 g	130 m/s² 13 g	500 m/s² 51 g
50 m 160 ft		20 mm/s² 0.0020 g	80 mm/s² 0.0082 g	500 mm/s² 0.051 g	2.0 m/s² 0.20 g	8.0 m/s² 0.82 g	50 m/s² 5.1 g	200 m/s² 20 g
100 m 330 ft	Freeway on-ramp	10 mm/s² 0.0010 g	40 mm/s² 0.0041 g	250 mm/s² 0.025 g	1.0 m/s² 0.10 g	4.0 m/s² 0.41 g	25 m/s² 2.5 g	100 m/s² 10 g
200 m 660 ft		5.0 mm/s² 0.00051 g	20 mm/s² 0.0020 g	130 m/s² 0.013 g	500 mm/s² 0.051 g	2.0 m/s² 0.20 g	13 m/s² 1.3 g	50 m/s² 5.1 g
500 m 1600 ft		2.0 mm/s² 0.00020 g	8.0 mm/s² 0.00082 g	50 mm/s² 0.0051 g	200 mm/s² 0.020 g	800 mm/s² 0.082 g	5.0 m/s² 0.51 g	20 m/s² 2.0 g
1 km 3300 ft	High-speed railway	1.0 mm/s² 0.00010 g	4.0 mm/s² 0.00041 g	25 mm/s² 0.0025 g	100 mm/s² 0.010 g	400 mm/s² 0.041 g	2.5 m/s² 0.25 g	10 m/s² 1.0 g

I'm My Own Grandpa

Narrator — Wife       |

Father — Stepdaughter       |

Narrator

Family tree showing how
the narrator of the song
is his own grandfather.

Mode (statistics)

When X has standard deviation σ = 0.25, the distribution of Y is weakly skewed. Using formulas for the log-normal distribution, we find:

${\begin{array}{rlll}{\text{mean}}&=e^{\mu +\sigma ^{2}/2}&=e^{0+0.25^{2}/2}&\approx 1.032\\{\text{mode}}&=e^{\mu -\sigma ^{2}}&=e^{0-0.25^{2}}&\approx 0.939\\{\text{median}}&=e^{\mu }&=e^{0}&=1\end{array}}$

Indeed, the median is about one third on the way from mean to mode.

When X has a larger standard deviation, σ = 1, the distribution of Y is strongly skewed. Now

${\begin{array}{rlll}{\text{mean}}&=e^{\mu +\sigma ^{2}/2}&=e^{0+1^{2}/2}&\approx 1.649\\{\text{mode}}&=e^{\mu -\sigma ^{2}}&=e^{0-1^{2}}&\approx 0.368\\{\text{median}}&=e^{\mu }&=e^{0}&=1\end{array}}$

Here, Pearson's rule of thumb fails.

Common logarithm

The following example uses the bar notation to calculate 0.012 × 0.85 = 0.0102:

${\begin{array}{rll}{\text{As found above,}}&\log _{10}0.012\approx {\bar {2}}.079181\\{\text{Since}}\;\;\log _{10}0.85&=\log _{10}(10^{-1}\times 8.5)=-1+\log _{10}8.5&\approx -1+0.929419={\bar {1}}.929419\;,\\\log _{10}(0.012\times 0.85)&=\log _{10}0.012+\log _{10}0.85&\approx {\bar {2}}.079181+{\bar {1}}.929419\\&=(-2+0.079181)+(-1+0.929419)&=-(2+1)+(0.079181+0.929419)\\&=-3+1.008600&=-2+0.008600\;^{*}\\&\approx \log _{10}(10^{-2})+\log _{10}(1.02)&=\log _{10}(0.01\times 1.02)\\&=\log _{10}(0.0102)\end{array}}$

* This step makes the mantissa between 0 and 1, so that its antilog (10^mantissa) can be looked up.

Psychological pricing

Ending	Percentage
0	7.5
1	0.3
2	0.3
3	0.8
4	0.3
5	28.6
6	0.3
7	0.4
8	1.0
9	60.7

Ratio of volumes of a cone, sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height

A cone, sphere and cylinder of radius r and height h.

