Wikipedia

Udea and Her Seven Brothers

"Udea and her Seven Brothers" is a Northern African (Libyan) fairy tale collected by Hans Stumme in Märchen und Gedichte aus der Stadt Tripolis. Scottish novelist Andrew Lang included it in The Grey Fairy Book.[1]

Udea and her Seven Brothers
The slave Barka forces Udea to walk on foot, while his wife rides the camel. Illustration by Henry Justice Ford (1905).
Folk tale
NameUdea and her Seven Brothers
Aarne–Thompson grouping
  • AaTh 451A, "The Sister Seeking her Nine Brothers" (first part)
  • ATU 451, "The Maiden Who Seeks her Brothers" (first part)
  • ATU 709A, "The Sister of Nine Brothers" (second part)
CountryLibya
RegionNorth Africa
Published inThe Grey Fairy Book by Andrew Lang (1905)
Related

The tale is classified, in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index, as type ATU 451, "The Maiden Who Seeks her Brothers" (formerly as tale type AaTh 451A, "The Sister Seeking her Nine Brothers"), and ATU 709A, "The Sister of Nine Brothers". Variants of the first tale type exist in both Europe (Baltic countries and surrounding areas) and North Africa (among the Berbers), although the antagonist differs per region: in Europe, the heroine is substituted by a magic being, while in North Africa the heroine and a black woman change races.

Translations

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The original name, as published by Stumme, is Ḫurrâft udḝxä, mtẵllfet essbḝxä.[2] Stumme translated it as Die Geschichte von Udêa, die ihren sieben Brüder in die Fremde wandern liess ("The Story of Udea, who exiled her Brothers into the Wilderness").[3] It can otherwise be known as Udea und ihre sieben Brüder.

Synopsis

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A man and wife had seven sons. One day, the sons set out hunting and told their aunt that if their mother had a daughter, to wave a white handkerchief, and they would return at once; but if a son, a sickle, and they would keep on. It was a daughter, but the aunt wished to be rid of the boys, so she waved a sickle. The daughter, Udea, grew up not knowing about her brothers. One day, an older child taunted her for driving her brothers away, who were forever roaming the world; she questioned her mother and set out to find them. Her mother gave her a camel, some food, a cowrie shell about the camel's neck as a charm, an African, Barka, and his wife to take care of her. On the second day, Barka told Udea to get off the camel so that his wife could ride in her place. The mother was close by and told Barka to leave Udea alone. On the third day, Barka again told Udea to let his wife ride the camel in her place, but the mother was now too far away to hear and command Barka. Udea called out for her mother to no avail and Barka threw the girl to the ground. The wife climbed onto the camel and Udea walked on the ground, her bare feet cut up because of the stones on her path.

One day, they passed a caravan, where they were told of the castle where the brothers lived. Barka let Udea ride the camel to the castle, but smeared her with pitch, so that her brothers would not recognize her. However, they accepted her without question. Her tears of joy left white marks on her face. One alarmed brother took a cloth and rubbed the mark until the pitch was gone. The brother asked her who had painted her skin black, to which she would not answer, in fear of Barka's anger. She finally relented, describing the treatment she received during her travels. The seven brothers were outraged and beheaded both Barka and his wife.

The brothers went hunting for seven days, instructing Udea to lock herself in the castle with only the cat who grew up in the house. She would follow the cat's advice in all matters and eat nothing that the cat did not eat. They returned, and found her well. The brothers then told her of the castle elves and pigeons, who could be called to fetch the brothers in case Udea was in any danger. The pigeons had seven days' worth of food and water left by the brothers during each hunting trip; Udea asked why they did not have her feed the pigeons daily, because the food they had laid out was old after seven days. They agreed and told her any kindness towards the pigeons would be considered a kindness towards themselves.

On the brothers' third hunting trip, Udea was cleaning the castle and, forgetting her instructions for a moment, found a bean and ate it. The cat demanded half. Udea said she could not, because she had already eaten it, and offered one hundred other beans. The cat only wanted the bean that Udea had eaten. To punish the girl, the cat put out the fire in the kitchen. With no way of cooking, Udea climbed up the castle, saw a fire in the distance and left to find its source. She asked for a lump of burning coal from the elderly man tending the fire, but he was in fact a "man-eater" (cannibal) and demanded a strip of blood from her ear to her thumb in return. She bled all the way home, and did not notice the raven that had followed her back until she came upon the castle door. Startled, she cursed the raven, hoping to startle it as well. It asked why she would wish harm to one that had done her a favor. It flew off, along with the dirt it had used to cover her trail of blood. The man-eater followed this path to the castle and broke six doors in six nights, intending to attack and eat Udea. On the last day, with only one door in place, she sent a letter to her brothers with the help of the castle pigeons. The brothers immediately came home and trapped the man-eater in a burning pit.

As the man-eater burned, only one of his fingernails was left behind. It was blown towards and stabbed Udea under her own fingernail. She collapsed, lifeless. Her brothers put her on a bier and the bier on a camel, and set it off to their mother. They ordered the camel to avoid capture and stop only when someone said, "string." During the journey, three men chased after the camel, but only when one said that his sandal string was broken did it stop. The man took Udea's hand and attempted to pull off her ring. This motion freed the man-eater's fingernail from her hand, and she woke up full of life. The camel returned her to her joyful brothers, and all the siblings set out to see their parents once again.

On the fourth day of their reunion, the eldest brother told their parents of their aunt's treachery and the adventures they had encountered.

Analysis

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Tale type

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American folklorist D. L. Ashliman classified the tale in the Aarne-Thompson Index as type AaTh 451, "The Maiden Who Seeks Her Brothers"[4] - thus, "distantly related" to the European tales The Twelve Brothers, The Six Swans and The Seven Ravens.[5] However, folklorist Hasan M. El-Shamy indexes it under a more precise type, AaTh 451A, "The Sister Seeking her Nine Brothers".[6][a] The tale type is also one of many types listed in the international index that deal with a brother-sister relationship.[8]

As for the second part of the story, the narrative sequence (sister as brothers' housekeeper; fetching fire from ogre; sister dying and brothers carrying her body) is classified in the revised edition of the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index (post-2004) as type ATU 709A, "The Sister of Nine Brothers".[9] This subtype is, thus, related to type ATU 709, "Snow White".[10]

Motifs

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In type AaTh 451A, the sister is replaced by the false sister by changing races with the antagonist, a motif classified in the Motif-Index of Folk-Literature as D30, "Transformation to person of different race".[11]

According to professor John R. Maier, the name of the heroine (Udea, Wudei'a and other spellings) is a linguistic pun related to the destiny of her brothers: her name is related to the word wada'a "sends away", which is what happens to the heroine's brothers as soon as she is born.[12]

