Wikipedia

Turkish diaspora

(Redirected from Turkish Brazilian)
This article is about the Turkish diaspora. For the list of figures which includes all those of Turkish descent by country, see Turkish population.

The Turkish diaspora (Turkish: Türk diasporası or Türk gurbetçiler) refers to ethnic Turkish people who have migrated from, or are the descendants of migrants from, the Republic of Turkey, Northern Cyprus or other modern nation-states that were once part of the former Ottoman Empire. Therefore, the Turkish diaspora is not only formed by people with roots from mainland Anatolia and Eastern Thrace (i.e. the modern Turkish borders); rather, it is also formed of Turkish communities which have also left traditional areas of Turkish settlements in the Balkans (such as Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, etc.), the island of Cyprus, the region of Meskhetia in Georgia, and the Arab world (such as Algeria, Iraq, Lebanon).

Turkish diaspora
Map of the Turkish people around the world
Total population
Over 7.5 million (2024)
Languages
Turkish language
Religion

In particular, most mainland Turkish migration has been to Western and Northern Europe. Meanwhile, almost all the Turkish minorities in former Ottoman lands have a large diaspora in Turkey, many having migrated as muhacirs (refugees); furthermore, the Cretan Turks have migrated throughout the Levant; Cypriot Turks have a significant diaspora in the English-speaking countries (especially the UK and Australia); the Meskhetian Turks have a large diaspora in Central Asia; and Algerian Turks and Tunisian Turks have mostly settled in France. Since Bulgarian Turks and Romanian Turks gained EU citizenship in 2007, their diasporas in Western Europe significantly increased once restrictions on movement came to a halt in 2012.

Diasporas

edit

Europe

edit
Main article: Turks in Europe

As early as 1997 Professor Servet Bayram and Professor Barbara Seels said that there was 10 million Turks living in Western Europe and the Balkans (i.e. excluding Cyprus and Turkey).[1] By 2010, Boris Kharkovsky from the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies said that there was up to 15 million Turks living in the European Union.[2] According to Dr Araks Pashayan 10 million "Euro-Turks" alone were living in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium in 2012.[3] Furthermore, there are significant Turkish communities living in Austria, the UK, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein and the Scandinavian countries. Meanwhile, approximately 400,000 Meskhetian Turks live in the European regions of the Post-Soviet states (i.e. Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine).[4]

In addition to the modern Turkish diaspora in Europe, there are also traditional Turkish communities in post-Ottoman nation-states. For example, Turkish Cypriots and Turkish settlers living in North Cyprus number around 300,000 to 500,000. In addition, in Southeastern Europe there is over 1 million Turks living in the Balkan countries (i.e. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia).[5] Since the 20th century, these ethnic Turkish communities have also migrated to Western Europe and have enlarged the Turkish diaspora significantly (e.g. Algerian Turks have mostly settled in France; Bulgarian Turks have migrated mostly to Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden; Turkish Cypriots have a large population in the UK; Macedonian Turks have migrated mostly to Sweden; Tunisian Turks have migrated mostly to France and Italy; and Western Thrace Turks have mostly migrated to Germany and the Netherlands). More recently, since the "European migrant crisis" (2014–20), Iraqi Turks, Kosovo Turks and Syrian Turks have also settled in areas where there are large Turkish diasporas.

Consequently, within the diaspora, ethnic Turkish people now form the largest minority group in Austria, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands.[6]

Germany

edit
Main article: Turks in Germany
 
A popularized German-Turkish community flag.

The Turkish-Germans are the largest ethnic minority group in Germany and also the largest Turkish community in the Turkish diaspora.

The German census counts around three million Turks living in Germany. This does not only count those born in Turkey, but also descendants.[7] The majority of ethnic Turks living in Germany have either arrived from or originate from Turkey; however, there are also significant ethnic Turkish communities which have come from (or descend from) other post-Ottoman nation-states in the Balkans (especially from Bulgaria and Greece), as well as from the island of Cyprus, and Lebanon. More recently, since the European migrant crisis (2014–19), there has also been a significant increase in the number of ethnic Turks from Syria, Iraq and Kosovo who have come to Germany.

France

edit
Main article: Turks in France
 
The Eiffel Tower in the colours of the Turkish flag during the Saison de la Turquie en France
 
There are around one million people of Turkish origin living in France.[8][9][10][11][12]

The Turks living in France form one of the largest Turkish communities in Western Europe. Official data on the total number of French Turks is not available because the French census only records statistics on the country of birth rather than one's ethnic affiliation.

Although the majority of French Turks are descend from people from the Republic of Turkey, there has also been significant Turkish migration from other post-Ottoman countries including ethnic Turkish communities which have come to France from North Africa (especially Algeria and Tunisia), the Balkans (e.g. from Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Romania), the island of Cyprus, and more recently from Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria.

In 2014 Professor Pierre Vermeren [fr] reported in L'Express that the Turkish population was around 800,000.[13] However, an earlier academic publication in 2010 by Dr Jean-Gustave Hentz and Dr Michel Hasselmann said that there were already 1 million Turks living in France.[8] Professor İzzet Er,[9] as well as the French-Armenian politician Garo Yalic (who is an advisor to Valerie Boyer),[10] also said that there were 1,000,000 Turks in France in 2011 and 2012 respectively. More recently, the Turkish-French population has been estimated to be more than one million according to French-published articles in Le Petit Journal (2019)[11] and Marianne (2020).[12]

The Netherlands

edit
Main article: Turks in the Netherlands
 
Westermoskee in Amsterdam
 
Turkish and Dutch flags in the multi-ethnic neighbourhood Kruidenbuurt, Eindhoven.