The above formulas can be used to show that the volumes of a cone, sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, as follows.

Let the radius be r and the height be h (which is 2r for the sphere).

${\begin{array}{llll}{\text{Volume of the cone}}&={\tfrac {1}{3}}\pi r^{2}h&={\tfrac {1}{3}}\pi r^{2}(2r)&=({\tfrac {2}{3}}\pi r^{3})\times 1\\{\text{Volume of the sphere}}&={\tfrac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}&&=({\tfrac {2}{3}}\pi r^{3})\times 2\\{\text{Volume of the cylinder}}&=\pi r^{2}h&=\pi r^{2}(2r)&=({\tfrac {2}{3}}\pi r^{3})\times 3\end{array}}$

The discovery of the 2 : 3 ratio of the volumes of the sphere and cylinder is credited to Archimedes.

Ratio of surface areas of a sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height

The above formulas can be used to show that the volumes of a sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height are in the ratio 2 : 3, as follows.

Let the radius be r and the height be h (which is 2r for the sphere).

${\begin{array}{llll}{\text{Surface area of the sphere}}&=4\pi r^{2}&&=(2\pi r^{2})\times 2\\{\text{Surface area of the cylinder}}&=2\pi r(h+r)&=2\pi r(2r+r)&=(2\pi r^{2})\times 3\end{array}}$

The discovery of this ratio is credited to Archimedes.

Solar eclipse

	Moon		Sun
	At perigee (nearest)	At apogee (farthest)	At perihelion (nearest)	At aphelion (farthest)
Mean radius, r	1,737.10 kilometres (1,079.38 miles)		696,000 kilometres (432,000 miles)
Distance, d	363,104 km (225,622 mi)	405,696 km (252,088 mi)	147,098,070 km (91,402,500 mi)	152,097,700 km (94,509,100 mi)
Angular diameter, 2×arctan(r / d)	32' 54" (0.5482°)	29' 26" (0.4907°)	32' 32" (0.5422°)	31' 28" (0.5244°)
Apparent size to scale
Rank in descending order	1st	4th	2nd	3rd

Angular diameter

Celestial body	Angular diameter	Relative size (10 pixels per arcsecond)
Sun	31.6′ – 32.7′	28.7 – 29.7 times the maximum value for Venus (orange bar below)
Moon	29.3′ – 34.1′	26.6 – 31.0 times the maximum value for Venus (orange bar below)
Venus	9.565″ – 66.012″
Jupiter	29.800″ – 50.115″
Saturn	14.991″ – 20.790″
Mars	3.492″ – 25.113″
Mercury	4.535″ – 13.019″
Uranus	3.340″ – 4.084″
Neptune	2.179″ – 2.373″
Ceres	0.330″ – 0.840″
Vesta	0.20" – 0.64"
Pluto	0.063″ – 0.115″
R Doradus	0.052″ – 0.062″
Betelgeuse	0.049″ – 0.060″
Eris	0.034" – 0.089″
Alphard	0.00909″
Alpha Centauri A	0.007″
Canopus	0.006″
Sirius	0.005936″
Altair	0.003″
Deneb	0.002″
Proxima Centauri	0.001″

Apparent magnitude

Visible to typical human eye	Apparent magnitude	Brightness relative to Vega	Number of stars brighter than apparent magnitude
Yes	-1	250%	1
	0	100%	4
	1	40%	15
	2	16%	48
	3	6.3%	171
	4	2.5%	513
	5	1.0%	1 602
	6	0.40%	4 800
No	7	0.16%	14 000
	8	0.063%	42 000
	9	0.025%	121 000
	10	0.010%	340 000

Magnitude (astronomy)