Variants

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Europe

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Variants of tale type AaTh 451A, "The Sister Seeking her Nine Brothers", also exist in European tradition, with a very similar narrative: the sister wants to visit her brothers, but a fairy or other creature steals her garments and passes herself off as the sister. The real one is forced to graze the horses and laments her story in the form of a song. The brothers listen to it and punish the false sister.[13]

Lithuanian folklorist Bronislava Kerbelyte [lt], in Enzyklopädie des Märchens, locates type AaTh 451A as an oikotype that appears "mainly" in the Baltic region.[14] Estonian folklorist Kristi Salve [et] argues that, despite some variants being found among the Mordvins, the Maris and the Russians, the tale type is predominantly found among the Baltic-Finnic and Baltic peoples.[15] Others restrict the narrative to Karelia and surrounding regions in Finland and Russia.[16]

Finland

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In regards to similar Finnish tales, Finnish scholarship groups them in the Finnish Catalogue as type AT 533, "Syöjätär ja yhdeksän veljen sisar", "The Witch (or Ogress) and the Sister of Nine Brothers" or "The False Sister" (in Juha Pentikäinen's work):[17] the heroine is on the way to her brothers' house, but meets a creature who assumes her form and passes herself off as the heroine to the brothers.[18][19][b]

In a Finnish variant translated by Parker Fillmore as The Little Sister: The Story of Suyettar and the Nine Brothers, a couple's nine sons want their mother to give them a little sister, but, if she gives them a little brother, they will leave home for good. They combine a signal for the birth: a spindle for a girl, an ax for a boy. Their mother gives birth to a sister, but a wicked witch named Suyettar (Syöjätär) puts up an ax to trick the youths into leaving home. Years later, the little sister, named Kerttu, learns of the incident and decides to visit her brothers. Her mother gives her a magic cake to show her the way and a talking dog named Musti as companion. Kerttu travels to the forest and meets Suyettar, an ugly old hag. She scolds the girl for disliking the hag's ugly looks and Kerttu decides to let her join them. When the women pass by a fountain or a lake, the witch tries to convince the girl to take a bath, but the little dog warns her against it. Suyettar breaks the dog's legs every time, until she kills it, to cease its interference. At last, Kerttu takes a bath in a pond, and Suyettar sprinkles water in her eyes and changes appearances with the girl: Kerttu looks like an old woman and Suyettar looks like the girl. They reach the brothers' cottage and they welcome the false sister as their own. Meanwhile, Kerttu is made to graze the horses during the day, and is taken her tongue by the witch at night to appear as a mute woman. However, the brothers begin to notice that the old woman sings a sad song with a girl's voice, and think something is amiss. They discover the truth, restore their sister's true looks and burn Suyettar in a sauna.[21]

In another Finnish tale, collected from Ilomantsi and translated by Emmy Schreck as Von dem Mädchen, das ausging ihre Brüder zu suchen ("About the maiden who seeks her brothers"), a couple has nine sons, who leave home because they fear their mother will give birth to another son. So they combine a signal: a spindle if a girl, and an axe if a boy. The mother gives birth to a girl, but a witch (unnamed in the tale) mixes up the objects and accelerate the brothers' departure. Some time later, the little sister, now grown up, wants to visit her brothers. Her mother bakes with the girl's tears a magic loaf of bread that can guide her to her brothers, and she goes on the way with her little dog Piikka. She meets a witch on the road, who tries to convince her to take a bath with her since it is summer, but the little dog warns the girl against it. The witch maims the dog little by little, until she kills it out of mercy, and manages to change places with the girl by a magic spell. The witch, now changed into the sister, meets the brothers, while the true sister, shapeshifted as the witch, is made to graze the horses. One of the brothers notices the witch-herder singing a song about her misfortune and discovers she is their sister. They reverse the transformation and lock up the witch in a bath-house to burn. As she burns, the witch curses the brothers by saying that grasshoppers shall come out of her eyes, crows from her ears, magpies from her hairs and ravens from her toes, to damage and destroy the properties of people.[22] Karelian Finno-Ugricist Viktor Yakovlevich Evseev [ru] translated the tale to Russian as "Сестра девяти братьев" ("Sister of Nine Brothers"), and sourced it as a Karelian tale.[23]

Lithuania

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In an earlier work, German professor Karl Plenzat [de] identified a tale type, not indexed in the international Aarne-Thompson Index at the time, which he titled Die Laume als Schwester ("Lauma as Sister") and noted to be connected to type 451. In Plenzat's type, the enchanted Laume replaces the sister and tricks the girl's brothers.[24]

Lithuanian folklorist Jonas Balys [lt], in his analysis of Lithuanian folktales (published in 1936), listed 20 variants of type *452 (a type not indexed in the international classification, at the time), under the banner Sesuo, ieško savo devynių brolių ("The Sister Seeking her Nine Brothers"). In these tales, the heroine is replaced by a fairy woman when she goes to bathe.[25] In a later revision of the catalogue, professor Bronislava Kerbelytė renames it as type AT 451A, Sesuo, ieškanti devynių brolių ("Sister Seeking Nine Brothers"), with 79 variants registered.[26]

Linguist August Schleicher collected a Lithuanian tale he translated into German as Von den neun Brüdern ("About the Nine Brothers"). In this tale, nine brothers are soldiers and leave home. The oldest gives a ring to their sister, who is very young at this time. Years later, the girl discovers the ring and asks her mother about it, then decides to visit her elder brothers. She rides a carriage driven by a colt. On the path, she meets a hare who she welcomes up her carriage. The duo pass by a sea where the Laumes are taking a bath, and they invite the girl, called Onutte, to join them, for there flows a river of milk and a river of red wine. However, the hare warns Onutte against it, for the river actually flow tears and blood. A Laume comes out of the water and takes the hare's hind leg. Onutte and the hare pass by another group of Laumes who invite her to join them in their bath, and again the hare forbids her. For this, another Laume rushes to the carriage and takes the hare, leaving Onutte unprotected. At another point of the journey, a third Laume invites Onutte to take a bath with her, and she places her clothes on the shore. Laume plays a trick on Onutte: she transforms herself into a flea and Onutte into a louse, and whoever reaches the shore first wears Onutte's clothes. Laume reaches the shore first, puts on Onutte's clothes and the girl has to wears the other's slimy skin, with the ring their brothers gave her. They reach the brothers' house, where the Laume is greeted as their sister, and she tricks the siblings that their true sister is a Laume she allowed to ride with her. The siblings make the true sister graze their horses, and the girl sings a lament to her brother's eldest horse. The horse replies to her in song that it cannot eat, since Laume is there with her brothers, while the real one is staying with the horses. The elder brother listens to the verses and asks the girl to delouse him. While she does it, the youth recognizes the ring on her hand - the same ring they once gave their sister. The girl reveals everything to her brother, who takes her home and has her take a bath and put on new clothes. As for the false sister, the brothers decide to punish her and station a horse near the door and call out for Laume to come. The Laume complains that the horse is in the way, and the brothers tell her to beat it with her hand to shoo it away. On doing so, the Laume's hand sticks to the horse's body, for it is covered in tar. The brothers insist Laume can still shoo the animal away by using her other members, and thus the Laume's other hand and feet are glued to the horse. The brothers then whip the horse and tell it it can wash itself in the river.[27][28]