The Turkish-Dutch community form the largest ethnic minority group in the Netherlands. The majority of Dutch Turks descend from the Republic of Turkey; however there has also been significant Turkish migration waves from other post-Ottoman countries including ethnic Turkish communities which have come to the Netherlands from the Balkans (e.g. especially from Bulgaria, Greece, and North Macedonia),[14] the island of Cyprus,[14] and more recently during the European migrant crisis from Syria, Iraq and Kosovo. In addition, there has been migration to the Netherlands from the Turkish diaspora; many Turkish-Belgians and Turkish-Germans have arrived in the country as Belgian and German citizens.[14]

The Dutch official census only collects data on country of birth, rather than ethnically; consequently, the total number of ethnic Turkish migrants (regardless of country of birth) nor the third, fourth or fifth generation of the Turkish-Dutch community have been collectively counted.[14] Assistant Professor Suzanne Aalberse, Professor Ad Backus and Professor Pieter Muysken have said that "over the years" the Dutch-Turkish community "must have numbered half a million".[15] However, there are significantly higher estimates. As early as 2003, the political scientist and international relations expert Dr Nathalie Tocci said that there was already "two million Turks in Holland".[16] Rita van Veen also reported in Trouw that there was 2 million Turks in the Netherlands in 2007.[17] More recently, in 2020, a report published in L1mburg Centraal estimated that there are more than 2 million Dutch-Turks.[18] Voetbal International also reported in 2020 that the Dutch football club Fortuna Sittard will be carrying out annual scouting activities to find "Turkish talent" among the approximately 2 million Turkish-Dutch community.[19]

In 2009 The Sophia Echo reported that Bulgarian Turks were now the fastest-growing group of immigrants in the Netherlands.[20]

The CBS gives a total number, 444.300 Turks in 2022, up from 271.500 in 1996. About half were born in the Netherlands (second generation) and the other half outside the Netherlands (first generation) [21] The third generation, those who are born in the Netherlands including their parents but at least one grandparent not, was 36.200 in 2022. This only accounts for people being between the age of 0 and 55. In 2022 there were about 430.000 Turks in the Netherlands. The third generation is counted as autochthonous. Thus, the total number of people in the Netherlands with at least one grandparent born in Turkey in 2022 was at least 466.200.[22]

Austria

edit
Main article: Turks in Austria

The Turkish community, including descendants, form the largest ethnic minority in Austria. In 2011 a report by the Initiative Minderheiten said that there was 360,000 people of Turkish origin living in Austria.[23] This figure has also been echoed by the former Austrian Foreign Minister and Chancellor of Austria Sebastian Kurz.[24] However, the former Austrian MEP, Andreas Mölzer, has claimed that there are 500,000 Turks in the country.[25]

 
Turkish day in Vienna, Austria (2009).

Belgium

edit
Main article: Turks in Belgium

In 2012 Professor Raymond Taras said that the Belgian-Turkish community was over 200,000.[26] More recently, in 2019 Dr Altay Manço and Dr Ertugrul Taş said that there was 250,000 Belgian residents of Turkish origin.[27]

The United Kingdom

edit
Main article: British Turks
 
Turkish Cypriots in London.

In 2011 the Home Affairs Committee stated here was 500,000 British Turks made up of 300,000 Turkish Cypriots, 150,000 Turkish nationals (i.e. people from Turkey), and smaller groups of Bulgarian Turks and Romanian Turks.[28] Despite a lack of statistics on the collective number of Turks who have immigrated from their traditional homelands, it is known that Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and France all have larger Turkish diaspora communities than the UK.[29]

Sweden

edit
Main article: Turks in Sweden

In 2009 the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs said that there was almost 100,000 people with a Turkish background living in Sweden.[30] More recently, in 2018 the Swedish Consul General, Therese Hyden, said that the population was now around 150,000.[31]

Switzerland

edit
Main article: Turks in Switzerland

In 2017 there was over 120,000 Turks living in Switzerland. They mostly live in German-speaking regions, especially in the cantons of Zurich, Aargau and Basel. Figures on naturalization and migration from Turkey has been declining, however, the Swiss population with a Turkish background continues to grow.[32]

Denmark

edit
Main article: Turks in Denmark

The Turkish community form the largest ethnic minority in Denmark. In 2008, it was estimated that Danes of Turkish origin numbered 70,000.[33][34]

Italy

edit
Main article: Turks in Italy

In 2020 there were 50,000 Turkish citizens living in Italy;[35] however, this figure does not include naturalized Italian citizens of Turkish origin or their descendants. Between 2008 and 2020 some 5,295 Turkish citizens acquired Italian citizenship.[36]

In addition to the diaspora, some of the population in Moena has identified as Turkish since the 17th century.[37]

Norway

edit
Main article: Turks in Norway

In 2013 there were roughly 16,500 Norwegians of Turkish descent living in Norway.[38]

Finland

edit
Main article: Turks in Finland

In 2010 Professor Zeki Kütük said that there was approximately 10,000 people of Turkish origin living in Finland.[39]

Poland

edit
Main article: Turks in Poland

In 2013 data from the Institute of Public Affairs showed that there was 5,000 Turks living in Poland.[40]

Portugal

edit

In 2021 data from the National Statistical Institute showed that there were 1,363 Turks legally living in Portugal.[41] In addition, between 2002 and 2020, 270 Turks acquired Portuguese citizenship.[42]

Luxembourg

edit

Luxembourg does not formally collect ethnic or racial data of its citizens,[43] however according to the Turkish embassy in Luxembourg, about 1,000 Turkish nationals were living in Luxembourg around the time of the 2017 Turkish referendum. Close to 10,000 Turkish people voted from Luxembourg, the others having come from neighbouring countries, who found the Luxembourg voting location closer to their homes.[44]

Liechtenstein

edit
Main article: Turks in Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein does not record data on the ethnicity of its citizens; however, in 2009, the Turkish community was estimated to number approximately 1,000 out of a total population of 35,000.[45] Hence, estimates suggest that the Turks form around 3% of Liechtenstein's total population and that they are the fifth largest ethnic group in the country.[46]