Apparent magnitude	Brightness relative to magnitude 0	Example		Apparent magnitude	Brightness relative to magnitude 0	Example		Apparent magnitude	Brightness relative to magnitude 0	Example
-27	6.3×1010	Sun		-7	630	SN 1006 supernova		13	6.3×10-6	3C 273 quasar
-26	2.5×1010			-6	250	International Space Station (max)		14	2.5×10-6	Pluto (max)
-25	1.0×1010			-5	100	Venus (max)		15	1.0×10-6
-24	4.0×109			-4	40			16	4.0×10-7	Charon (max)
-23	1.6×109			-3	16	Jupiter (max)		17	1.6×10-7
-22	6.3×108			-2	6.3	Mercury (max)		18	6.3×10-8
-21	2.5×108			-1	2.5	Sirius		19	2.5×10-8
-20	1.0×108			0	1.0	Vega		20	1.0×10-8
-19	4.0×107			1	0.40	Antares		21	4.0×10-9	Callirrhoe (small satellite of Jupiter)
-18	1.6×107			2	0.16	Polaris		22	1.6×10-9
-17	6.3×106			3	0.063	Andromeda galaxy		23	6.3×10-10
-16	2.5×106			4	0.025	Acubens		24	2.5×10-10
-15	1.0×106			5	0.010	Vesta asteroid (max)		25	1.0×10-10	Fenrir (small satellite of Saturn)
-14	4.0×105			6	4.0×10-3	typical limit of naked eye		26	4.0×10-11
-13	1.6×105	Full moon		7	1.6×10-3	Ceres (max)		27	1.6×10-11	visible light limit of 8m ground-based telescopes
-12	6.3×104			8	6.3×10-4	Neptune (max)		28	6.3×10-12
-11	2.5×104			9	2.5×10-4			29	2.5×10-12
-10	1.0×104			10	1.0×10-4	typical limit of 7x50 binoculars		30	1.0×10-12
-9	4.0×103	Iridium flare		11	4.0×10-5			31	4.0×10-13
-8	1.6×103			12	1.6×10-5			32	1.6×10-13	visible light limit of Hubble Space Telescope

Chroma subsampling

	4:1:1						4:2:0						4:2:2						4:4:4
Y'CrCb
	=						=						=						=
Y'
	+						+						+						+
	1	2	3	4	J = 4		1	2	3	4	J = 4		1	2	3	4	J = 4		1	2	3	4	J = 4
(Cr, Cb)	1				a = 1		1		2		a = 2		1		2		a = 2		1	2	3	4	a = 4
	1				b = 1						b = 0		1		2		b = 2		1	2	3	4	b = 4
	¼ horizontal resolution, full vertical resolution						½ horizontal resolution, ½ vertical resolution						½ horizontal resolution, full vertical resolution						full horizontal resolution, full vertical resolution

Template:DiagnosticTesting_Diagram

		True condition
	Total population	Condition positive	Condition negative	Prevalence = ⁠Σ Condition positive/Σ Total population⁠		Accuracy (ACC) = ⁠Σ True positive + Σ True negative/Σ Total population⁠
Predicted condition	Predicted condition positive	True positive	False positive, Type I error	Positive predictive value (PPV), Precision = ⁠Σ True positive/Σ Predicted condition positive⁠		False discovery rate (FDR) = ⁠Σ False positive/Σ Predicted condition positive⁠
	Predicted condition negative	False negative, Type II error	True negative	False omission rate (FOR) = ⁠Σ False negative/Σ Predicted condition negative⁠		Negative predictive value (NPV) = ⁠Σ True negative/Σ Predicted condition negative⁠
		True positive rate (TPR), Recall, Sensitivity (SEN), probability of detection, Power = ⁠Σ True positive/Σ Condition positive⁠	False positive rate (FPR), Fall-out, probability of false alarm = ⁠Σ False positive/Σ Condition negative⁠	Positive likelihood ratio (LR+) = ⁠TPR/FPR⁠	Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) = ⁠LR+/LR−⁠	Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) = √TPR·TNR·PPV·NPV − √FNR·FPR·FOR·FDR	F1 score = ⁠2 · PPV · TPR/PPV + TPR⁠ = ⁠2 · Precision · Recall/Precision + Recall⁠
		False negative rate (FNR), Miss rate = ⁠Σ False negative/Σ Condition positive⁠	Specificity (SPC), Selectivity, True negative rate (TNR) = ⁠Σ True negative/Σ Condition negative⁠	Negative likelihood ratio (LR−) = ⁠FNR/TNR⁠

