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A Pathography or pathography (from Greek pathos πάθος 'sick' and γράφειν graphein, write ', literally, drawing of a morbid') is a term used in literature and psychiatry and describes a biographical description with the focus on themedical history . Primarily, the term is associated with mental illness used.
The pathography is a branch of palaeopathology who is interested, as she, medical study of ancient human remains, but in the rare case of subjects where one has some knowledge or a biographical portrait.
It often involves celebrities and helps to disentangle fact from fiction in the chronicles, anecdotes and historical legends.
Research in this area by Philippe Charlier and his team as well elucidated the causes of death 'of Agnes Sorel , mistress of the King of France Charles VII ; determine the real nature of the alleged relics of Joan of Arc ; to identify the remains of Louis XI and his second wife Charlotte of Savoy in a study led by Patrice Georges ; to uncover the remains of Diane de Poitiers in Anet ; identify a mummified like 'head of Henri IV , controversial authentication .
International symposia are organized pathography since 2005, first in Loches (2005, 2007), in 2009 to Bourges , in 2012 Saint-Jean-de-Cole and Bergues 2013 . The proceedings of these events are published in scientific publisher De Boccard in Paris .
Patografiya - study of the life and work of the person, written from the point of view of the development of her mind, taking into account normal and pathological characteristics of the individual, as well as on the basis of the relationship of its creativity and mental disorders (including variations related to the intimate aspects of life). Authors patografy almost always selected as the objects of their research life and work of famous historical figures [1] [2] .
Patografy genre was created by French authors in the first half of the XIX century. One of the first patografy dedicated Socrates , written in 1836 by the French physician Louis-Francois Lelia (1804-1877). The term "patografiya" put into psychiatric usage German physician Paul Julius Möbius (1853-1907), who wrote patografii Goethe , Schopenhauer , Schumann and become a classic of the genre. Genre patografii for several decades after its inception, is widespread in countries where the influence of literature on society has traditionally been high (for example, in Russia and in France). Sometimes patografiyu improperly mixed with psychographics - one used to create patografy methods developed in psychoanalysis . Some authors mistakenly attributes the creation of the first patografii about Leonardo da Vinci founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud [3] .
Currently patografiya has a reputation rather exotic method of psychiatric research is rarely used as the primary approach in special works, despite the rich tradition of this genre in Russia and the regular publication patografy in other countries.
Definitions
editAlthough history patograficheskih research over a hundred years, many reference books and encyclopedias editions (Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Great Medical Encyclopedia, etc.), the term "patografiya" absent [4] .
Russian psychiatrist AV Shuvalov published in 2006 article analyzed patograficheskih definitions for the last hundred years, noting the change in the goals and objectives patograficheskih studies over time. He lists the following definitions patografii [4] :
"Biography of psychopathology" (Jaspers, 1913); "This biography, compiled from the perspective of pathology and illuminating not only the history of a person's life, but also creativity», (Birnbaum, 1920); "This kind of biography, in which the physical constitution, somatic and mental diseases, family history, signs of degeneration, hysterical and epileptic condition susceptibility to alcoholism and other pathologic features disclosed in their importance for the actors work», (Stern, 1921); "Biography (almost mostly prominent people), made from the standpoint of character and psychopathological data and illuminating story of the life and development of the individual creativity" (Frumkin, 1939); "Analysis of literary works in order to assess the personality of the author (the patient)" (Andrei, 1965); "A special form of biography. Biography taking (psycho) pathological phenomena », (Haring, Leickert, 1968); "The study of creativity of writers, poets, artists and thinkers to assess the personality of the author as a mental patient" (Bleicher, Crook, 1995); "Area of clinical psychotherapy treatment process investigates extraordinary creativity, ie studying therapeutic creative talent, creativity, according to mental and spiritual characteristics of the creator" (M. E. Burney, 2000); "Patografiey should consider any discretion, a description and analysis of psychopathological phenomena and patopsihologicheskih outside proper psychiatric and psychotherapeutic activities" (AI Sosland, 1999). "Not a" diagnosis "of certain representatives of Russian culture in terms of their physical and mental health, but the amount of certain, mainly literary, contexts, demonstrating the relationship of social ideas about medicine, on the one hand, and on diseases and death - on the other" ( K. Bogdanov, 2005).
AV Shuvalov pointed out that although the first patograficheskie studies were conducted by psychiatrists, later joined by psychoanalysts, psychotherapists, and in recent years - philologists. Therefore, the original narrow definition given patografii psychiatrists over time efforts from other disciplines has been greatly expanded.
