The Tuvalu Trust Fund is an international sovereign wealth fund established to benefit Tuvalu, a small, central Pacific island nation, by providing income to cover shortfalls in the national budget, underpin economic development, and help the nation achieve greater financial autonomy. The Tuvalu Trust Fund was established in 1987 by the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
 | |
| Company type | Sovereign wealth fund |
|---|---|
| Industry | Institutional investor |
| Genre | "binary trust fund structure". The binary structure consists of an endowment fund and a revolving fund. |
| Founded | 1987 |
| Founder | United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and the government of Tuvalu. |
| Headquarters | |
Key people | Professional Fund Managers - two Australian based firms - manage the fund on a day-to-day basis |
| Total assets | AUD$191 million (at end of 2022)[1] |
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2014 Country Report noted the market value of the Tuvalu Trust Fund dropped during the global financial crisis;[2] however, the IMF 2016 Country Report estimates the total value of the fund had recovered to be AUD$131 million in 2012.[3] The policy of the Tuvuluan government has been to grow the maintained value of the Consolidated Investment Fund (CIF), from which the government can draw funds for government expenditure;[4] during 2016-2020 the government was able to save an average of 6.6% of GDP into the CIF.
In 2022, the value of the Tuvalu Trust Fund was approximately $190 million.[5] In 2021 the market value of the TTF rose by 12 percent to its highest level on record (261 percent of GDP). However, the volatility in global equity markets in 2022 resulted in the TTF’s value falling by 7 percent as compared to the end of 2021.[5]
History
editAn agreement to establish the trust fund was signed in Suva, Fiji on 16 June 1987 by representatives of the governments of Tuvalu, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.[6][7] The involvement of the United Kingdom in the Suva Agreement was the consequence of Tuvalu having been a Crown colony until 1978, when Tuvalu became an independent nation. Australia and New Zealand became involved in the Suva Agreement as part of the aid programs of those countries to the island nations in the South Pacific, which have limited natural resources or sources of government revenue. The purpose of the fund (as stated in the Suva Agreement) was to contribute to the long-term financial viability of Tuvalu by providing an additional source of revenue for recurrent expenses of the Government of Tuvalu.[8]
On 10 November 2023, Tuvalu signed the Falepili Union, a bilateral diplomatic relationship with Australia, under which Australia will increase its contribution to the Tuvalu Trust Fund and to the Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project (TCAP).[9][10][11] Australia will also provide an pathway for citizens of Tuvalu to migrate to Australia, to enable climate-related mobility for Tuvaluans.[10]
Growth of the Fund
editAt the commencement of the trust fund, Tuvalu provided A$1.6 million, the United Kingdom donated A$8.5m, Australia A$8.0m and New Zealand A$8.3m. Japan later donated A$700,000, then South Korea later donated A$30,000, bringing the total up to about A$27.1 million.[12][13] The United Kingdom withdrew from the agreement in 2004. Australia and New Zealand continue to support the Tuvalu Trust Fund and provide other forms of development assistance.[14][15] Japan and South Korea have also made donations to the fund.[16][17] Tuvalu's initial contribution to the fund was AUD$1.6 million and Tuvaluan contributions total AUD$29.8 million, which makes Tuvalu the major contributor to the Fund.[18]
As the result of successful investments made by the fund managers, the initial assets of AUD$27 million grew to AUD$66 million in 2000.[17] In the first twenty years of operation to 30 June 2007, the real rate of return on the fund has averaged 6.2 percent per annum providing AUD$65.7 million in revenue to Tuvalu, of which AUD$24.1 million has been used to help fund budget deficits; AUD$29.2 million has been reinvested in the fund; and AUD$12.4 million was held in the CIF and was available to be drawn down by the Government of Tuvalu.[18] The performance of the Tuvalu Trust Fund and the Consolidated Investment Fund (CIF) from 2010 to 2018 was as follows:[2][3][19][20]
| Fund | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuvalu Trust Fund | A$108 million | A$119 million | A$131 million | A$141 million | A$144 million | A$150 million | A$165 million | A$175 million | A$179 million |
| Consolidated Investment Fund | A$7.2 million | A$3.2 million | A$4.5 million | A$12.2 million | A$24.3 million | A$26 million | A$27 million | A$22 million | A$34 million |
The 2022 values of the Tuvalu Trust Fund and the Consolidated Investment Fund (CIF) was as follows:[1]
| Fund | 2022 |
|---|---|
| Tuvalu Trust Fund | A$191 million |
| Consolidated Investment Fund | A$37.6 million |
Structure of the Fund
editThe binary structure consists of an endowment fund (the 'A Account') and a revolving fund or buffer account (the 'B Account'). The operation of the Tuvalu Trust Fund is directed to ensuring that the capital of the Fund in the 'A Account' is maintained in real terms, taking account of the effect of inflation (the 'maintained value'). Distributions from the 'A Account' are not always available. The Advisory Committee calculates the maintained value of the funds in the 'A Account' at 30 September of each year based on the Australian consumer price index. If the market value of the funds in the 'A Account' is greater than the maintained value, then the difference is placed in the 'B Account' or “Consolidated Investment Fund” (CIF).