German professor Carl Cappeller [sv], in his book of Lithuanian folktales, translated to German a tale involving the Laume. In this tale, a couple have nine sons and a daughter. When their father dies, the brothers inherit his horse and the girl a mare that is the horse's mother. Some time later, the brothers go to war, while the girl stays at home. After waiting for their return, she realizes they are not coming back and decides to look for them with the mare's help. In the forest, the girl rescues a little hare from a hunter and the animal joins her. Some time later, the girl meets a Laume en route who forces her way as another of the girl's companion. Walking on the path to her brothers' house, the Laume tries to convince the girl to take a bath in a river, but the little hare warns her against it, since one river contains blood and the other flood milk. Enraged, the Laume breaks the hare's paw for ruining her plans. After a second time, the hare warns against, and the Laume breaks its other paw; after a third time, the Laume breaks the hare's hind legs and its neck, to silence it forevermore. After another while, the Laume convinces the girl, called Lenyte (Helene, in Plenzat's translation), to take a bath with her in the rivers. Both do so, and the Laume rushes to Elenyte's clothes to put them on. She rides Lenyte's horse to her brothers' hut and passes herself off as their sisters, and introduces Elenyte as her maidservant, who is made to graze the horses. Lenyte sings a lament to the full moon, wondering how her parents fare. The Laume, pretending to be the sister, sings the moon's verses, which the elder brother hears. The eldest brings the brothers to hear the verses the following night, but the girl does not sing. Soon, the younger brother goes to check on their servant, and Lenyte sings her mournful verses again, causing her younger brother to shed tears. He goes to check on the girl and recognizes their mother's ring on her finger, which confirms she is their daughter, and not Laume. The next day, the brothers accost Laume and ask her to climb on a horse, which they set loose, and command it to take the Laume to a place with no wind, no sun, no skies, nor birds. The Laume is thus punished and the brothers restore their true sister.[29]

Latvia

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A similar story is found in Latvia, also classified as type AaTh 451A, Māsu pazīst pēc dziesmas ("The Sister is recognized by her song"): the heroine goes to visit her nine brothers accompanied by her pet (a puppy or a rabbit). The little animal tries to warn her of the witch, but the villainess kills the animal and assumes her appearance with a spell. The true heroine is made to graze horses. She sings a song during her chores and is recognized by her brother.[30]

Estonia

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In the Estonian Folktale Catalogue, the type is known as Ee 451A, Üheksa velje sõsar ("The Sister of Nine Brothers"), withdrawn from the international index. In this type, after the girl is born, a devil mixes the signal to confuse the brothers and accelerate their departure. Years later, when their sister is on her way to her brothers, the devil's daughter replaces her with a magical disguise and forces the sister as her brothers' cowherd. When the girl sings her misfortune, the deception is revealed.[31] In this vein, Estonian scholars indicate that the Estonian type is especially collected in Setomaa.[32][33]

In a Lutsi Estonian tale collected by linguist Paulopriit Voolaine [et] titled Üheksa venna õde ("Sister of Nine Brothers"), a couple has nine sons. One day, the siblings tell their parents to hang an axe over the door if a brother is born to them, and a woolen thread if a girl is born. Their mother gives birth to a girl and hangs a woolen thread, but the "Old One" ("Vanakur", in the original), trades it for an axe and causes the brothers' departure. Years later, when the girl is old enough, she decides to look for her elder brothers and leaves home with nine sets of garments in a bag, a little dog for companion, and some bread rolls. She casts the bread and, singing a verse, asks the bread to point the direction to her brothers. En route, the girl meets the Old One's daughter, who forces her way and accompanies the girl. The Old One's daughter also throws a roll of horse dung and orders it to roll. When they stop at the brothers' house, the Old One's daughter asks the girl to spit at her. She does and they turn into each other. The Old One's daughter passes herself as the brothers' sister and lies that she brought a shepherdess for them (the true sister). The true sister is made to graze the pigs, and asks one of the siblings to make a clothes hanger for her. It happens thus. Later, the true sister sings "Rikkõ-rakkõ", and summons the little dog with the bag, which releases the sets of clothes for her brothers. One of the brothers witnesses the event and asks the girl about it. The true sister reveals everything, and the male siblings force the Old One's daughter to reverse their transformation by spitting again, then kill the villainess. The true sister then calls for her dog again and gives her brothers the clothes she brought with her.[34][35]

Karelia

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Karelian scholarship suggests that the tale has ancient origins and is "reflective" of tribal customs.[36]

In a Karelian tale translated to Russian as "Сестра и девять братьев" ("Sister and Nine Brothers"), an old couple has nine sons. Anticipating his death, the father distributes his wealth among them, including his animals (horse, hound, a cow, a ram and a ewe), some ploughing tools, a boat and a net, an ax and a sleigh. Some time later, their mother announces she is pregnant with a tenth child, and the siblings realize that, if a son is born to their mother, he will inherit the house. Thus, it is decided that shall leave if another boy is born to their parents, and they arrange for a signal: a spindle if a girl is born; a scythe if a boy. They leave home to hunt in the woods, and combine with their mother to signal them. A girl is born and a spindle is placed atop their house, but the witch Suoyatar exchanges the spindle for a scythe, and tricks the boys into leaving home. Years later, the daughter grows into a beautiful girl, and finds her mother one day crying over nine masculine shirts. The girl questions her mother's action and learns of her elder brothers. She then promises to journey and find them to deliver them their shirts, and is joined by their little dog. Girl and dog depart and meet Suoyatar on the road, who joins them. Each time they pass by a stream, the witch tries to goad the girl into taking a bath with her, but the girl's dog warns her against it; the witch throws a pebble at the dog, which hurts its legs the first and second times, and kills the little animal on the third time. After they pass by a fourth lake, now that the dog is dead, the girl goes to take a bath with Suoyatar; the witch comes out of the water before the girl and dons her clothes, then sticks a needle on the girl to silence her. The witch takes the girl with her to the brothers' hut in the forest, takes out their mother's shirts and places each on each son's bedhead. When the siblings awake the next morning, they recognize the shirts as their mother's sewing, and find Suojatar in the middle of the room, who passes herself off as their sister. As for the real one, the witch convinces the siblings she is a lame girl who accompanied her all the way, and says she can herd their pigs. The next morning, Suoyatar takes out the needle on the girl, so she can herd the pigs for them. When she is herding the pigs in the forest, she sights a flock of geese flying overhead and sings a sad song to them, lamenting that her brothers have welcomed an imposter in their midst. Suoyatar pins the needle on the girl again, who cannot stop crying. The youngest brother takes pity on the stranger, and decides to spy on her the next time she is herding the pigs. The girl sings the same sad song mentioning her mother Marya, father Ivan and brothers, which makes the youngest brother recognize she is their true sister, and not the one at home. The brothers surround Suojatar, put the garments on the witch and let her flee for her life into the forest. The siblings restore their sister and return home to their parents.[37]