North America

edit

United States

edit
 
As of 2012, there are approximately 1 million Turkish Americans.[47]
Main article: Turkish Americans

In 1996 Professor John J. Grabowski estimated that there was 500,000 Turks living in the United States.[48] By 2009, Erdal Şafak said that the Turkish American community was approximately 850,000 to 900,000.[49] More recently, in 2012 the former United States Secretary of Commerce, John Bryson, confirmed at the Center for American Progress that the Turkish American community was now over 1,000,000:[47]

Here in the U.S., you can see our person-to-person relationships growing stronger each day. You can see it in the 13,000 Turkish students that are studying here in the U.S. You can see it in corporate leaders like Muhtar Kent, the CEO of Coca-Cola, and you can see it in more than one million Turkish-Americans who add to the rich culture and fabric of our country. – John Bryson (2012)[47][50]

There are, however, much higher estimates. Non-governmental Turkish organizations in the USA claim that there are at least 3,000,000 people of Turkish origin living in the United States, including Turkish Americans as well as new Turkish migrant workers, students and illegal migrants. Consequently, since the twenty-first century, the Turkish American population is fast approaching the significant number of Turks in Germany because most students, expats, etc. decide to live permanently in the United States.[49]

Canada

edit
 
Turkish community in Victoria, Canada.
Main article: Turkish Canadians

According to the 2016 Canadian census, 63,955 people voluntarily declared their ethnicity as "Turkish".[51] However, in 2018, the Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter said that there was approximately 100,000 Turkish Canadians living in the country, as well as several thousand Turkish students:

We have a growing Turkish diaspora and they’re doing very well in Canada. We think it’s 100,000, largely in Toronto. We have several thousand Turkish students in Canada as well. We are trying to make sure that two-way relationship is growing. – Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter (2018)[52]

The "Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations"[53] and the "Federation of Chinese Canadians in Markham" have also reported that there was over 100,000 Turkish Canadians living in the country.[54]

South America

edit
Main article: Turkish Argentines

Venezuela

edit
Main article: Turkish Venezuelan

According to statistics, there are likely around 27,000 people of Turkish ancestry in Venezuela. This refers to people who are either descendants of immigrants who came from the Ottoman Empire before 1923 or who came from the Republic of Turkey since then. Additionally, Turks who immigrated from countries neighboring Turkey are also counted in this figure. It's likely that most of the Turkish Venezuelans trace their ancestry to immigrants from the Ottoman Empire, who arrived to Venezuela at the same time most of the Arab diaspora in South America had emigrated as well.[55]

Brazil

edit

There are 6,300 people of Turkish ancestry currently living in Brazil.[56] According to Brazilian statistics there are 2,902 Turkish-born people living in Brazil as of 2024.[57]

Oceania

edit

Australia

edit
Main article: Turkish Australians

In 1994 a report by The Age estimated that the Turkish Australian community numbered 150,000.[58] By 2013 Louise Asher, who was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, said that the Turkish Australian community in Melbourne alone had numbered 300,000.[59] More recently, the number of Turkish Australians who originate from Turkey reached 200,000 in 2017;[60] in addition, the Turkish Cypriot-Australian community was estimated to number 120,000 in 2016.[61]

New Zealand

edit
Main article: Turks in New Zealand

In 2010 the Turkish-New Zealander population was estimated to number between 2,000 to 3,000;[62] in addition, the Turkish Cypriot-New Zealander population was 1,600 in 2016.[61]

Diaspora of Algerian Turks

edit
See also: Algerian Turks

Initially, the first wave of migration occurred in 1830 when many Turks were forced to leave the region once the French took control over Algeria; approximately 10,000 were shipped off to Turkey whilst many others migrated to other regions of the Ottoman Empire, including Palestine, Syria, Arabia, and Egypt.[63] Furthermore, some Turkish/Kouloughli families also settled in Morocco (such as in Tangier and Tétouan).[64]

In regards to modern migration, there are many Algerian Turks who have emigrated to Europe and, hence, make up part of Algeria's diaspora. For example, there is a noticeable Algerian community of Turkish descent living in England.[citation needed] Many Algerians attend the Suleymaniye Mosque which is owned by the British-Turkish community.[65] There are also thousands of Algerian Turks living in France.[citation needed] Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, and Spain are also top receiving countries of Algerian citizens.[66]

Diaspora of Bulgarian Turks

edit
See also: Bulgarian Turks
Country Population Further information
  Turkey 1,160,614 have emigrated between 1879-1992[67] not including descendants
  Sweden 30,000[68]
  Netherlands 10,000-30,000[20]
  Austria 1,000[69]

Diaspora of Cretan Turks

edit
See also: Cretan Turks
Country Prof Andrew Rippin (1971 estimates) Further information
  Turkey 200,000[70]
  Egypt 100,000[70]
  Libya 100,000[70]
  Lebanon
  Palestine
  Syria		 50,000[70]

Diaspora of Cypriot Turks

edit
See also: Turkish Cypriots and Turkish Cypriot diaspora
 
Turkish Cypriots in Victoria, Australia
 
Turkish Cypriots protesting in London, the United Kingdom.
 