The operation of the Fund through two accounts assists in stabilizing the long-term financial situation of the Government of Tuvalu as well as addressing short-term budget needs.[8][21] The funds held in the 'B Account' serve as a buffer against the volatility of the 'A Account' returns; i.e., during years when there are no returns or low returns. The funds in the 'B Account' can be accessed by the Tuvalu Government, which refers to the funds in the 'B Account' in the Budget as the Consolidated Investment Fund (CIF), which can be drawn down into the consolidated revenue account as an additional source of revenue for expenditure on government services through the recurrent budget.[21] There is no specific language in the agreement that established the Tuvalu Trust Fund as to the minimum balance of the 'B Account'. There has been a debate about how much of a buffer is sufficient.[22] The board of the fund have settled on a target CIF balance of 16 percent of the maintained value of the fund.[1][19][23]
The Tuvalu Trust Fund was established with a management structure that was designed to avoid the mismanagement and corruption that has plagued many other Pacific trust funds. One important element of the Tuvalu Trust Fund is that it is structured to avoid overdrawing to fund unauthorised projects. This is achieved through the separation of fund capital from fund proceeds available for distribution.[17] The success of the Tuvalu Trust Fund is attributed by Brian Bell, a member of the Tuvalu Trust Fund Advisory Committee from its inception in 1987 to 2002, to the following factors: accountability through a Board of four directors with Tuvalu in the chair and the other original parties providing members; the use of professional funds management to provide investment advice; the monitoring of the performance of the fund by actuarial consultants (the Fund Monitor); the auditing of the fund by international auditors; and an advisory committee to monitor Tuvalu's economic performance and provide advice to the Government and the Board.[21]
Contribution to the Tuvaluan budget
editThe Tuvalu Trust Fund was established to supplement the national budget, underpin economic development, and help the nation achieve greater financial autonomy.[17] An undertaking of the Government of Tuvalu is that it will "treat all moneys received by it from the Fund as public moneys of Tuvalu and as such subject to Parliamentary appropriation and scrutiny."[7]
The Tuvalu Trust Fund has contributed roughly 15% of the annual government budget each year since 1990.[14] With a capital value of about 2.5 times GDP, the Trust Fund provides an important buffer for Tuvalu's volatile income sources from fishing and royalties from the revenue from licensing of the .tv domain name.[24]
In the thirty years from 1987 to 2017, the Government of Tuvalu has received distributions of AUD$100 million in absolute terms or AUD$154 million in 2017 values.[25][26]
Falekaupule Trust Fund (FTF)
editThe success of the Tuvalu Trust Fund was followed by the establishment of the Falekaupule Trust Fund (FTF), which is a trust fund for outer island development. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) provided A$6 million in loan funds, with the FTF being established in July 1999 and the funds being invested in February 2000.[27] The Tuvalu Government agreed to match the amount provided by the ADB, with contributions from each of the eight island communities of Tuvalu, and with the island contributions also matched by the Government. The governance structure of the FTF follows that of the Tuvalu Trust Fund, but with each island community having a representative on the board and the government providing a non-voting chair.[21]
In 2001 the value of the FTF was around AUD$15 million of which AUD$1.2 million was contributed by the island communities.[27] A reserve account for the FTF was established in 2005, which has same purpose as the CIF, in that it is intended to smooth out the stream of revenue from the investments made through the FTF. At 30 June 2007, the market value of the FTF had increased to AUD$25.3 million and the FTF's Reserve Account was AUD$1.4 million.[18]
The global financial crisis affected the FTF, which is required to maintain its value in real terms before a distribution can be made. At 30 September 2010, the maintained value was AUD$27.3 million; the result of capital growth and contributions from development partners. This is some AUD$3.5 million higher than the market value of AUD$23.8 million. The gap of 15% between the market value and the maintained value must be recouped before another distribution can be made.[28] Since the commencement of FTF there have been four years in which distributions were made. The FTF has distributed AUD$6.4 million with some AUD$5.3 million allocated to island development (the balance of AUD$1.1 million is held in reserve by the communities). This equates to an average of AUD$55,000 spent per island per year.[28]
Tuvalu Survival Fund (TSF)