In an untitled Karelian tale given the Russian title "Девять братьев и сестра" ("Nine Brothers and Sister"), a couple have nine sons. One day, the siblings ask their parents to place a spinning wheel on the door to signal the birth of a girl, or a pickaxe for a boy. A girl is born to their mother and she places a spinnig wheel, but the witch Syöttäri trades it for a pickaxe, causing the sons to leave home. Years later, the girl asks her mother about her brothers, and decides to look for them. She is accompanied by her little dog. Syöttäri meets with the girl en route and insists to be taken with her. On the road, the duo pass by some streams and Syöttäri tries to convince the girl to take a bath, but the little dog warns her against it. Each time, Syöttäri first breaks the dog's legs, then takes out one of its eyes, and finally buries it in the marsh to isolate the girl. Soon after, after the dog's death, Syöttäri forces the girl to take a bath with her in the stream. Syöttäri comes out of the water first and puts on the girl's clothes. The girl asks for the clothes back, and the witch promises to return them when they reach the brothers' house. After they reach the brothers' house, the witch introduces herself as their sister, while lying that the girl is just an unknown who tagged along, so they should let her graze their cows. The true sister, while taking the cows to graze, sings a lament to the flocks of birds flying overhead, mentioning her father and mother and how the witch Syöttäri replaced her. A brother listens to her mournful song and informs his siblings, who do pay much heed to it. The next day, the brother listens to the girl's song again, which confirms his suspicions, and on the third day, the nine brothers go to listen to her song. After she sings, the siblings approach her and ask her about her identity, which she confirms to be their true sister. The siblings then set up a trap for Syöttäri in their bath house: they tell her they prepared a bath for her and she goes to take it, when a bucket of resin falls on her body and roasts her alive. The ten siblings then live together.[38]

Russia

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Scholar Andreas Johns locates one Russian version of type 451A, collected in Ryazan by Russian folklorists Gilianova and Frumkin. In this variant, the sister is replaced by Baba Yaga (called Yaga-Baba, in the story). As with the other variants, the heroine sings her lament, which reveals the deception.[39]

In a North Russian tale collected by ethnographer Nikolay E. Onchukov [ru] with the title "Настасья прекрасная и Егибиха" ("Beautiful Nastasya and Egibikha"), an old couple has three sons and a daughter named Beautiful Nastasya. After the three brothers depart to Saint Petersburg, they send a letter to their parents and invite their sister Nastasya to come visit them. She goes there joined by her dog and a maidservant named Egibikha. En route, they pass by small lakes; Egibikha tries to convince the girl to join her for a bath, but the dog warns Nastasya against it. Egibikha, in retaliation, breaks the dog's legs each time, until she kills the dog after the fifth time. Past a sixth small lake, Egibikha convinces Nastasya to take a bath with her; Egibikha comes out of the water first and puts on Nastasya's clothes, while Nastasya puts on the others. They reach Nastasya's brothers' house and Egibikha passes herself off as their sister, while Nastasya is given scraps. When they return home to her parents, the old couple cannot recognize Nastasya and order to graze their cows. Nastasya, sitting on a stone, asks the Sun what is her mother doing, and the Sun answers her mother is baking pancakes with bitter tears. One of Nastasya's brothers overhears her lament and goes to tell their parents the girl at the house is not their daughter, but the one grazing the cows. Thus, Egibikha is shot at the gate as her punishment.[40]

Mari people

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Scholar S. S. Sabitov located a similar narrative in the "Catalogue of Tales of Magic from the Mari people", indexed as type 533, "Подмененная сестра" ("Changed Sister"): a girl goes to meet her brothers (seven or three), but is replaced by the devil's daughter ('iya üdyr') when they trade clothes; the ruse is eventually discovered.[41]

At least two tales from the Cheremis (Mari people), collected by Arvid Genetz, contain the sister seeking her brothers, a witch or usurper taking her place, and the heroine's brothers discovering the ruse and punishing the false heroine.[42]

In one of the tales collected by Genetz, translated into Hungarian as A Víziszellem lánya ("The Daughter of the Water Spirit"), a couple has three sons and a daughter. Some time passes, and the three sons cross the Os Vics ("White Water", Mari designation for the Belaya River). Their sister tells her mother she wants to visit her brothers, and departs with a silver horse and a little dog. When the comes near the margin of the Belaya River, the daughter of the Water Spirit appears and invites the girl to bathe with her in the river. The girl dismisses her request, then the daughter of the Water Spirit threatens to devour her. The girl complies, takes off her clothes and enters the river. Soon, the daughter of the Water Spirit steals the girl's clothes and forces her to wear her garments. The duo meets the three brothers, the daughter of the Water Spirit passes herself off as their sister, while the true sister is made to herd the horses. One day, the brothers notice that their horses look emaciated, and decide to investigate. One of the brothers discovers that the girl is their true sister, by a song she sings, and she reveals the truth. They get the false sister and tie her on horses as punishment. She curses them, saying that parts of her body shall be transformed into other things: her head into a hill, her ears into a shell, her stomach into a flour vat, her feet into a hoe.[43] Another version of the tale was published with the title Hogyan keletkeztek a dombok és a völgyek? ("How did mountains and hills originate?"), with an etiological bent: when the daughter of the Water Spirit is punished in this tale, she curses her body parts to become hills, mountains and valleys.[44]

Chuvash people

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Hungarian scholarship located a variant from the Chuvash people, collected in 1940 and published with the title Pige és Hirhim ("Pige and Hirhim"). In this tale, the seven elder sons of an old couple decide to leave home, but tell their parents to leave a sign announcing the birth of their little sibling. Time passes, and a girl named Hirhim is born to them. One day, she learns about her seven older brothers and decides to visit them. She is accompanied by a rooster, a little dog and a little hen. On the way there, she meets another girl named Pige, who decides to join the retinue. They pass by seven seas, Hirhim chanting a song to open up each sea as they make the crossing. Before each sea, Pige tries to wear Hirhim's clothes, but she is stopped by the little animals. Pige succeeds before the seventh sea, takes Hirhim's place and passes herself as the sister. Pige, disguised as their sister, is welcomed by the brothers and Hirhim is made to feed the horses. The brothers notice that the servant girl is singing a lament and realize she is the real Hirhim.[45]