Turkish Cypriots in New York, United States
Country Council of Europe
(1993 estimate)[71]		 TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(2001 estimate)[72]		 TÜBİTAK
(2016 estimate)[61]		 Other estimates Further information
  Turkey 300,000 (immigrants only) 500,000 500,000 300,000 (1968 estimate)[73]
Including descendants, exceeding 600,000 (2018 estimate)[74]		 see Turkish Cypriot muhacirs
  United Kingdom 100,000 (immigrants only in England) 200,000 300,000 300,000[28][75]-400,000[76][77]
(including descendants)		 British Cypriots
British Turks
  Australia 30,000 (immigrants only) 40,000 120,000 120,000[78]
(including descendants)		 Turkish Australian
North America
  United States
  Canada		 N/A
6,000 (immigrants only)
6,000 (immigrants only)		 10,000
N/A
N/A		 N/A
5,000
1,800		 N/A
5,000[78]
1,800[78]		 Cypriot American
Turkish American
Turkish Canadians
  Palestine N/A N/A N/A 4,000 (early twentieth century Turkish Cypriot brides only)[79][80]
  Germany N/A N/A 2,000 2,000[78] Turks in Germany
  New Zealand N/A N/A 1,600 1,600[78] Turks in New Zealand
  South Africa N/A N/A "small community" N/A[78] Turks in South Africa
Other N/A 5,000 N/A N/A

Diaspora of Iraqi Turks

edit
See also: Iraqi Turkmen

Most Iraqi Turkmen migrate to Turkey[81] followed by Germany,[81] Denmark,[81] and Sweden.[81] There are also Iraqi Turkmen communities living in Canada,[81] the United States,[81] Australia,[81] New Zealand,[citation needed] Greece,[82] the Netherlands,[83] and the United Kingdom.[84]

There are many established Iraqi Turkmen diaspora communities, such as the Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association, based in Canada.[85]

Diaspora of Lebanese Turks

edit
See also: Turks in Lebanon

Due to the numerous wars in Lebanon since the 1970s onwards, many Lebanese Turks have sought refuge in Turkey and Europe, particularly in Germany. Indeed, many Lebanese Turks were aware of the large German-Turkish population and saw this as an opportunity to find work once settling in Europe. In particular, the largest wave of Lebanese-Turkish migration occurred once the Israel-Lebanon war of 2006 began. During this period more than 20,000 Turks fled Lebanon, particularly from Beirut, and settled in Germany.[86]

Diaspora of Macedonian Turks

edit
See also: Macedonian Turks

Diaspora of Meskhetian Turks

edit
See also: Meskhetian Turks
 
Meskhetian ("Ahiska") Turks outside the White House in Washington D.C., United States.
Country Dr Aydıngün (2006 estimate)[87] Al Jazeera (2014 estimate)[4] Further information
  Kazakhstan 150,000 180,000
  Azerbaijan 90,000-110,000 87,000
  Russia 70,000-90,000 95,000
  Kyrgyzstan 50,000 42,000
  Turkey 40,000 76,000
  United States 15,000[88] 16,000
  Uzbekistan 15,000 38,000
  Ukraine 10,000 8,000
  Northern Cyprus 180

Diaspora of Palestinian Turks

edit
 
Syrian Turks waving Turkish and Syrian flags whilst shouting slogans: "No To Demographic Changes in Syria' and 'No To Genocide' during the December 2016 protests in London.

Both during and after the 1947–1949 Palestine war, some members of Palestine's Turkish minority fled the region (particularly the Jezreel Valley region and the Golan Heights) and settled in Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan.[89] [90] In Jordan, there is approximately 55,000 Palestinian-Turkish refugees in Irbid[91] 5,000 near Amman[91] 5,000 in El-Sahne[91] 3,000 in El-Reyyan[91] 2,500 in El-Bakaa[91] 1,500 in El-Zerkaa[91] and 1,500 in Sahab[91]

Diaspora of Romanian Turks

edit
See also: Turks of Romania

Diaspora of Syrian Turks

edit
See also: Syrian Turkmen

Since the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, hundreds of thousands of Syrian Turkmen have been internally displaced and/or forced to leave the country, and most of them have sought refuge in neighbouring states and Western Europe. In particular, approximately 300,000[citation needed] to 500,000[92] Syrian Turkmen have taken refuge in the Republic of Turkey. Moreover, there are between 125,000 and 150,000[93][94] Syrian Turkmen refugees in Lebanon, which means they outnumber the long-established Turkish minority in Lebanon.

In 2020 it was reported that 1 million Syrian Turkmen were living in Turkey and demanding that the Turkish government grant them Turkish citizenship.[95]

Diaspora of Turkish Jews

edit
See also: Turkish Jews and Turkish Jews in Israel

In 2012, it was estimated that around 280,000 Jews living in Israel were from Turkey or of Turkish descent.[96] In Israel, the Arkadaş Association was founded by Turkish Jews to maintain their relationship with Turkey.

Diaspora of Western Thrace Turks

edit
See also: Western Thrace Turks

In 1990, it was estimated that around 300,000 to 400,000 Western Thrace Turks had migrated to Turkey since 1923.[97][98] Moreover, from the 1950s onwards, Turks of Western Thrace began to immigrate to Western Europe alongside other Greek citizens.[99] Whilst many Western Thrace Turks had intended to return to Greece after working for a number of years, a new Greek law was introduced which effectively forced the minority to remain in their host countries. Article 19 of the 1955 Greek Constitution essentially stripped the Western Thrace Turks living abroad (particularly those in Germany and Turkey) of their Greek citizenship.[100] According to Article 19 of the Greek Constitution

A person of non-Greek ethnic origin leaving Greece without the intention of returning may be declared as having lost Greek nationality.[100]

This law continued to effect Western Thrace Turks studying in Turkey and Germany in the late 1980s. A report published by the Human Rights Watch in 1990 confirmed that:

Under Article 19, ethnic Turks can be stripped of their citizenship by an administrative decree, without a hearing. According to the U.S. State Department's 1989 Country Report, under Greek law there can be no judicial review and there is no effective right of appeal.[100]