Template:DiagnosticTesting_Example

		Patients with bowel cancer (as confirmed on endoscopy)
	Total population (pop.) = 2030	Condition positive	Condition negative	Prevalence = (TP + FN) / pop. = (20 + 10) / 2030 ≈ 1.48%	Accuracy (ACC) = (TP + TN) / pop. = (20 + 1820) / 2030 ≈ 90.64%
Fecal occult blood screen test outcome	Test outcome positive	True positive (TP) = 20 (2030 × 1.48% × 67%)	False positive (FP) = 180 (2030 × (100% − 1.48%) × (100% − 91%))	Positive predictive value (PPV), precision = TP / (TP + FP) = 20 / (20 + 180) = 10%	False discovery rate (FDR) = FP / (TP + FP) = 180 / (20 + 180) = 90.0%
	Test outcome negative	False negative (FN) = 10 (2030 × 1.48% × (100% − 67%))	True negative (TN) = 1820 (2030 × (100% − 1.48%) × 91%)	False omission rate (FOR) = FN / (FN + TN) = 10 / (10 + 1820) ≈ 0.55%	Negative predictive value (NPV) = TN / (FN + TN) = 1820 / (10 + 1820) ≈ 99.45%
		True positive rate (TPR), recall, sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN) = 20 / (20 + 10) ≈ 66.7%	False positive rate (FPR), fall-out, probability of false alarm = FP / (FP + TN) = 180 / (180 + 1820) = 9.0%	Positive likelihood ratio (LR+) = ⁠TPR/FPR⁠ = (20 / 30) / (180 / 2000) ≈ 7.41	Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) = ⁠LR+/LR−⁠ ≈ 20.2	F1 score = 2 × ⁠precision × recall/precision + recall⁠ ≈ 0.174
		False negative rate (FNR), miss rate = FN / (TP + FN) = 10 / (20 + 10) ≈ 33.3%	Specificity, selectivity, true negative rate (TNR) = TN / (FP + TN) = 1820 / (180 + 1820) = 91%	Negative likelihood ratio (LR−) = ⁠FNR/TNR⁠ = (10 / 30) / (1820 / 2000) ≈ 0.366

Penang Ferry Service

Status	Configuration	Name	Year built	Deadweight tonnage	IMO ship identification number	Photograph
Retired	Passenger (upper deck) Vehicle (lower deck)	Pulau Labuan	1971	139	7038408
In service	Passenger (upper deck) Vehicle (lower deck)	Pulau Rawa	1975	262	7343736
In service	Passenger (upper deck) Vehicle (lower deck)	Pulau Talang Talang	1975	262	7343748
In service	Passenger (upper deck) Vehicle (lower deck)	Pulau Undan	1975	262	7343724
In service	Vehicle (both decks)	Pulau Rimau	1980	100	7911076
In service	Passenger (upper deck) Vehicle (lower deck)	Pulau Angsa	1981	100	8010491
In service	Vehicle (both decks)	Pulau Kapas	1981	280	8101082
In service	Vehicle (both decks)	Pulau Payar	2002	440	9254393
In service	Vehicle (both decks)	Pulau Pinang	2002	440	9275244