Mordvin people

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In a tale from the Mordvin people translated into Hungarian as Vardinye, a couple has two sons. One day, the mother is pregnant, and the sons ask her to announce the birth of their new sibling: if a girl, hang a spool and a carding comb; if a boy, a plow and a harrow. A girl is born and the brothers depart. Time passes, and the girl, named Anyuta, is mocked by Vadinye about not having brothers. Anyuta tells her mother, who confesses that Anyuta's brothers left home. Anyuta decides to visit them, and Vardinye accompanies her. They stop on the way to the brothers' house and Vardinye tries to convince Anyuta to take a bath. Anyuta declines every chance she gets, until Vardinyes manages to wear Anyuta's clothes and passes herself off as the true sister. The duo arrives at the brothers' house and Vardinye introduces herself as their sister, while Anyuta, in Vardinye's clothes, is made to sleep and work in the barn. One night, they hear Anyuta asking the moon about her mother and father, and realize the truth. The brothers take Vardinye to the bath house, the brothers' wives undress her, and tie her to a horse's tail to be punished. Some time later, Anyuta and her brothers settle into a routine, but Anyuta's sisters-in-law, jealous of the attention, plot against her: first, they kill sheep, a cow and a horse and place the blame on the girl, then, to worsen the situation, the elder brother's wife kills her own son and accuses Anyuta of the crime. The elder brother takes Anyuta to the woods, cuts her hands and abandons her there. The tale then segues into tale type ATU 706, "The Maiden Without Hands".[46]

Russian author Stepan V. Anikin [ru] published a similar Mordvin tale titled "Сыре Варда" ("Gray Varda"), a peasant couple have three sons, who helped their father in the fields. One time, they feel they need to leave home and seek their own fortune, but before they depart, they plant a green branch under a window as a token of life. In time, they have another child, a girl. The girl lives with them and waters the green branch. One day, she goes back home in tears, and cries over not having older brothers. Their parents tell her the elder brothers left home to greener pastures, and she decides to visit them. As a parting gift, her mother tells her that her tears shall protect her. The girl, dresses in beautiful clothes, begins her journey and finds on the road an old, hunchbacked woman named Gray Varda, who joins her. They pass by a stream and Gray Varda convinces the girl to take a bath in the river. While the girl bathes in the river, the old woman tries the girl's clothing, but the girl pleads and her mother's voice interrupts Gray Varda. They continue to another stream, where Gray Varda manages to change places with the girl. They reach the brothers' house and she passes herself off as their sister, and says she found a servant in the forest to work for them in the barn. The next morning, the brothers go to harvest the grains, and the true sister, with a song, summons birds to create a ruckus in their house. Later, she summons the bird with a song to clean up the place. By these actions, the brothers recognize their true sister and punish Gray Varda by tying her to a horse. Later, the girl is escorted back to their parents' house by the brothers and they celebrate.[47]

Asia

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Professor Ulrich Marzolph [de], in his catalogue of Persian folktales, listed 4 Iranian tales he grouped under type *451, "Das Mädchen sucht seine Brüder" ("The Girl Seeks her Brothers"). These tales closely follow the second part of Udea's tale: the brothers depart from home, the girl looks for them and is welcomed by them as their sister. One day, when the brothers are out on a hunt and the heroine is cleaning up the place, a cat comes and puts out the fire. Thus, the heroine has to look for fire with a cannibalistic creature.[48]

Africa

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French ethnologist Camille Lacoste-Dujardin [fr], in her study about the Kabylian oral repertoire, named this group of tales as Les sept frères et leur soeur Fat'ma la négresse ("The Seven Brothers and their Sister Fat'ma, the Black Girl"), also classified as type 451.[49]

North Africa

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German ethnologist Leo Frobenius collected a North African tale with the title Die Prinzessin und die 7 Brüder ("The Princess and the Seven Brothers"). In this tale, a sultan's wife is expecting her eighth child. The sultan's seven other sons learn of the news and rejoice if it is a girl, but will leave the kingdom if it is a boy. A girl is born and a servant runs to the seven princes to tell them - wrongfully - that a brother was born. They decide to leave. Fourteen years pass, and the girl breaks a jan. She is mockingly reminded of the fate of her seven older brothers and decides to look for them. She leaves the palace with a parrot as companion and Black slave woman. They pass by a fountain and leave the parrot there, while the Black slave suggests the princess trade places with her on the camel's back. They reach a place with two fountains: one that makes black skin into white and another that darkens the skin. The Black slave jumps into the white fountain and becomes white-skinned, as the princess jumps into the black fountain and acquires a black countenance. The Black slave, now white, passes herself off as the true princess and meets the seven brothers. They invite her to live with them. The true princess, now a slave, herds the camels and laments over her sad fate. Six of the brothers' camels overhear the sad story and begin to lose weight, while the seventh camel, which cannot listen, starts to get fatter and healthier. The seventh brother decides to investigate into the matter and notices the slave's lament. A little bird blurts it out that the false sister may have bleached the skin, but could not conceal the texture of her natural hair. The brothers discover the ploy, return to the fountains to restore his sister and mete out a cruel punishment on the slavewoman.[50]

Leo Frobenius collected another North African tale titled Die Tochter und die Negerin ("The Daughter and the Black Woman"): a couple have seven sons, and the wife is expecting an eighth child. The seven brothers make a vow to break pots as sign of the birth of a brother and leave home, and celebrate if it is a girl. A setut (an evil old woman) comes to them and lies about the birth of a little brother. They leave home. Years pass, and the little girl is raised by her parents. One day, the same setut mocks the girl for her seven lost brothers. She asks her mother and she reveals about the seven older brothers. The girl decides to visit them, accompanied by a black slave woman and a talking grain of corn. A few miles into the journey, the slave woman wants to ride a bit on the girl's donkey, but the grain of corn advised the girl to keep going. Some time later, the pair stops by a fountain: the girl puts the grain of corn on a rock and bathes the fountain for black people and changes into a black person, while the slave woman bathes in a fountain for white people and becomes white. The slave woman, now with a white countenance, changes places with the girl and introduces herself to the seven brothers as their sister, while the girl is sent to herd the camels. She sings a sad song to the camels, which listen to her song and forget to eat, save for a deaf camel. The youngest brother notices the camels becoming emaciated and discovers the girl's true identity. The other brother set a test for the false sister and the girl, unmask the false sister and take them to the springs to be restored to their original forms. The brother tie the slave woman to a tree and leave her to the mercy of animals. The tale ends with the brothers untying the slave woman to help them find their youngest brother, who was taken by lions to their den.[51]