Despite many being stripped of their Greek citizenship since 1955, Western Thrace Turks continued to migrate to Western Europe the 1960s and 1970s because the Thracian tobacco industry was affected by a severe crisis and many tobacco growers lost their income. Between 1970 and 2010, approximately 40,000 Western Thrace Turks arrived in Western Europe, most of which settled in Germany.[101] In addition, between 2010 and 2018, a further 30,000 Western Thrace Turks left for Western Europe due to the Greek government-debt crisis.[101] Thus, in addition to the thousands who migrated in the 1950s and 1960s, 70,000 Western Thrace Turks have migrated to Western Europe between 1970 and 2018.[101] Around 80% of the Western Thracian Turks in Western Europe are living in Germany.[102] The remainder have emigrated to the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Austria and Italy; furthermore, outside of Europe, they have built communities in Australia, Canada and the United States.[103]

See also

edit

Further reading

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Bayram, Servet; Seels, Barbara (1997), "The Utilization of Instructional Technology in Turkey", Educational Technology Research and Development, 45 (1), Springer: 112, doi:10.1007/BF02299617, S2CID 62176630, There are about 10 million Turks living in the Balkan area of southeastern Europe and in western Europe at present.
  2. ^ 52% of Europeans say no to Turkey's EU membership, Aysor, 2010, retrieved 7 November 2020, This is not all of a sudden, says expert at the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies, Boris Kharkovsky. "These days, up to 15 million Turks live in the EU countries...
  3. ^ Pashayan, Araks (2012), "Integration of Muslims in Europe and the Gülen", in Weller, Paul; Ihsan, Yilmaz (eds.), European Muslims, Civility and Public Life: Perspectives On and From the Gülen Movement, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-4411-0207-2, There are around 10 million Euro-Turks living in the European Union countries of Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium.
  4. ^ a b Al Jazeera (2014). "Ahıska Türklerinin 70 yıllık sürgünü". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  5. ^ Dursun-Özkanca, Oya (2019), Turkey–West Relations: The Politics of Intra-alliance Opposition, Cambridge University Press, p. 40, ISBN 978-1108488624, One-fifth of the Turkish population is estimated to have Balkan origins. Additionally, more than one million Turks live in Balkan countries, constituting a bridge between these countries and Turkey.
  6. ^ Al-Shahi, Ahmed; Lawless, Richard (2013), "Introduction", Middle East and North African Immigrants in Europe: Current Impact; Local and National Responses, Routledge, p. 13, ISBN 978-1136872808
  7. ^ Federal Statistical Office of Germany. "Population, Migration and integration".
  8. ^ a b Hentz, Jean-Gustave; Hasselmann, Michel (2010). Transculturalité, religion, traditions autour de la mort en réanimation. Springer-Verlag France. doi:10.1007/978-2-287-99072-4_33. ISBN 978-2-287-99072-4. La France d'aujourd'hui est une société multiculturelle et multiethnique riche de 4,9 millions de migrants représentant environ 8 % de la population du pays. L'immigration massive de populations du sud de l'Europe de culture catholique après la deuxième guerre mondiale a été suivie par l'arrivée de trois millions d'Africains du Nord, d'un million de Turcs et de contingents importants d'Afrique Noire et d'Asie qui ont implanté en France un islam majoritairement sunnite (Maghrébins et Africains de l'Ouest) mais aussi chiite (Pakistanais et Africains de l'Est).
  9. ^ a b Fransa Diyanet İşleri Türk İslam Birliği. "2011 YILI DİTİB KADIN KOLLARI GENEL TOPLANTISI PARİS DİTİB'DE YAPILDI". Retrieved 15 February 2012. İzzet ER Hocamız konuşmasında katılımcıları selamladıktan sonra, Fransa'da resmi verilere göre, 550 bin Türk nüfusunun bulunduğunu, bu sayının gayrı resmi olarak 1 milyon civarında tahmin edildiğini söyledi. [dead link‍]
  10. ^ a b Nalci, Aris (2012), An Interview with Garo Yalic, Advisor to Valerie Boyer, Armenian Weekly, retrieved 28 October 2020, there are also about a million French people of Turkish origin that will show their weight in the electoral balance.
  11. ^ a b Kerdat, Marianne (2019), Donner une autre image de la Turquie à travers le cinéma, Le Petit Journal, retrieved 22 November 2020, En France, la population franco-turque a dépassé le million.
  12. ^ a b Gallard, Joseph; Nguyen, Julien (2020), Il est temps que la France appelle à de véritables sanctions contre le jeu d'Erdogan, Marianne, retrieved 25 November 2020, ... et ce grâce à la nombreuse diaspora turque, en particulier en France et en Allemagne. Ils seraient environ un million dans l'Hexagone, si ce n'est plus...es raisons derrière ne sont pas difficiles à deviner : l'immense population turque en Allemagne, estimée par Merkel elle-même aux alentours de sept millions et qui ne manquerait pas de se faire entendre si l'Allemagne prenait des mesures allant à l'encontre de la Turquie.
  13. ^ Vermeren, Pierre [in French] (2014). "Face à l'islam de France, du déni à la paralysie". Retrieved 28 October 2020. Depuis dix ans, ce chiffre est régulièrement ben brèche: les estimations hautes décrivent une France qui compterait 4 à 5 millions d'Algériens et descendants, autour de 3 millions de Marocains, 1 million de Tunisiens, 2 millions d'Africains du Sahel, 800 000 Turcs, etc.
  14. ^ a b c d Sag, Armand (2016), "De destinteresse in Nederland", Platform Dergisi (December 2016): 59, Officieel zijn ze met bijna 500.000 mensen aanwezig in Nederland, meer omdat Turken uit Bulgarije..., Griekenland..., Cyprus..., Macedonie... en bijvoorbeeld Turken die geen Turkse ntionaliteit meer habben of Turken uit Belgie en Duitsland die zich nu gevestigd hebben in Nederland. Hiermee zouden er bijna driekwart miljon tot een miljoen Turken in Nederland wonen.
