Trdat the Architect (Armenian: Տրդատ ճարտարապետ, circa 940s – 1020) was the chief architect of the Bagratid kings of Armenia, and most notable for his design of the cathedral at Ani and his reconstruction of the dome of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
Trdat | |
|---|---|
| Born | 940s |
| Died | 1020 |
| Nationality | Armenian |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Buildings | Ani Cathedral Church of St. Gregory (1001-1010) Argina Cathedral Haghpat Monastery |
| Projects | Restoration of the Dome of the Haghia Sophia (989-994) |
Work
editTrdat was active in Armenia before and after his reconstruction of the Hagia Sophia. In 961, Ashot III moved his capital from Kars to the great city of Ani where he assembled new palaces and rebuilt the walls. The Catholicosate was moved to the Argina district in the suburbs of Ani where Trdat completed the building of the Catholicosal palace and the Mother Cathedral of Ani. This cathedral offers an example of a cruciform domed church within a rectangular plan.[1] Trdat is also believed to have designed or supervised the construction of Surb Nshan (Holy Sign, completed in 991), the oldest structure at Haghpat Monastery.[2]
After a great earthquake in 989 partly collapsed the dome of Hagia Sophia, Byzantine officials summoned Trdat to Byzantium to organize its repair. The rebuilt dome was completed by 994.[3] According to contemporary Armenian historian Stepanos Taronetsi (Asoghik):
Even [Hagia] Sophia, the cathedral, was torn to pieces from top to bottom. On account of this, many skillful workers among the Greeks tried repeatedly to reconstruct it. The architect and stonemason Trdat of the Armenians also happened to be there, presented a plan, and with wise understanding prepared a model, and began to undertake the initial construction, so that [the church] was rebuilt more handsomely than before.[4]
While the circumstances in which he was asked to repair the dome are unknown, Sirarpie Der Nersessian suggested that the fact alone "is in itself a sufficient indication of his renown."[5] Richard Krautheimer was somewhat dismissive of Trdat's role in Constantinople, suggesting that he "might have been summoned as a technician."[6]
Garbis Armen suggested that Trdat may have transferred earthquake-proofing innovations, especially features of the dome, found at the seventh century Saint Hripsime Church in Vagharshapat such as ribs, narrow windows and short buttresses to stabilize the dome against lateral thrust, to Hagia Sophia.[7]
References
edit- ^ Macler, Frédéric. "Armenia: The Kingdom of the Bagratides" in The Cambridge Medieval History: The Eastern Roman Empire (717-1453), ed. John Bury. Cambridge: The University Press, 1927, vol. 4, p. 161.
- ^ (in Russian) Hovhannisyan, Konstantine. Зодчий Трдат [The Architect Trdat]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1951, pp. 59-83.
- ^ Maranci, Christina (2003). "The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 62 (3): 294–305. doi:10.2307/3592516. ISSN 0037-9808.
- ^ Vasn oroy bazum c'an elew arhestawor cartarac'n Yunac' ar i verstin norogel: Ayl and dipeal cartarapetin Hayoc' Trdatay k'aragorci; tay zorinak sinuacoyn, imastun hancarov patrasteal zkalapars kazmacoyn ew skzbnaureal zsineln. or ew gelec'kapes sinec'aw paycar k'an zaira'inn. Malxasean, Step'anos Taronec'woy, Patmut'iwn Tiezerakan, 28, pp. 250-51, as translated in Christina Maranci. "The Architect Trdat: Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia," The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62/3 (September 2003), pp. 295.
- ^ Der Nersessian, Sirarpie (1969). Armenians. New York: Praeger. pp. 108–109.
- ^ Krautheimer, Richard (1965). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. Penguin Books. p. 235.
- ^ Armen, Garbis (1987). "A Study in Proportions in Armenian Church Architecture" (PDF). The Armenian Review. 40 (2–158): 69.
Further reading
edit- Christina Maranci. "The Architect Trdat: From the Great Church at Ani to the Great Church at Constantinople," in Armenian Kars and Ani, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2011, pp. 101–26.
- (in Armenian) Toramanian, Toros. Նյութեր հայկական ճարտարապետության պատմության [Materials for the History of Armenian Architecture]. Yerevan: ArmFan Publishing, 1948, vol. 2.