El-Shamy collected a variant from Western Desert (Egypt), near Libya, with the title Wdai¿ah: The Sister of the Seven. In this tale, the usual story happens with the departure of the brothers and the girl making the journey. On the way, the slave girl insists she may ride the camel at some point, but the girl refuses by listening to the magical bead. They stop by a fountain, the Slaves' Spring, which can change one's appearance if one bathes in it. The slave convinces the girl to bathe after her, and to ride the camel as she goes on foot. She agrees and trades places with the slave girl. They resume their journey and reach the brothers' house, where they embrace the slave girl (changed by the powers of the spring) as their sister, while the girl, looking like a slave, is made to pasture the animals. The girl laments her fate and the animals hear her story, save one camel. The brothers notice the animals looking thinner every day and the false sister suggests the girl has been stealing their fodder. The youngest brother, Ahmad, decides to be on lookout, and overhears the girl repeating the sad story to the animals.[52]

In a Western Saharan variant, titled Shreser Dahbú, an old woman has seven sons. When their mother is pregnant again, the brothers express their wish to have a little sister, otherwise they will leave if they have a little brother. Their mother gives birth to a girl, but the maidservant mixes up the signals (a spoon for a girl, a musaad for a boy), and they leave home. Years later, the girl, named Shreser Dahbú, learns from their neighbours that her brothers left home because of her and decides to pay them a visit. Shreser Dahbú climbs on a camel and is joined by a black-skinned servant named Kumba. They pass by a uad with a milk spring, where Kumba bathes in and becomes white-skinned. Kumba forces Shreser Dahbú to walk on foot and guide the camel, while she rides on the animal. They reach another fountain, now of tar, and Kumba forces Shreser Dahbú to bathe in tar to become a black-skinned woman. They arrive at the brothers' house, and Kumba passes herself off as their sisters. Some time later, the brothers notice the strange behaviour of the servant girl: she grazes the horses and sings a song, and the horses do not eat the food. Ahmed, the eldest brother, beats her up for that and some drops of blood land on his clothes. Ahmed tries to wash them off, but they still stain his garments. He consults with a kadi, a wise man, who tells him that the blood indicates their blood relation, and suggests a test to her and the false sister. They prepare a meal and invite the false sister and the servant girl; the servant girl compliments the food, but wishes someone could take a portion to their mother. The brothers notice the deception, kill Kumba and take Shreser Dahbú to the tar spring to restore her. The tale then segues into another type, with Shreser Dahbú having to deal with the envy of other women.[53][54]

Kabylia

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French missionary Joseph Rivière collected and published a Kabylian tale from Djurdjura with the title Les Sept Frères ("The Seven Brothers"). In this tale, the king's seven sons pray that their mother gives birth to a girl, for they will raise a flag and celebrate her birth. If to a boy, they will still raise a flag, but leave home. The queen gives birth to a girl, but their aunt tells them it is a boy. They leave home. Years later, the little girl is fetching water when she accidentally breaks the jar. She is told by a passing woman that her brothers left home. She returns home, boils water and threatens to burn her mother's hand in the boiling water is she does not reveal the truth. The girl prepares a journey to her brothers and is gifted a magical pearl, a camel and a slave woman by her father. After some walking, they stop by two fountains: the princess, named Dania, washes herself in the fountain for the slaves, while the slave woman refreshes herself in the fountain for the freemen. Some miles later, the slave woman insists that the princess climbs down the camel, but she consults with the pearl that she cannot do it. After some distance, the pearl does not answer anymore and the slave woman replaces Dania as the brothers' sister. The seven youths embrace the slave woman as their sister, while Dania is made to herd their camels. Dania eats a piece of bread and laments over her fate to a nearby rock, which is heard by six of the camels, except a deaf animal. The youngest brother overhears it and consults with a wise man, who answers that their true sister has "chevelure [...] brillante" ("hair [that is] shining"). They unmask the false sister and kill her, and restore their sister in the fountain of the freemen.[55]

Hasan El-Shamy collected another variant from a male teller in Kabyle (Algeria), which he titled [We Need a Sister]. In this tale, seven brothers live in a mountain village, and decide to leave home for good in case another son is born to their mother. A Settût (a being in North African folklore) decides to speed up the process and trick the brothers that another son was born. They depart. Years later, the same Settût tells the girl of her brothers and she decides to go after them. The girl rides on a horse with a magical grain as the communication device. The girl is warned not to drink or bathe in the fountain for the slaves, but to use the fountain for "whites". After a great distance from home, the slave-girl uses the white fountain and the girl the black fountain. The slave-girl forces the true sister to get off the horse and to attend to her as her servant. They reach the brothers' house and the true sister is made to graze the horses. She laments her fate to the horses, who feel her sadness and become emaciated. The brothers discover the confession and consult with a neighbouring man on how to reveal the deceit.[56]

In a Berber tale collected in Beni Yenni by author Pierre H. Savignac with the title Le Grain qui Appelle ("The Ringing Grain"), a woman has seven sons that work plowing the land. One day, she announces she is pregnant again. The brothers declare that they will leave home to another country if another son is born. At the time of labour, the brothers ask their black servant to report if a boy or girl is born to her. After a while, she comes back and says a boy was born - a lie that causes the brothers to leave home. However, a girl was actually born. Years later, when the girl is grown up, she goes to help her aunt fetch water from a rivulet, and the woman says the girl expelled her seven older brothers. The girl returns home and is told the whole story by her mother. The girl decides to visit her brothers, and prepares her journey: their black servant woman will accompany her, while she goes up on a camel. Her mother also gives her a "ringing grain". They reach a place with two pools, one for white people, and another for black people. The servant convinces the girl to wash in the black pool while she goes to the white pool; they do and change skin tones, the girl becoming black and the black servant becoming white. She also tries to force the girl to dismount, but the ringing grain forbids the slave. This works until the grain's voice echoes no more. Guided by an old woman, they reach the brothers' house, where the black slave passes herself off as their sister, while the true sister is made to herd the camels. Every day, the false sister eats fine dishes, while the true sister eats herbs and sings a sad song of her ordeal to the camels, which cry in sympathy, save for a deaf one. In time, the camels start to lose appetite, and the youngest brother investigates into the matter and listens to shepherdess's sad song. He reports to his brothers, who do not believe him at first, but decide to check for themselves. After seven days, they discover the ruse and consult with an old man how to unmask the false sister: invite both girls to a henna session and have them show their hair. It happens thus: the true sister is asked about a fitting punishment for the servant, and suggests she is to be drawn and quartered, and pieces of her body be used as accessories. The group takes the girls to the pools to reverse their transformation, punish the servant and return to their parents.[57]