  15. ^ Aalberse, Suzanne; Backus, Ad; Muysken, Pieter [in Dutch] (2019), Heritage Languages: A language Contact Approach, John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 90, ISBN 978-9027261762, the Dutch Turkish community... out of a population that over the years must have numbered half a million.
  16. ^ Tocci, Nathalie (2003), EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: The Case of Cyprus 1988-2002 (PDF), London School of Economics, p. 232, The Dutch government was concerned about Turkey's reaction to the European Council's conclusions on Cyprus, keeping in mind the presence of two million Turks in Holland and the strong business links with Turkey.
  17. ^ van Veen, Rita (2007), De koningin heeft oog voor andere culturen, Trouw, retrieved 25 December 2020, Erol kan niet voor alle twee miljoen Turken in Nederland spreken, maar hij denkt dat Beatrix wel goed ligt bij veel van zijn landgenoten.
  18. ^ L1mburg Centraal: Fortuna gaat samenwerking aan met Turkse Beşiktaş, L1mburg Centraal, 2020, retrieved 26 December 2020, in de regio rondom Limburg, waar dik twee miljoen Turken binnen een...
  19. ^ Trots Fortuna Sittard gaat talenten scouten voor Besiktas, Voetbal International, 2020, retrieved 27 December 2020
  20. ^ a b TheSophiaEcho. "Turkish Bulgarians fastest-growing group of immigrants in the Netherlands". Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  21. ^ "Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari".
  22. ^ CBS. "Bevolking - Integratie en Samenleven | CBS" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  23. ^ Warum die Türken? (PDF), vol. 78, Initiative Minderheiten, 2011, Was sind die Gründe für dieses massive Unbehagen angesichts von rund 360.000 Menschen türkischer Herkunft?
  24. ^ Turkey angry after Erdogan is told he can't campaign in Austria, The Local, 2017, Austrian Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz said Erdogan is "not welcome" to hold campaign events, adding that it would "increase friction" in Austria and prevent the integration of a 360,000-strong minority of Turkish origin.
  25. ^ Mölzer, Andreas. "In Österreich leben geschätzte 500.000 Türken, aber kaum mehr als 10–12.000 Slowenen". Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  26. ^ Taras, Raymond (2012), Xenophobia and Islamophobia in Europe, Edinburgh University Press, p. 160, ISBN 978-0748654895, It follows that large Muslim minorities like the Turks – who total over 200,000 in Belgium
  27. ^ Manço, Altay; Taş, Ertugrul (2019), "Migrations Matrimoniales: Facteurs de Risque en Sante´ Mentale", The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64 (6), SAGE Publishing: 444, doi:10.1177/0706743718802800, PMC 6591757, PMID 30380909, S2CID 149689748
  28. ^ a b Home Affairs Committee (2011). "Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union" (PDF). The Stationery Office. p. Ev 34.
  29. ^ The Guardian (1 August 2011). "UK immigration analysis needed on Turkish legal migration, say MPs". Retrieved 1 August 2011. The Home Office says that there are about 150,000 Turkish nationals living in Britain at present, with about 500,000 people of Turkish origin living in the country altogether. But Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and France all have larger Turkish communities which are more likely to attract a new wave of legal migration.
  30. ^ "Ankara Historia". Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
  31. ^ Sayıner, Arda (2018). "Ankara Historia". Daily Sabah. Having said that, a few thousand Swedish citizens currently live in Turkey and the number went up 60 percent in 2017. According to Hyden, Turkish hospitality played an important part behind this increase. She said around 150,000 Turkish citizens live in Sweden, which has a total population of 10 million.
  32. ^ Türken in der Schweiz – Zahlen und Fakten zur Diaspora vom Bosporus, Aargauer Zeitung, 2017, archived from the original on 7 November 2020, retrieved 1 November 2020
  33. ^ Larsen, Nick Aagaard (2008), Tyrkisk afstand fra Islamisk Trossamfund, Danish Broadcasting Corporation, retrieved 1 November 2020, Ud af cirka 200.000 muslimer i Danmark har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder, og de udgør dermed langt den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
  34. ^ Tyrkere langer ud efter trossamfund, Berlingske, 2008, retrieved 1 November 2020, Der er omkring 200.000 muslimer i Danmark. Heraf har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder og udgør dermed den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
  35. ^ Seçkin, Barış (2020), İtalya'daki Türk vatandaşları Kovid-19 nedeniyle kayıp vermedi, Anadolu Agency, retrieved 2 November 2020, İtalya'da yaşayan 50 bin kadar Türk vatandaşının
  36. ^ "Acquisition of citizenship by age group, sex and former citizenship". Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  37. ^ Visintainer, Ermanno (2011), "La Presenza Turca Dimenticata In Italia: I Turchi Di Moena [The Forgotten Turks in Italy: Moena Turks]" (PDF), ORSAM, 76 (14), ISBN 978-9944-5684-6-3, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2014, retrieved 2 November 2020
  38. ^ Norwegian-Turkish cooperation, The Royal House of Norway, 2013, retrieved 5 November 2020
  39. ^ Kütük, Zeki (2010), Finlandiya'da Yabancı Düşmanlığı, Sosyal Dışlanma ve Türk Diasporası, Türk Asya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, retrieved 8 November 2020, Toplam sayılarının 10 000 civarında olduğu tahmin edilen Türklerin...
  40. ^ Pawłowska-Salińska, Katarzyna (2013), Nie pytaj Turka o kebab i język arabski, Gazeta Wyborcza, retrieved 3 November 2020, Turków jest w Polsce ok. 5 tys. – wynika z danych opracowanych przez Instytut Spraw Publicznych.
  41. ^ "Estrangeiros em Portugal" (PDF).
