Triplofusus giganteus, commonly known as the Florida horse conch, or the giant horse conch, is a species of extremely large predatory subtropical and tropical sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, tulip snails and their allies.[1] On average, it weighs over 11 pounds (5.0 kg).[2]
| Triplofusus giganteus | |
|---|---|
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| In situ, note the orange soft parts | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Fasciolariidae |
| Genus: | Triplofusus |
| Species: | T. giganteus
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| Binomial name | |
| Triplofusus giganteus (Kiener, 1840)
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Although known as a horse conch, this is not a true conch, as it is not in the family Strombidae.
With a shell length that can reach 60 centimetres (24 in), this species is the largest gastropod in United States waters,[3] and one of the largest gastropods in the world.
Taxonomy
editTriplofusus giganteus was named by Louis Charles Kiener in 1840, originally as Fasciolaria gigantea. The species was subsequently assigned to Pleuroploca. The genus name Triplofusus was proposed for it in 1953. T. giganteus has also been known by the name Fasciolaria papillosa, which was named by George Brettingham Sowerby I in 1825, but it is impossible to confirm what species this name originally applied to, due to the brevity of the original description and loss of the type specimen.[4]
Distribution
editThis large sea snail is found along the Atlantic coast of the Americas from the U.S. state of North Carolina to the north, to Yucatán in the Gulf of Mexico to the south.[3]
Anatomy
editTriplofusus giganteus is the largest species of snail in North America. It has been hypothesized that female individuals reach larger sizes than males.[5] The animal can retract the soft parts entirely into the shell and close it with the operculum. The soft parts are bright orange in color.
Shell
edit
The largest known specimen of Triplofusus giganteus had a shell 604.8 millimetres (23.81 in) long.[6] However, populations have declined in size in recent years due to overharvesting; the largest individuals observed in various recent surveys have had shells ranging from 341 to 400 millimetres (13.4 to 15.7 in).[7]
The outline of the shell is somewhat fusiform, with a long siphonal canal, and having up to 10 whorls.[3] Its sculpture present several spiral cords and axial ribs, some of which can form knobs on the whorls' shoulders.[3]
The shell color is bright orange in very young individuals. The shell often becomes greyish white to salmon-orange when adult, with a light tan or dark brown periostracum.[3]
Ecology
edit
Habitat
editThis species dwells on sand, weed, and mud flats from the low intertidal to shallow subtidal zones,[3] in 20 foot (6 m) deep water. They are found at depths ranging from 0 to 100 m.[8]
Feeding habits
editTriplofusus giganteus is a predator, with a diet that consists primarily of large gastropods,[9] such as tulip shell (Fasciolaria tulipa), the lightning whelk (Sinistrofulgur perversum), and the queen conch (Lobatus gigas) as well as some Murex species.[10][11] T. giganteus rarely eats bivalves, even when they are readily available, with the exception of pen shells in the genus Atrina, which can comprise 20% of its diet.[9] It has been observed (in an aquarium setting) to eat small hermit crabs of the species Clibanarius vittatus.[citation needed] Cannibalism has been documented in captive T. giganteus, but only seems to occur in individuals that have been deprived of sufficient food.[12]
Reproduction
editFemale T. giganteus probably attain reproductive maturity at an age of six or seven years and shell length of 200 to 250 mm.[13] In a single spawning event, a female can lay up to 400 egg capsules, each of which can contain 70 offspring.[14] However, spawning events are infrequent and individuals probably only live a few years after attaining reproductive maturity.[15]
Predators
editT. giganteus are commonly eaten by tiger sharks.[16]
Parasites
editParasites of Triplofusus giganteus include trematode Lophotaspis vallei.[17]
Human use
editModern times
editThe U.S. state of Florida declared it the state seashell in 1969. The shell is popular with shell collectors partly because of its great size.
Archaeological and anthropological uses
editIn classic Mayan art, the Horse Conch is shown being utilised in many ways including as paint and ink holders for elite scribes, and also as a bugle or trumpet.