Algeria

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French linguist Émile Laoust [fr] collected and published an Algerian variant in the Chenoua language with the title Aventures d'une jeune fille qui va a la recherche de ses sept frères ("Adventures of a Girl that is searching for her Seven Brothers"): a woman has seven sons already and becomes pregnant again. Her sons ask her to wave a red flag for a son, and they'll leave home, and a white flag for a girl. A girl is born, but their mother's black slave waves a red flag and they depart. Years later, the girl learns of her brothers' departure and decides to visit them joined by a personal slave woman. During the journey, her slave woman asks her to ride the mule, but the girl asks her mother through a little magical bell. Some time later, the girl stumbles and falls, and her little bell breaks. The girl and the slave woman pass by two fountains: the girl bathes in one of the fountains and her skin becomes black, while the other's skin becomes white. The slave woman replaces the girl as the brothers' true sister. She is made to graze the brebis and laments her situation. A man passes by and overhears her mournful lament, and reports the finding to the brothers. They unmask the false sister and restore their true sister to her rightful place. The tale then continues with the sister's pregnancy and further adventures.[58]

In a tale from M'zab translated into Spanish with the title La huérfana y las dos esclavas ("The Orphan Girl and the Two Slaves"), a young Mozabite girl lives with alone her mother, but longs to play and talk to siblings, since other girls in her village have one. So one day, she asks her mother about it, and the latter tells her about her seven elder brothers who left home to find work elsewhere. Despite their village lying on the other side of the desert, and her mother's protests, the girl decides to journey there, takes her things and leaves for the village's gates. There, she finds two black slaves that coincidentally are travelling to the same location. So the trio travel together until they stop just before the next village where the brother live. The black slaves tie up the Mozabite girl and paint her skin with black ink, so she can look like a slave, and paint one of the slave's skins white. The black slaves threaten the girl and force her to keep quiet about their plan, and go to meet the seven brothers. The girl, painted with black paint, is introduced as another slave and made to herd their camels. Every night, after she herds the camel to the stables, she exposes her sorrows in the form of a song, and a camel appears dead the next morning, until there is only one remaining. The brothers begin to notice the strangeness of the situation, and the younger one decides to investigate: he hides in the stables and listens to the girl's lament about the slaves trading places with her. The younger brother hatches a plan to unmask the false sister: he asks her to fetch some water and to help him wash his hands. When the false sister does, the water washes away her body paint. The younger brother reveals the deception to his siblings, who punish the two slaves and reinstate their true sister.[59]

In an Algerian tale collected by author Taos Amrouche in her book ''Le Grain Magique'' [fr] with the title Le Grain Magique ("The Magic Grain"), seven brothers in a village declare they will depart from home if their mother bears another son. Settoute, the evil witch, tells the brothers a boy was born to their mother, which causes their departure. However, their mother gave birth to a girl. Years later, when she goes to draw water, she is mocked for her missing elder brothers. The girl goes to ask her mother about it, and the woman tell the whole story. The girl then decides to go and search for them. Her mother gives her a magic grain that will serve as means of communication between them, and warns her not to bathe in the pool for the black women, otherwise she will become one herself. The girl then begins her journey on a horse and accompanied by a black servant. At certain times, her mother talks to her via the magic grain, until the duo reaches a place with pools for white women, where the servant bathes in and becomes white, and pool for black women, where the girl washes herself and becomes black. The duo keep walking until the girl's mother's voice can no longer reach her, and the servant forces the girl to dismount the horse and let her climb it, then reach the brothers' village, where the servant passes herself as their sister, while the true one is made to herd the camels. Every day, the true sister is given a meager meal of wheat flour to eat, and cries her misfortune in the form of a song to the camels. Six of the camels cry with her, save for one that is deaf. In time, the youngest brother notices that the camels are getting thinner since they placed the servant in that function, and goes to investigate: he listens to her lament, and inquires her about it. The girl reveals she is the true sister, and they have welcomed an impostor in their house. The brothers consult with an old man, who tells them that, despite changing her appearance, the servant cannot hide her curly hair, so they must set up a feast and ask for both women to show their hair. It is done so: the brothers invite the girls for a henna session. The false sister is unmasked, and both girls are taken to the area of the pools, where they reverse the transformation. They kill the servant and bury her remains. The following year, the sister plucks a mallow herb and prepares a meal for her brothers when they return from the hunt. After they eat, the seven brothers become pigeons, the sister a dove, and they fly to the sky.[60]

Tunisia

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In a Tunisian tale titled Oudiâ Mtellfa Sbiâ and translated into French as La Doucette qui fit perdre les sept, seven brothers tell their mother they will leave home if she does not give birth to a daughter, and propose a signal to announce their sibling's birth: a sickle for a boy, and a red cloth for a girl. The woman gives birth to a girl, but her sister-in-law changes the signals and waves a sickle, so her nephews depart. Years later, the girl, now named Oudiâ Mtellfa Sbiâ, learns from a neighbour of her elder brothers' departure and questions her mother about it. The woman confirms the story and Oudiâ Mtellfa Sbiâ decides to visit them. The woman fills snail shells with her tears, string a necklace with them, gives it to her daughter and tells her never to take it off, then orders a Black servant to accompany Oudiâ Mtellfa Sbiâ in a camel. So the girl begins her journey. After a while, the Black servant asks her to climb off the camel, but the snail shells warns her against it. After another while, Oudiâ Mtellfa Sbiâ is convinced by the Black servant to get off the camel and drink some water from a fountain. She does that and loses her mother's necklace. After a third while, the Black servant orders Oudiâ Mtellfa Sbiâ to come off the camel, he and his wife take the camel and ride away, abandoning the girl in the desert. Oudiâ Mtellfa Sbiâ wanders through the desert until she finds a place to rest under a tree. A man passes by and inquires her presence there. She tells him the whole story and the man recognizes her as her sister. He takes her to live with their brothers and their wives, and her opinion begins to be more valued by the men of the house than their wives', to the latter's chagrin. Oudiâ Mtellfa Sbiâ's sisters-in-law then conspire to have her eat a snake's egg to humiliate her, as the tale continues as another tale type.[61]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther revised the international classification system and subsumed previous type 451A under the new type ATU 451, "The Maiden Who Seeks Her Brothers".[7]
  2. ^ However, type 533 in the international index is named The Speaking Horsehead: the heroine is still replaced by a false bride, but she is helped by the head of her loyal horse.[20]