  42. ^ "Acquisition of citizenship by age group, sex and former citizenship, Portugal 2020". Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  43. ^ Shendruk, Amanda (8 July 2021). "Are you even trying to stop racism if you don't collect data on race?". Quartz. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  44. ^ "More than 9,000 Turks voted from Luxembourg". luxtimes.lu. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  45. ^ Bir masal ülkesinde yaşam öğretisi., Milliyet, 2009, retrieved 8 November 2020, Bu küçücük ülkede yaşayan 1000 Türk'ten...
  46. ^ İspanya'dan 8 yiyen Liechtenstein'ın Türkleri, Hürriyet, 2016, retrieved 8 November 2020, Bu sayı toplam nüfusun yüzde 3'üne denk geliyor.
  47. ^ a b c Remarks at Center for American Progress & Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey (TUSKON) Luncheon, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012, retrieved 13 November 2020, Here in the U.S., you can see our person-to-person relationships growing stronger each day. You can see it in the 13,000 Turkish students that are studying here in the U.S. You can see it in corporate leaders like Muhtar Kent, the CEO of Coca-Cola, and you can see it in more than one million Turkish-Americans who add to the rich culture and fabric of our country.
  48. ^ Grabowski, John J. (1996), "Turks in Cleveland", in Van Tassel, David Dirck; Grabowski, John J. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0253330564, Currently, the Turkish population of northeast Ohio is estimated at about 1,000 (an estimated 500,000 Turks live in the United States).
  49. ^ a b Erdal, Şafak (2009), ABD'de kaç Türk var?, Sabah, retrieved 30 November 2020, Biraz bilmece gibi mi oldu; açalım. Resmi kurumlarımıza göre ABD'de "Tahmini" 850 ile 900 bin arası Türk yaşıyor. Bu sayı öğrenci trafiğine göre her yıl ya biriki bin kişi artıyor veya bir o kadar eksiliyor. Buna karşılık ABD'deki Türk sivil toplum örgütlerinin Yeni Dünya'daki varlığımız üstüne yaptıkları araştırmalardan elde ettikleri sonuçlar, resmi kurumların verilerinin çok ama çok üstünde. Onlara göre, ABD'de halen en az 3 milyon Türk var. Okuyan, çalışan veya yaşayan.
  50. ^ "Remarks by Commerce Secretary Bryson, April 5, 2012", Foreign Policy Bulletin, 22 (3), Cambridge University Press: 137, 2012
  51. ^ Data tables, 2016 Census, Statistics Canada, 25 October 2017, retrieved 13 November 2020
  52. ^ Aytaç, Seyit Ahmet (2018), Shared issues, stronger ties: Canada's envoy to Turkey, Anadolu Agency, retrieved 7 February 2021, Turkish diaspora of some 100,000 Turks largely in Toronto is growing, says Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter ... We have a growing Turkish diaspora and they're doing very well in Canada. We think it's 100,000, largely in Toronto. We have several thousand Turkish students in Canada as well.
  53. ^ "Welcome!". The Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations. Retrieved 13 November 2020. The Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations is an umbrella organization representing 17 member associations from Victoria BC to Quebec, which include approximately 100,000 Canadians of Turkish origin.
  54. ^ "Journey to the East: 16th Taste of Asia and Asian Heritage Month Reception May 1st, 2018". Federation of Chinese Canadians in Markham. 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2021. With over 100,000 Turkish Canadians in Canada,...
  55. ^ "Turk of Venezuela". Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  56. ^ "Turk people group in all countries | Joshua Project". joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  57. ^ Immigrants in Brazil (2024, in Portuguese)
  58. ^ "Gallipoli Turkish Premiere to Aid Peninsula Restoration". The Age. 1994. p. 28. Retrieved 14 November 2020. There are now about 150,000 Turkish-Australians.
  59. ^ "Avustralya'dan THY'ye çağrı var". Milliyet. 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Asher, Türkiye'ye geniş bir Avusturalyalı heyetle geldiklerini, İstanbul'u 60 Avusturalyalı şirketle ziyaret ettiklerini ve birçok açıdan Türkiye'nin dinamik ekonomisini çok etkileyici bulduklarını anlattı. Melbourne'de yaklaşık 300 bin Türk'ün yaşadığını...
  60. ^ Lennie, Soraya (2017). "Turkish diaspora in Australia vote in referendum". TRT World. p. 28. Retrieved 14 November 2020. An estimated 200,000 Turks live in Australia with most of them based in Melbourne's northern suburbs.
  61. ^ a b c Vahdettin, Levent; Aksoy, Seçil; Öz, Ulaş; Orhan, Kaan (2016), Three-dimensional cephalometric norms of Turkish Cypriots using CBCT images reconstructed from a volumetric rendering program in vivo, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Recent estimates suggest that there are now 500,000 Turkish Cypriots living in Turkey, 300,000 in the United Kingdom, 120,000 in Australia, 5000 in the United States, 2000 in Germany, 1800 in Canada, and 1600 in New Zealand with a smaller community in South Africa.
  62. ^ "How many Turks living in New Zealand?". Pearl of the Islands Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
  63. ^ Kateb, Kamel (2001), Européens: "Indigènes" et juifs en Algérie (1830-1962) : Représentations et Réalités des Populations, INED, pp. 50–53, ISBN 273320145X
  64. ^ Koroghli, Ammar (2010), EL DJAZAÎR : De la Régence à l'Istiqlal, Sétif Info.
  65. ^ Communities and Local Government (2009), The Algerian Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities (PDF), Communities and Local Government, pp. 34–53, ISBN 978-1-4098-1169-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2011, retrieved 5 April 2012
  66. ^ Communities and Local Government (2009), The Algerian Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities (PDF), Communities and Local Government, p. 22, ISBN 978-1-4098-1169-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2011, retrieved 5 April 2012
  67. ^ Eminov, Ali (1997), Turkish and other Muslim minorities in Bulgaria, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. 79, ISBN 1-85065-319-4
  68. ^ Laczko, Frank; Stacher, Irene; Klekowski von Koppenfels, Amanda (2002). New challenges for Migration Policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 187. ISBN 90-6704-153-X.