In southern Florida, Native Americans, including the Calusa and Tequesta, used the horse conch to make several types of artifact. The whole shell, or more commonly only the columella, was attached to a wooden handle and used as a hammer or woodworking tool. The body whorl was used as a drinking cup. The columella was also used to make plummets or sinkers.
Conservation
editPopulations of T. giganteus are in decline,[14] and because of the rarity of their spawning events they are vulnerable to population collapse.[18]
References
edit- ^ a b Rosenberg, G. (2018). Triplofusus giganteus (Kiener, 1840). In: MolluscaBase (2018). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=420051 on 2021-07-02
- ^ "Hermit Crab vs. Conch | World's Deadliest". Nat Geo Wild. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Leal, J.H. (2002). Gastropods. p. 99-147. In: Carpenter, K.E. (ed.). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. 1600p. PDF
- ^ Lyons & Lee 2018.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, p. 10.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, p. 3.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, p. 12.
- ^ Rosenberg, Moretzsohn & García 2009, p. 654.
- ^ a b Paine 1963, p. 67.
- ^ Wells F. E., Walker D. I. & Jones D. S. (eds.) (2003). Food of giants – field observations on the diet of Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Turbinellidae) the largest living gastropod. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Dampier, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth.
- ^ Toller, W.; Lewis, K-A. (2003). Queen Conch Strombus gigas (PDF). U.S.V.I. Animal Fact Sheet. Vol. 19. U.S.V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources Division of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-16.
- ^ Dietl 2003, p. 759.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, p. 11.
- ^ a b Herbert et al. 2022, p. 2.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Baughman & Springer 1950, p. 102.
- ^ Alevs, Philippe V.; Vieira, Fabiano M.; Santos, Cláudia P.; Scholz, Tomáš; Luque, José L. (2015-02-12). "A Checklist of the Aspidogastrea (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) of the World". Zootaxa. 3918 (3): 339–96. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3918.3.2. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 25781098.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, p. 13.
Works cited
edit- Baughman, J. L.; Springer, Stewart (1950). "Biological and Economic Notes on the Sharks of the Gulf of Mexico, with Especial Reference to Those of Texas, and with a Key for their Identification". American Midland Naturalist. 44 (1): 96. doi:10.2307/2421758. ISSN 0003-0031. JSTOR 2421758.
- Dietl, Gregory P. (2003). "First report of cannibalism in Triplofusus giganteus (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae)". Bulletin of Marine Science. 73 (3): 757–761.
- Herbert, Gregory S.; Geiger, Stephen P.; Hesterberg, Stephen G.; Seiden, Nicole; Rogers, Jaime A.; Harke, Ryan M.; Šala, Martin; West, Kaydee J.; Goddard, Ethan A. (6 April 2022). "Age and growth of one of the world's largest carnivorous gastropods, the Florida Horse Conch, Triplofusus giganteus (Kiener, 1840), a target of unregulated, intense harvest". PLOS ONE. 17 (4): e0265095. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1765095H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265095. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8985988. PMID 35385498.
- Lyons, William G.; Lee, Harry G. (2018-09-15). "Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener, 1840 (currently Triplofusus giganteus; Mollusca, Gastropoda, Fasciolariidae): the correct name for the horse conch of the southeastern United States and Mexico". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 75 (1): 195. doi:10.21805/bzn.v75.a041. ISSN 0007-5167. S2CID 91256565.
- Paine, Robert T. (1963). "Trophic relationships of 8 sympatric predatory gastropods". Ecology. 44 (1): 63–73. Bibcode:1963Ecol...44...63P. doi:10.2307/1933181. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 1933181.
- Rosenberg, Gary; Moretzsohn, Fabio; García, Emilio F. (2009). "Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico". In Felder, Darryl L.; Camp, David K. (eds.). Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Vol. 1. Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 579–699. ISBN 978-1-60344-094-3.
- Snyder, Martin Avery; Vermeij, Geerat J; Lyons, William G (2012). "The genera and biogeography of Fasciolariinae (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda, Fasciolariidae)". Basteria. 76 (1–3): 31–70.
- Rosenberg, G. 1992. Encyclopedia of Seashells. Dorset: New York. 224 pp. page(s): 91