The history of the genre
editPatografii genre originated in the first half of the XIX century in France. French physician Louis-Francois Lelia (1804-1877) in 1836 wrote a book about Socrates , declaring it a hallucination "genius" or "demon" in the conversation with which Socrates came wise thoughts. In 1846 he published a book about Lelia Blaise Pascal allegedly also experience hallucinations. In the future, similar biographical descriptions of famous people were published many psychiatrists in different countries. Patografii name as a separate genre gave German psychiatrist Paul Julius Möbius (1853-1907), who wrote about Goethe, Schopenhauer, Schumann. The most widespread new genre received in countries where literature played a special role in society, for example, in Russia and in France. Patografy authors used for their own purposes the public interest in the personality of famous people. In the late XIX - early XX centuries. France came papers on real or imaginary diseases Alfred de Musset , Edgar Allan Poe , Joris Karl Huysmans , Gustave Flaubert , Francois Rene de Chateaubriand . Russian psychiatrists also began to describe the alleged disease most influential domestic writers - Dostoevsky , Gogol , Garshina . Patografy claimed the sensational nature of his research, saying that a full analysis of creativity is impossible without a psychiatric assessment of deceased greats.
In the 1920s, the Russian authors have used patografy changing political situation in the country and become more active. During this period were published patografii even those people who were previously considered a role model, for example, Jesus Christ and A. Pushkin . In the same period, the Russian psychiatrist G. Segalin V. (1878-1960) began to publish in the Urals a magazine devoted patografiyam " Clinical Archives genius and talent (evropatologii) . "Segalin put himself in absentia diagnosis of "affective epilepsy" L. Tolstoy . Other authors published in "Clinical Archives genius and talent (evropatologii)" work on "Psychopathology" Leonid Andreyev , Alexander Blok , Sergei Yesenin, Maxim Gorky , Mikhail Lermontov , Alexander Scriabin and many other famous people. Since 1930 patografy publications in the USSR ceased, and "Clinical Archives genius and talent (evropatologii)" after four years of existence, was closed in 1930. One of the founders of the Soviet system, neuro-psychiatric clinics P. Zinoviev (1882-1965), having previously been an enthusiast patograficheskogo genre, in an article for the Great Medical Encyclopedia wrote that psychiatrists can not give the social evaluation of greats. A similar position was taken by the leader of Moscow psychiatrists P. B. Gannushkin (1875-1933).
In the West patografii out throughout the XX century. In a time of increased nationalism in Europe, the theme of "genius and disease," covered under the influence of universal critical attitude toward eugenics and the theory of Italian psychiatrist Cesare Lombroso the sick genius.
At the end of XX century due to political reforms in Russia patografy genre began to revive. After perestroika were reprinted some old patografii and written new ones. Patografiya again began to acquire respectability as a genre or as a kind of "medical humanities" research [3] .
Criticism
editPatografiya a controversial genre, which also enjoys a prominent and popular criticized. The main idea, which is based on the concept of the genre, is that the disease is a source of creativity. This idea in the scientific environment is compromised, however, remains attractive. In sociological theories of social control patografiya seen as a tool of medical stigma [3] .
The main complaint against patografy reviewers expressed that they exaggerate the importance of mental instability for creativity, trying to find all the symptoms of psychopathology. Another line of criticism is to specify the opponents to the inadmissibility of outstanding people explain life on the basis of the same laws as the life of ordinary people. Such claims are characteristic of humanities underestimate the biological and psychological factors [1] .
In the first half of the XX century patografii criticized for unethical, which is manifested in bringing them such characteristics that are not allowed in publications about living people. So, about AS Pushkin in one of patografy says that he suffered excessive development of the gonads. In another patografii devoted M. Vrubel , its closest relatives are called "freaks" and "alcoholics". Patografy themselves in response to such allegations stated that moral judgments are irrelevant with regard to their ongoing research and objective analysis. Another argument is to indicate to the inadmissibility of medical diagnosis base on literary works by reductionist creative transformation of text into a product of the disease. Stubborn adherence to medical or psychoanalytic point of view of authors patografy in some cases leads to anecdotal lapses. So, literary critic Simon Kagarlinsky argued homosexuality Gogol reference to the episode in which this writer, who stayed at the Winter Palace in B. Zhukovsky noticed over the suit dressed in women's Dushegreya and hood. I. Sirotkin indicated that much easier to explain this act Gogol cold in the halls of the palace in the winter, which forced the writer to put on all the information at hand clothes [3] .
Although patografy and participate in the stigma, they rarely initiate it. Usually psychiatrists join public opinion and self-description of prominent people. Motivation patografy authors can be very diverse: the exposure of celebrities, shocking, expression of sympathy to a famous person, as well as to increase the prestige of medical, psychological or psychoanalytic project, which involved a particular author patografii [3] .