editThe Tuvaluan government established the Tuvalu Survival Fund (TSF) in 2016 to finance climate change programs and as a fund available to respond promptly to natural disasters, such as tropical cyclones.[20] The TSF is deposited at the National Bank of Tuvalu. Contributions are made to the TSF from the national budget (10 percent of GDP in 2016, although no contribution was made in 2017 due to a fiscal deficit). The governance structure and investment procedures of the TSF were established in 2017.[20] The Tuvaluan government allocated T$2 million to the TSF in the 2017 National Budget.[29] At the end on 2020 the balance held by the fund was A$5 million.[30]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Tuvalu: 2023 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Tuvalu". International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 2023/267. 21 July 2023. p. 9. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Tuvalu: 2014 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Tuvalu" (PDF). International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 14/253. 5 August 2014. p. 17. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Tuvalu: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Tuvalu" (PDF). International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 14/253. 4 October 2016. p. 7. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ^ "Government of Tuvalu 2017 National Budget" (PDF). Presented by the Hon Maatia Toafa Minister for Finance and Economic Development. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
- ^ a b "Tuvalu: 2023 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Tuvalu". International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 2023/267. 21 July 2023. p. 6. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ "Hansard - House of Lords (HL Deb vol 488 c237WA)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 30 June 1987. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ a b "Agreement Concerning an International Trust Fund for Tuvalu" (PDF). 2008 Revised Edition CAP 4.22.1. 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ a b Kevin Petrini; Marilyn Simmons; Silvia Irawan; Alex Heikens (2012). "Case Study Report: Tuvalu Trust Fund". UNDP. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ^ "Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union treaty". Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ a b "Joint Statement on the Falepili Union between Tuvalu and Australia". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 10 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
- ^ Daniel Hurst and Josh Butler (10 November 2023). "Australia to offer residency to Tuvalu citizens displaced by climate change". The Guardian. The Guardian Australia. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Goldsmith, Michael (2012). "The Colonial and Postcolonial Roots of Ethnonationalism in Tuvalu". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 121 (2): 129–150. doi:10.15286/jps.121.2.129-150.
- ^ "Nimmo Bell (Tuvalu Trust Fund)". Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ a b "New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade: Aid partnership with Tuvalu". Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ^ "Australian Government: AusAID (Tuvalu)". Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ^ Gooray, Elena (13 April 2016). "Tuvalu: Trust Fund Nation". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ a b c d Foreign Assistance: Lessons Learnt From Donor's Experience in the Pacific Region (Appendix IV). (General Accounting Office (US) GA-01-808). August 2001. ISBN 9781428947771. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ a b c Tuvalu Trust Fund: 20th anniversary profile (1987–2007). Tuvalu Trust Fund Board. 2007.
- ^ a b "Tuvalu: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Tuvalu". International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 21/176. August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
- ^ a b c "Tuvalu: 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Tuvalu". International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 18/209. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ^ a b c d Bell, Brian A. (2001). "Trust Funds for improved governance and economic performance in developing countries" (PDF). A contributed paper delivered to the AARES 45th Annual Conference 23–25 January 2001, Adelaide, South Australia. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ Gerard A. Finin (2002). "Will Trust Funds Sustain the FSM and RMI? Lessons from the Tuvalu Model" (PDF). EWC Pacific Islands Congressional Study Group 5/3/02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ "Tuvalu: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Tuvalu" (PDF). International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 14/253. 4 October 2016. p. 28. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ^ "Tuvalu: 2010 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Tuvalu". International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 11/46. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ "Tuvalu Trust Fund celebrates 30 years of success". Pacific Guardians. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
- ^ "Tuvalu Trust Fund celebrates 30 years of success". Fenui News. 5 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
- ^ a b Bell, Brian A. (2001). "Trust Funds for improved governance and economic performance in developing countries" (PDF). A contributed paper delivered to the AARES 45th Annual Conference 23–25 January 2001, Adelaide, South Australia. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ a b Andrew McIntyre; Brian Bell & Solofa Uota (February 2012). ""Fakafoou – To Make New": Tuvalu Infrastructure Strategy and Investment Plan" (PDF). Government of Tuvalu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ^ "Government of Tuvalu 2017 National Budget" (PDF). Presented by the Hon Maatia Toafa Minister for Finance and Economic Development. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
- ^ "Tuvalu: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Tuvalu". International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 21/176. August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.