References

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  1. ^ Lang, Andrew. The Gray Fairy Book. New York: Longmans, Green, 1905. pp. 153-167.
  2. ^ Stumme, Hans (1898). Märchen und gedichte aus der stadt Tripolis in Nordafrika (in German). J.C. Hinrichs. pp. 5–11.
  3. ^ Stumme, Hans (1898). Märchen und gedichte aus der stadt Tripolis in Nordafrika (in German). J.C. Hinrichs. pp. 81–93.
  4. ^ Ashliman, D. L. A Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne-Thompson Classification System. Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature, vol. 11. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1987. p. 95. ISBN 0-313-25961-5.
  5. ^ Stephens, John; McCallum, Robyn. Retelling Stories, Framing Culture: Traditional Story and Metanarratives in Children's Literature. New York and London: Garland Publishing (Taylor and Francis Group), 1998. p. 228. ISBN 0-8153-1298-9.
  6. ^ El-Shamy, Hasan. Types of the Folktale in the Arab World: A Demographically Oriented Tale-Type Index. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. p. 226.
  7. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg. The types of International Folktales. A Classification and Bibliography, based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Volume 1: Animal tales, tales of magic, religious tales, and realistic tales, with an introduction. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia-Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2004. p. 267. ISBN 9789514109560.
  8. ^ El-Shamy, Hasan. "Sister and Brother, Motif P253". In: Jane Garry and Hasan El-Shamy (eds.). Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature. A Handbook. Armonk / London: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. p. 350.
  9. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg. The types of International Folktales. A Classification and Bibliography, based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Volume 1: Animal tales, tales of magic, religious tales, and realistic tales, with an introduction. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia-Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2004. p. 384. ISBN 9789514109560.
  10. ^ Artese, Charlotte. Shakespeare and the Folktale: An Anthology of Stories. Princeton University Press, 2019. p. 250. ISBN 9780691197920.
  11. ^ El-Shamy, Hasan. Types of the Folktale in the Arab World: A Demographically Oriented Tale-Type Index. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. p. 226.
  12. ^ Maier, John R. Desert Songs: Western Images of Morocco and Moroccan Images of the West. SUNY Press, 1996. p. 231. ISBN 9780791430170.
  13. ^ Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 154-155.
  14. ^ Bronislava Kerbelyte. "Litauer". In: Enzyklopädie des Märchens. Band 8 Klerus - Maggio edited by Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen et al. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2011. p. 1115. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110809213.fm
  15. ^ Salve, Kristi. "Etnilise ajaloo kajastusi eesti muinasjuturepertuaaris (läänemere-balti suhted)" [Reflections of Ethnic History in the Estonian Folk Tale Repertoire (Balto-Finnic and Baltic Relations)]. In: Võim & Kultuur 2: Koostanud Mare Kõiva. Tartu: EKM Teaduskirjastus, 2018. pp. 343, 470. ISBN 978-9949-586-83-7.
  16. ^ "VI. Besprechungen [The Maiden Who Rose from the Sea and Other Finnish Folktales. Review by Hans-Hermann Bartens]". In: Fabula 35, no. 1-2 (1994): 160. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1994.35.1-2.128
  17. ^ Pentikäinen, Juha. Oral Repertoire and World View. An Anthropological Study of Marina Takalo's Life History. Folklore Fellows Communications. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1978. pp. 271, 284-285.
  18. ^ Rausmaa, Pirkko-Liisa. Suomalaiset kansansadut: Ihmesadut. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1988. pp. 491-492. ISBN 9789517175272.
  19. ^ Virtanen, Leea; Dubois, Thomas Andrew. Finnish Folklore. Finnish Literature Society, 2000. p. 195. ISBN 9789517179386.
  20. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg. The types of International Folktales. A Classification and Bibliography, based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Volume 1: Animal tales, tales of magic, religious tales, and realistic tales, with an introduction. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia-Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2004. p. 312. ISBN 9789514109560.
  21. ^ Fillmore, Parker. Mighty Mikko: a book of Finnish fairy tales and folk tales. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1922. pp. 101-120.
  22. ^ Schreck, Emmy (1887). Finnische Märchen (in German). Weimar: Hermann Böhlau. pp. 107–116.
  23. ^ Евсеев, Виктор Яковлевич (1981). Карельское народное поэтическое творчество (in Russian). Лeningrad: Наука. pp. 239–241 (text), 394 (source and classification).
  24. ^ Plenzat, Karl (1927). Die ost- und westpreussischen Märchen und Schwänke nach Typen geordnet (in German). Elbing: Volkskundliches Archiv. p. 21.
  25. ^ Balys, Jonas. Lietuvių pasakojamosios tautosakos motyvų katalogas [Motif-index of Lithuanian narrative folk-lore]. Tautosakos darbai [Folklore studies] Vol. II. Kaunas: Lietuvių tautosakos archyvo leidinys, 1936. p. 42.
  26. ^ Kerbelyte, Bronislava. Lietuvių liaudies pasakų repertuaras. Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2002. pp. 96-97. ISBN 9789955475231.
  27. ^ Schleicher, August (1857). Litauische Märchen, Sprichworte, Rätsel und Lieder (in German). Weimar: Böhlau. pp. 35–37.
  28. ^ Espinosa, A. M. (1929). "European Versions of the Tar-Baby Story". Folklore. 40 (3): 219–221. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1929.9716885. JSTOR 1256283.
  29. ^ Cappeller, Carl, ed. (2019) [1924]. "Laume (Tale "D")". Litauische Märchen und Geschichten (in German). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 38–42. doi:10.1515/9783111678931. ISBN 978-3-11-167893-1.
  30. ^ Arājs, Kārlis; Medne, A. Latviešu pasaku tipu rādītājs. Zinātne, 1977. p. 70.
  31. ^ Järv, Risto; Kaasik, Mairi; Toomeos-Orglaan, Kärri. Monumenta Estoniae antiquae V. Eesti muinasjutud. I: 1. Imemuinasjutud. Tekstid redigeerinud: Paul Hagu, Kanni Labi. Tartu Ülikooli eesti ja võrdleva rahvaluule osakond, Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv, 2009. pp. 571-572, 611. ISBN 978-9949-446-47-6.
  32. ^ Kunder, Juhan (2007). "Commentaries to tale nr. 27". In Risto Järv; Mairi Kaasik; Kärri Toomeos-Orglaan (eds.). Eesti muinasjutud. Kommenteeritud väljaanne (in Estonian). Tartu: TÜ eesti ja võrdleva rahvaluule osakond. ISBN 978-9985-4-0533-8.
  33. ^ Inge Annom; Risto Järv; Mairi Kaasik; Kärri Toomeos-Orglaan, eds. (2011). "Komentaar [Notes, source and commentaries to tale nr. 30]". Pühakud ja vägimehed: Muinasjutte Lutsi maarahvalt ja nende naabritelt (in Estonian). Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv; Tartu Ülikooli eesti ja võrdleva rahvaluule osakond. ISBN 978-9949-446-91-9.
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  36. ^ "Карельские народные сказки" [Karelian Folk Tales]. Moskva, Leningrad: Издательства Академии наук СССР, 1963. p. 511.
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Further reading

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  • Calame-Griaule, Geneviève [in French] (1982). "La jeune fille qui cherche ses frères". In Görog–Karödy, Veronika (ed.). Genres, Forms, Meaning, Essays in African Oral Literature (in French). Oxford: Jaso. pp. 45–56.
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