Tulbaghia violacea, commonly known as society garlic, pink agapanthus,[1] wild garlic, sweet garlic, spring bulbs, or spring flowers,[2] is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae, indigenous to southern Africa (KwaZulu-Natal and Cape Province), and reportedly naturalized in Tanzania and Mexico.[3]
| Tulbaghia violacea | |
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Allioideae |
| Genus: | Tulbaghia |
| Species: | T. violacea
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| Binomial name | |
| Tulbaghia violacea | |
Growing to 60 cm (24 in) tall by 25 cm (10 in) wide, it is a clump-forming perennial with narrow leaves and large clusters of fragrant, violet flowers from midsummer to autumn (fall).[4][5]
Description and cultivation
editWhen grown as an ornamental, this plant requires some protection from winter frosts. This species[6] and the cultivars 'Purple Eye'[7] and 'Silver Lace', with cream-margined leaves,[8] have all gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[9]
Treatment of seeds with a smoke solution has been shown to increase the leaf mass and height of T. violacea seedlings. Seeds exposed to aerosol smoke was also shown to lead to a higher seedling survival percentage.[10]
Odour
editWhile the smell of T. violacea is typically described as garlic like,[11] there has been an instance where police were called about the smell of cannabis in a neighborhood only to find out that the culprit was actually a combination of lemon verbena and society garlic.[12]
Uses
editCulinary uses
editT. violacea leaves are eaten as a substitute for chives and garlic. In South Africa, Zulu people eat the leaves and flowers as a leaf vegetable like spinach or for seasoning meat and potatoes.[13]
Medicinal uses
editTulbaghia violacea is used locally as a herbal remedy/medicine to treat several ailments.[13]
Due to increasing evidence of its potential as an antifungal agent, large-scale commercialization is anticipated. However, this may make the Tulbaghia genus threatened as it is susceptible to overuse.[13]
Safety and toxicity
editSome fatalities and symptoms like gastro-enteritis, abdominal pain, cessation of gastro-intestinal peristalsis, sloughing of the intestinal mucosa, and contraction of the pupils, have been implicated in medication prepared with T. violacea. There has been speculation that T. violacea may cause poisonings but tests on rabbit showed no negative effects. It is possible that reported adverse effects are due to extensive use and/or high dosages of the plant. Adverse effects are generally assumed to be associated with the steroidal saponins and/or the sulphur compounds.[13]
Ncube et al. (2011) found that the leaves and flowers of the plant are edible as vegetables. Elgorashi et al. (2003) used the Ames and VITOTOX tests and found that these parts (leaves and flowers) are non-toxic.[14]
Pictures
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In cultivation
References
edit- ^ "#793 Tulbaghia violacea". FloriData.
- ^ "Tulbaghia violacea (Society Garlic)". Gardenia.
- ^ "Tulbaghia violacea Harv". Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
- ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
- ^ Harvey, William Henry 1837. Botanical Magazine 64: t. 3555.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Tulbaghia violacea". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Tulbaghia 'Purple Eye'". Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Tulbaghia violacea 'Silver Lace'". Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 103. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ Sparg; Kulkarni; Light; Van Staden (August 2005). "Improving seedling vigour of indigenous medicinal plants with smoke". Bioresource Technology. 96 (12): 1323–1330. Bibcode:2005BiTec..96.1323S. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.11.015. PMID 15792578.
- ^ "Tulbaghia violacea". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. North Carolina State Extension. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ Kuperstein, Adam (18 May 2010). "Mystery Smell in Weston". NBC Miami.
- ^ a b c d Aremu; Van Staden (16 September 2013). "The genus Tulbaghia (Alliaceae)—A review of its ethnobotany, pharmacology, phytochemistry and conservation needs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149 (2): 387–400. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.046. PMID 23838476.
- ^ Madike, Lerato Nellvecia; Takaidza, Samkeliso; Ssemakalu, Cornelius C.; Pillay, Michael (2020-05-01). "The effect of extracts of Tulbaghia violacea on the proliferation of a murine macrophage cell line". South African Journal of Botany. 130: 185–197. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2019.12.025. ISSN 0254-6299. S2CID 213232640.
External links
edit
- "Tulbaghia violacea - Harv". Plants for a Future.
- "#793 Tulbaghia violacea". FloriData.
- "Society Garlic". Gardening Solutions. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
- "Tulbaghia violacea". Missouri Botanical Garden.
- "Tulbaghia violacea (Society Garlic)". Gardenia.
- "Tulbaghia violacea". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. North Carolina State Extension.