The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (December 2010) |
Urban seismic risk is the risk of earthquakes damaging or destroying people and things in towns and cities.[1] Even if a big earthquake is likely urban seismic risk can be minimized with good earthquake construction, and seismic analysis. One of the best ways to deal with the issue is through an earthquake scenario analysis. Earthquake engineering can reduce the risk.
International projects
editThe IDNDR secretariat launched the RADIUS (risk assessment tools for diagnosis of urban areas against seismic disasters) initiative in 1996 to promote worldwide activities for the reduction of urban seismic risk, which experienced rapid growth particularly in developing countries, by helping to raise public awareness.[2]
Urban risk and planning
editOne of the disaster risk reduction themes set forth by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction project PreventionWeb, is urban risk and planning. This theme refers to the measurement and management of urban hazards and vulnerability in order to improve awareness and local capacity to effectively reduce disaster risk.[3]
Istanbul
editIn earthquake-prone areas, all buildings built to 20th century standards may be dangerous,[4] but shortly after the 1999 İzmit earthquake, which killed over 17 thousand people, a new seismic code was brought into force to protect against earthquakes in Turkey.[5][6] Also following that earthquake a so-called earthquake tax was raised during the government of Bülent Ecevit.[7] Initially thought as a temporary tax, it became permanent.[5] In 2007 the seismic code was strengthened.[8][9] However, it is alleged that builders often ignored the rules due to corruption.[10] After the 2011 Van earthquakes Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said: "Municipalities, constructors and supervisors should now see that their negligence amounts to murder."[11] In 2018, a zoning law gave amnesties to some unlicensed buildings and some with unlicensed floors.[11]
Further resilience over the 2007 code was mandated in the 2018 Turkish Seismic Code, which took effect on 1 January 2019.[8][12] Improvements included design supervision and site specific hazard definitions,[13] and for new buildings in vulnerable regions required rebar in high quality concrete.[14] Beams and columns in those buildings must be in the right place to properly absorb shaking.[14] The code is said by foreign experts to be very modern and similar to US codes.[15] However, these 21st century building codes were not very well enforced.[4]
In a bid to shore up support going into the 2018 Turkish presidential election, the government offered amnesties for violations of the building code, allowing non-compliance to continue with the payment of a fee.[16] This poor enforcement of seismic codes was a contributing factor to the devastation of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes in which over 42,000 people died in Turkey.[6] There were high incidences of support column failure leading to pancake collapses, which complicated rescue efforts. Experts lamented the practice would turn cities into graveyards.[17] The 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes collapsed many older buildings and some recent ones:[18] the Environment and Urbanization Ministry is assessing the damage.[19]
Unreinforced masonry buildings are vulnerable.[20] Many older buildings in Istanbul are vulnerable to pancake collapses.[21] Retrofitting old buildings is possible but expensive.[21] Although over 3 million housing units nationwide were strengthened in the 2 decades before 2023, as of that year many apartment blocks do not meet 21st century standards.[18] Building with wood has been suggested.[22]Toronto
edit
Cities are a mixture of old and new construction as in this picture. Note the old brick building mixed in with the new highrises, and the famous Toronto CN Tower. Similar to methodologies used in nuclear reactors,[23] a seismic walkdown of the city is the best way to identify vulnerabilities and possible places for improvement.
Toronto is located on the shores of Lake Ontario, the site of much microseismicity.[24] Toronto was struck by a 5.0 magnitude earthquake on June 23, 2010,[25] and a 5.1 magnitude earthquake on May 17, 2013.[26]
There are many places where the risk of seismic damage to older buildings is quite high. Old brick buildings on poor soils are highly vulnerable to earthquake damage, particularly when the mortar holding the bricks together has decayed. Problems increase if there is the possibility for soil or soil liquefaction.[citation needed]
Even in buildings which are capable of withstanding an earthquake without structural failure there may be risk to people due to interior hazards. Items such as suspended ceilings and light fixtures have almost no seismic ruggedness. Warehouse stores where heavy merchandise is stacked are a particular hazard.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ "EFEHR | What is earthquake risk?". efehr.org. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
- ^ "RADIUS: risk assessment tools for diagnosis of urban areas against seismic disasters". International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). 20 June 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ "Urban Risk & Planning". PreventionWeb. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ a b "In Turkey and Syria, outdated building methods all but assured disaster from a quake". NPR.
- ^ a b Baysan, Lauren Said-Moorhouse,Isil Sariyuce,Zeena Saifi,Reyhan (2023-02-08). "Emotions run high in Turkey amid questions over state response to deadly quake". CNN. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Turkey's earthquakes show the deadly extent of construction scams". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- ^ "Turkey quakes to cost nation $6.2 billion - Minister - Türkiye | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 24 November 1999. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
- ^ a b "Turkey: New building code for earthquake resilience". www.preventionweb.net. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
- ^ "2007 Turkish Earthquake Code" (PDF).
- ^ "What made the earthquake in Turkey and Syria so deadly?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
- ^ a b Beaumont, Peter (2023-02-07). "Turkey earthquake death toll prompts questions over building standards". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
- ^ "International-Workshop-on-Advanced-Materials-and-Innovative-Systems-in-Structural-Engineering-Seismic-Practices-New-Improvements-in-the-2018-Turkish-Seismic-Code".
- ^ Sucuoğlu, Haluk. "New Improvements in the 2019 Building Earthquake Code of Turkey".
- ^ a b "Turkey earthquake: Anger at building standards grows". BBC News. 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
- ^ Pettersson, Lauren Said-Moorhouse,Christian Edwards,Krystina Shveda,Henrik (2023-02-07). "The earthquake in Turkey is one of the deadliest this century. Here's why". CNN. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Turkey's lax policing of building codes known before quake". AP NEWS. 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
- ^ "Turkey earthquake failures leave Erdogan looking vulnerable". BBC News. 2023-02-11. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
- ^ a b "The earthquakes in Turkey and Syria have shaken both countries". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ "Turkey earthquake: Anger at building standards grows". BBC News. 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
- ^ "Practices of Brick Masonry Construction in Turkey and their Seismic Behaviors during Earthquakes".
- ^ a b "Earthquake in Turkey a warning for Istanbul, which faces much larger death toll if quake strikes".
- ^ "Hollanda'ya depreme dayanıklı konut yapmayı öğreten Türkiye neden bu kadar fazla yıkım yaşıyor?". BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- ^ Murray, R. C.; Kimball, J. K.; Guzy, D. J.; Hill, J. R. (7 December 1994). "Use of experience data for seismic evaluations at Department of Energy facilities" (PDF).
- ^ "The Southern Ontario Seismic Network". Archived from the original on 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2003-05-21.
- ^ Aulakh, Raveena (June 23, 2010). "Tremors felt in Toronto". Toronto Star.
- ^ "Canada Earthquake 2013". Associated Press. May 17, 2013.