Day of Seven Billion

Age group	Estimated July 2010 population in millions
	Africa		Asia		Europe		Latin America and the Caribbean		Northern America		Oceania
0–4	155.3	155.3	360.4	360.4	39.67	39.67	53.83	53.83	23.54	23.54	3.079	3.079
5–9	136.2	136.2	354.5	354.5	37.01	37.01	55.52	55.52	22.66	22.66	2.875	2.875
10–14	120.2	120.2	364.8	364.8	37.32	37.32	55.12	55.12	21.72	21.72	2.844	2.844
15–19	108.1	108.1	374.6	374.6	42.54	42.54	54.11	54.11	23.93	23.93	2.829	2.829
20–24	97.21	97.21	379.4	379.4	51.28	51.28	52.08	52.08	24.00	24	2.838	2.838
25–29	83.89	83.89	343.8	343.8	53.33	53.33	49.47	49.47	24.42	24.42	2.721	2.721
30–34	69.28	69.28	310.5	310.5	52.96	52.96	45.52	45.52	22.17	22.17	2.497	2.497
35–39	55.60	55.6	315.4	315.4	52.88	52.88	41.34	41.34	22.71	22.71	2.594	2.594
40–44	45.15	45.15	297.5	297.5	53.46	53.46	37.64	37.64	23.03	23.03	2.382	2.382
45–49	37.82	37.82	248.4	248.4	55.15	55.15	34.33	34.33	25.74	25.74	2.362	2.362
50–54	31.68	31.68	212.2	212.2	53.08	53.08	28.68	28.68	24.91	24.91	2.128	2.128
55–59	25.68	25.68	188.5	188.5	48.30	48.3	23.72	23.72	21.72	21.72	1.862	1.862
60–64	20.11	20.11	135.1	135.1	41.80	41.8	18.07	18.07	18.62	18.62	1.676	1.676
65–69	14.78	14.78	100.0	100	31.57	31.57	13.88	13.88	13.72	13.72	1.227	1.227
70–74	10.43	10.43	78.13	78.13	32.85	32.85	10.66	10.66	10.25	10.25	0.939	0.939
75–79	6.367	6.367	53.71	53.71	24.09	24.09	7.564	7.564	8.223	8.223	0.702	0.702
80–84	3.100	3.1	29.75	29.75	17.89	17.89	4.870	4.87	6.755	6.755	0.564	0.564
85–89	1.036	1.036	12.70	12.7	9.446	9.446	2.460	2.46	4.201	4.201	0.318	0.318
90–94	0.229	0.229	3.882	3.882	2.689	2.689	0.921	0.921	1.714	1.714	0.120	0.12
95–99	0.030	0.03	0.775	0.775	0.795	0.795	0.253	0.253	0.425	0.425	0.031	0.031
100+	0.003	0.003	0.090	0.09	0.089	0.089	0.044	0.044	0.063	0.063	0.004	0.004

Subpixel rendering

For example, consider an RGB Stripe Panel:

RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB             WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW         R = red
RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB     is      WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW         G = green
RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB  perceived  WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW  where  B = blue
RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB     as      WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW         W = white
RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB             WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Shown below is an example of black and white lines at the Nyquist limit, but at a slanting angle, taking advantage of Subpixel rendering to use a different phase each row:

RGB___RGB___RGB___             WWW___WWW___WWW___         R = red
_GBR___GBR___GBR__     is      _WWW___WWW___WWW__         G = green
__BRG___BRG___BRG_  perceived  __WWW___WWW___WWW_  where  B = blue
___RGB___RGB___RGB     as      ___WWW___WWW___WWW         _ = black
____GBR___GBR___GB             ____WWW___WWW___WW         W = white

Shown below is an example of chromatic aliasing when the traditional whole pixel Nyquist limit is exceeded:

RG__GB__BR__RG__GB             YY__CC__MM__YY__CC         R = red    Y = yellow
RG__GB__BR__RG__GB     is      YY__CC__MM__YY__CC         G = green  C = cyan
RG__GB__BR__RG__GB  perceived  YY__CC__MM__YY__CC  where  B = blue   M = magenta
RG__GB__BR__RG__GB     as      YY__CC__MM__YY__CC         _ = black
RG__GB__BR__RG__GB             YY__CC__MM__YY__CC

Circuit de Monaco

Google Maps with rough circuit

Article translation

• Federation of Malaya
• MSC Malaysia
• Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridge collapse

References

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