Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence, also called TRAP sequence, TRAPS, or acardiac twinning, is a rare complication of monochorionic twin pregnancies.[1] It is a severe variant of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).[2] In addition to the twins' blood systems being connected instead of independent, one twin, called the acardiac twin, TRAP fetus[3] or acardius, is severely malformed. The heart is absent or deformed, hence the name "acardiac", as are the upper structures of the body. The other limbs may be partially present or missing, and internal structures of the torso are often poorly formed. The other twin is usually normal in appearance. The normal twin, called the pump twin, drives blood through both fetuses. It is called "reversed arterial perfusion" because in the acardiac twin the blood flows in a reversed direction.[4][5]
TRAP sequence occurs in 1% of monochorionic twin pregnancies and 1 in 35,000 pregnancies overall.[6]
Acardiac twin
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The acardiac twin is a parasitic twin that fails to properly develop a heart, and therefore generally does not develop the upper structures of the body. The parasitic twin, little more than a torso with or without legs, receives its blood supply from the host twin by means of an umbilical cord-like structure (which often only has two blood vessels, instead of three), much like a fetus in fetu, except the acardiac twin is outside the host twin's body. Although the reason is not fully understood, it is apparent that deoxygenated blood from the pump twin is perfused to the acardiac twin. The acardiac twin grows along with the pump twin, but due to inadequate oxygenation it is unable to develop the structures necessary for life, and presents with dramatic deformities.
Although no two acardiac twins are alike, twins with this disorder are grouped into four classes: Acephalus, anceps, acormus, and amorphus.
- Acephalus – The most common type, lacking a head, though it may have arms. Thoracic organs are generally absent, and disorganized & unidentifiable tissues take their place.
- Anceps – The acardius has most body parts, including a head with face and incomplete brain. Organs, though present, are crudely formed.
- Acormus – This type has no body, only a head without a neck; the umbilical cord is attached to the head.
- Amorphus – This extreme form not only lacks a head and limbs, but may or may not lack any internal organs, and consists of tissue with vessels branching from the umbilical cord. Some may only be stem cell tumors.
Pump twin
editGenerally, the pump twin is structurally normal, although it is smaller than normal.[2] Due to related problems including the rapid growth of the acardiac twin, polyhydramnios, umbilical cord entanglement and congestive heart failure due to high output, there is a high mortality rate for the pump twin if left untreated. The rate of fatality depends on the relative size of the acardiac twin.[5] If the abnormal twin is greater than 50% of the size of the pump twin, the survival rate for the pump twin is only 10%.[3]
Diagnosis
editTRAP sequence can be diagnosed using obstetric ultrasound.[7] Doppler interrogation will confirm that blood flow in the acardiac twin is in the reverse direction, entering via the umbilical cord artery and exiting through the vein.[2]
Treatment
editTreatment is selective termination of the acardiac twin. If left untreated, the pump twin will die in 50–75% of cases.[8]
After diagnosis, ultrasound and amniocentesis are used to rule out genetic abnormalities in the pump twin.[4] A procedure may then be performed which will stop the abnormal blood flow. The acardiac twin may be selectively removed. The umbilical cord of the acardiac twin may be surgically cut, separating it from the pump twin, a procedure called fetoscopic cord occlusion.[3] Or a radiofrequency ablation needle may be used to coagulate the blood in the acardiac twin's umbilical cord. This last procedure is the least invasive.[2] These procedures greatly increase the survival chances of the pump twin to about 80%.[9]
The pump twin will be monitored for signs of heart failure with echocardiograms. If the pump twin's condition deteriorates, the obstetrician may recommend early delivery. Otherwise, the pregnancy continues normally. Vaginal birth is possible unless the fetus is in distress, although it is recommended that the delivery take place at a hospital with NICU capabilities.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Shulman, Lee P.; van Vugt, John M. G., eds. (2006). Prenatal medicine. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. p. 447. ISBN 0-8247-2844-0.
- ^ a b c d Knipe, Dr. Henry and Dr. Yuranga Weerakkody; et al. "Twin reversed arterial perfusion". Radiopaedia.org. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ a b c "Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence". C.S. Mott Children's Hospital. University of Michigan Health System. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ a b c "Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence". The Fetal Center. Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ a b "TRAP Sequence or Acardiac Twin". The Fetal Treatment Center. UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ Chandramouly M, Namitha (February 2009). "Case series: TRAP sequence". The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging. 19 (1): 81–3. doi:10.4103/0971-3026.45352. PMC 2747410. PMID 19774147.
- ^ Ünsal, Alparslan; Selda Demircan Sezer; İbrahim Meteoğlu; Kübra Temoçin; Can Zafer Karaman (December 2007). "Ultrasonographic prenatal diagnosis of isolated acephaly" (PDF). Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. 13 (4): 196–198. PMID 18092292. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ "Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence (TRAP Sequence)". The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ Beriwal, Sridevi; Impey, Lawrence; Ioannou, Christos (Oct 2020). "Multifetal pregnancy reduction and selective termination". The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 22 (4): 284–292. doi:10.1111/tog.12690. ISSN 1467-2561.