Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari (Arabic: عبيد الله بن السري) (died 865) was a governor of Egypt from 822 until 826. A son of al-Sari ibn al-Hakam, he was the third and last member of his family to autonomously rule over parts of Egypt during the troubled period following the great Abbasid civil war, and his surrender to Abdallah ibn Tahir in 826 marked the re-imposition of firm Abbasid control over the province for the first time since the outbreak of the conflict.
Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari | |
|---|---|
| عبيد الله بن السري | |
.jpg) Gold dinar minted in Egypt in 823/4, displaying the names of the caliph al-Ma'mun and Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari | |
| Governor of Egypt | |
| In office 822–826 | |
| Monarch | Al-Ma'mun |
| Preceded by | Abu Nasr ibn al-Sari |
| Succeeded by | Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani |
| Personal details | |
| Born | unknown |
| Died | April 865 Samarra |
| Parent | Al-Sari ibn al-Hakam Al-Zuti |
Career
editUbaydallah was the son of al-Sari ibn al-Hakam, a Zutt member of the abna al-dawla,[1][2] who had served as governor of Egypt in 816 and 817–820. Following the death of al-Sari in 820 Ubaydallah was appointed as prefect of police by his brother Abu Nasr,[3] who had assumed the governorship, and upon Abu Nasr's own death in 822 he was himself acclaimed as his successor and given the oath of allegiance by the army. As a result of the division of Egypt under his father, however, his effective jurisdiction extended only to the capital Fustat and the southern part of the province, while much of Lower Egypt was in the hands of Ali ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Jarawi and Andalusian raiders.[4]
Ubaydallah's rule over Egypt was initially contested by the Abbasid central government, which was still attempting to recover from the loss of authority it had incurred due to the civil war between the rival caliphs al-Amin and al-Ma'mun in 811–813, and shortly after his accession he was forced to deal with an invasion by Khalid ibn Yazid al-Shaybani, who had been delegated by al-Ma'mun to seize command of the country. Ubaydallah decided to offer resistance, and even with Ibn al-Jarawi providing assistance to Khalid he was able to win a battle against the latter on the outskirts of Fustat. Over the next few months the two sides fought several engagements; at length Ibn al-Jarawi withdrew his support and Khalid's position became seriously degraded, and by early 823 he was finally defeated and captured by Ubaydallah. His hold over Fustat now secure, Ubaydallah returned to the capital and afterwards released Khalid, allowing him to withdraw from the province to Mecca.[5]
Following the end of Khalid's campaign, Ubaydallah became focused on dealing with his rival Ibn al-Jarawi, who continued to hold Lower Egypt. Although al-Ma'mun had written to both men granting them the right to collect the land taxes in the areas they respectively controlled, the two sides quickly found an excuse to come into conflict with each other and war soon broke out. Over the course of the next several years Ubaydallah's forces invaded Lower Egypt, pillaging Mahallat al-Sharqiyun and repeatedly occupying Tinnis and Damietta, and Ibn al-Jarawi was at times forced to seek refuge in the towns along the northern Sinai. Despite this Ubaydallah was unable to fully defeat his opponent, and the latter was able to make a return to the region in mid-825.[6]
Ubaydallah's governorship came to an end in 826, when al-Ma'mun again sought to achieve greater effective control over the country by dispatching to it the Tahirid general Abdallah ibn Tahir. While Ibn al-Jarawi immediately offered his submission, Ubaydallah attempted to fight off Abdallah, but his forces were defeated and he eventually decided to seek a guarantee of safety instead. This was agreed to and Ubaydallah made his submission to Abdallah, who sent him off to Baghdad.[7] Following this, he never returned to Egypt, but he remained in Iraq and eventually died in Samarra in 865.[8]
The construction of the Al-Sayyida Nafisa Mosque is attributed to him.[9]
Notes
edit- ^ Lecomte; E.J. van Donzel; Wolfhart Heinrichs; C. Edmund Bosworth, eds. (1998). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VIII (Ned-Sam). Brill. p. 138. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
Many of them [Zutt] are even said to have risen to high rank, e.g. al-Sarī b. al-Hakam b. Yūsuf al-Zuṭṭī, governor of Egypt (200 – 5/816 – 21).
- ^ Beg, Muhammad Abdul Jabbar (1981). Social Mobility in Islamic Civilization: The Classical Period: Y Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg. University of Malaya Press. p. 171.
However, the people of Zuṭṭ origin were not totally obscure in the social life. Some of them climbed in the social scale during the 'Abbāsid period in 'Iraq. For instance, "al-Sari b. al-Hakam b. Yusuf al-Zutti" was a governor of Egypt in 200 – 205 H./815 – 820 A.D.
- ^ Al-Kindi 1912, p. 172; Ibn Taghribirdi 1930, p. 178.
- ^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 80–81; Al-Kindi 1912, p. 173; Ibn Taghribirdi 1930, p. 181.
- ^ Kennedy 1998, p. 81; Al-Kindi 1912, pp. 174–76; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, pp. 555–56.
- ^ Kennedy 1998, p. 81; Al-Kindi 1912, pp. 176 ff.; Ibn Taghribirdi 1930, p. 181.
- ^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 81–82; Al-Kindi 1912, pp. 180 ff.; Ibn Taghribirdi 1930, pp. 181–82; Bosworth 1987, pp. 159 ff., 168; Al-Ya'qubi 1883, p. 561.
- ^ Kennedy 1998, p. 82; Al-Kindi 1912, p. 183.
- ^ Williams 1985, p. 47.
References
edit- Bosworth, C. E., ed. (1987). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn, A.D. 813–33/A.H. 198–213. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-058-8.
- Ibn Taghribirdi, Jamal al-Din Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf (1930). Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira, Volume II (in Arabic). Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya.
- Kennedy, Hugh (1998). "Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868". In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85. ISBN 0-521-47137-0.
- Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf (1912). Guest, Rhuvon (ed.). The Governors and Judges of Egypt (in Arabic). Leyden and London: E. J. Brill.
- Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub (1883). Houtsma, M. Th. (ed.). Historiae, Vol. 2 (in Arabic). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
- Williams, Caroline (1985). "The Cult of ʿAlid Saints in the Fatimid Monuments of Cairo, Part II: The Mausolea". Muqarnas. 3: 39–60. doi:10.2307/1523083. JSTOR 1523083.