  69. ^ Balkan Türkleri Kültür ve Dayanışma Derneği (27 May 2011). "Avusturya'daki Bulgaristan Türkleri hala Bulgar isimlerini neden taşıyor?". Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  70. ^ a b c d Rippin, Andrew (2008), World Islam: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies, Routledge, p. 77, ISBN 978-0415456531
  71. ^ European Population Conference: Proceedings, Geneva, vol. 2, Council of Europe, 1993, ISBN 9789287125514, The number of Turkish Cypriots now living in Turkey is about 300 000 while the number of those who have settled in England is 100 000. There are also approximately 30 000 Turkish Cypriots living in Australia and about 6 000 in Canada and the U.S.A.
  72. ^ "Briefing Notes on the Cyprus Issue". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Defence, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. May 2001. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010. there are currently about 500,000 Turkish Cypriots living in Turkey; 200,000 in Great Britain; 40,000 in Australia and some 10,000 in North America and 5,000 in other countries.
  73. ^ Salih, Halil Ibrahim (1968). Cyprus: An Analysis of Cypriot Political Discord. Brooklyn: T. Gaus' Sons. p. 53. ASIN B0006BWHUO (UK).
  74. ^ Kanlı, Yusuf (2018). "Bridging the population gap in Cyprus". Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 8 April 2018. It is often said that if the descendants of those who migrated from Cyprus to Turkey back in 1931 are included, the number of Turkish Cypriots living in the "motherland" might exceed 600,000.
  75. ^ BBC. "Network Radio BBC Week 39: Wednesday 28 September 2011: Turkish Delight?". Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  76. ^ Laschet, Armin (17 September 2011). "İngiltere'deki Türkler". Hurriyet. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  77. ^ Cemal, Akay (2 June 2011). "Dıştaki gençlerin askerlik sorunu çözülmedikçe…". Kıbrıs Gazetesi. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  78. ^ a b c d e f Star Kıbrıs (2012). "Sözünüzü Tutun". Retrieved 10 September 2012. Tarihsel süreç içerisinde yaşanan bazı olaylar nedeniyle Kıbrıs'tan göç etmek zorunda kalan Türklerin, bugün dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde yaşam sürdüklerine dikkat çeken Kasapoğlu, "Kıbrıslı Türklerin 300 bin kadarı İngiltere'de, 500 bini Türkiye'de, 120 bini Avustralya'da, 5 bini ABD'de, bin 800'ü Kanada'da, çok az bir popülasyon Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti'nde, bin 600'ü Yeni Zellanda'da, 2 bin kadarının da Almanya'da olduğu tahmin ediliyor" ifadelerini kullandı.
  79. ^ Cahit, Neriman (2014). Brides for Sale. TCAUW. p. 11. ISBN 9789963737345.
  80. ^ Sabah. "Küçük adanın talihsiz kızları". Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  81. ^ a b c d e f g Sirkeci, Ibrahim (2005), Turkmen in Iraq and International Migration of Turkmen (PDF), University of Bristol, p. 20
  82. ^ Wanche, Sophia I. (2004), An Assessment of the Iraqi Communityin Greece (PDF), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, p. 3
  83. ^ Iraklı Türkmenler Kerkük için yürüdü, Hürriyet, 2008
  84. ^ International Organization for Migration (2007), Iraq Mapping Exercise (PDF), International Organization for Migration, p. 5, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011
  85. ^ "Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association". Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  86. ^ "Turkish migrants grieve for Beirut from exile". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  87. ^ Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çiğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006). "Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences" (PDF). Center for Applied Linguistics: 13–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  88. ^ The Seattle Times (7 March 2006). "Refugees' road leads to Tukwila". Retrieved 16 November 2010.
  89. ^ Suwaed 2015, 121.
  90. ^ Suwaed, Muhammad (2015), "Turkmen, Israeli", Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 237, ISBN 978-1442254510
  91. ^ a b c d e f g El-Hatip, Alyaa (2014), "Filistin Türkmenlerinin Genel Durumu", Ortadoğu Türkmenlerİ Sempozyumu, ORSAM, p. 96
  92. ^ Ünal, Ali (2016). "Turkey stands united with Turkmens, says Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Yalçın". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  93. ^ Ahmed, Yusra (2015), Syrian Turkmen refugees face double suffering in Lebanon, Zaman Al Wasl, retrieved 11 October 2016
  94. ^ Syrian Observer (2015). "Syria's Turkmen Refugees Face Cruel Reality in Lebanon". Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  95. ^ "Türkiye'deki Suriyeli Türkmenler de Vatandaşlık İstiyor". 9 August 2020.
  96. ^ CBS. "Estimated Number of Turkish Jews Born in Israel". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012.
  97. ^ Whitman, Lois (1990). Destroying ethnic identity: the Turks of Greece. Human Rights Watch. p. 2. ISBN 0-929692-70-5.
  98. ^ Hirschon, Renée (2003). Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey. Berghahn Books. p. 107. ISBN 1-57181-562-7.
  99. ^ Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 320–321. ISBN 0-312-22691-8.
  100. ^ a b c Whitman, Lois (1990), Destroying Ethnic Identity: The muslims of Greece, Human Rights Watch, pp. 11–12, ISBN 978-0929692708
  101. ^ a b c Arif, Nazmi (2018), Yunanistan'da, Batı Trakya Türklerinin dış ülkelere göçü endişe ve kaygı verici boyutlara ulaştı., TRT, retrieved 12 November 2020
  102. ^ Şentürk, Cem (2008), "Batı Trakya Türklerin Avrupa'ya Göçleri", Uluslararası Sosyal Aratırmalar Dergisi, 1/2: 420
  103. ^ Kultur. "BATI TRAKYA TÜRK EDEBİYATI". Retrieved 20 May 2010.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turkish diaspora.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Turkish_diaspora&oldid=1256406512"