Anomalous pulmonary venous connection
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Anomalous pulmonary venous connection (or anomalous pulmonary venous drainage or anomalous pulmonary venous return[1]) is a congenital heart defect of the pulmonary veins. It can be a total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, wherein all four pulmonary veins are incorrectly positioned, or a partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, wherein only some of the pulmonary veins are incorrectly positioned.
| Anomalous pulmonary venous connection | |
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| Illustration of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection | |
| Specialty | Medical genetics  |
Signs and symptoms
edit- Right ventricular heave
- Loud S1
- Fixed split S2
- S3 gallop
- Systolic ejection murmur at left upper sternal border
- Cardiomegaly
- Right ventricular hypertrophy and right axis deviation on ECG
- Cyanosis, tachypnea and dyspnea, since the overloaded pulmonary circuit can cause pulmonary edema
- Cottage-loaf sign, that is, chest X-ray appearance similar to a cottage loaf, also known as the 'snow man' sign or 'figure of 8' sign.[2]
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVR)
editTotal anomalous pulmonary venous connection, also known as total anomalous pulmonary venous return, is a rare cyanotic congenital heart defect in which the pulmonary veins drain into the right side of the heart instead of the left, as is usually seen. This can happen within the heart (intracardiac) where it drains into the coronary sinus or right atrium, or below it (infracardiac) where it drains into the liver at the portal or hepatic vein. The anomalous connection causes low blood oxygenation and limitation of venous return to the heart.[3]
Diagnosis
editThe diagnosis of TAPVC is dependent upon whether or not there is an obstruction.[4]
TAPVC with obstruction will clinically present with cyanosis, tachypnea, dyspnea, and hypoxemia. Chest x-ray may show a ground-glass appearance due to pulmonary edema resulting from increased pressure in the obstructed pulmonary veins.
Treatment
editCases of TAPVC with obstruction are considered a surgical emergency.
In TAPVC without obstruction, surgical redirection can be performed within the first month of life. The operation is performed under general anesthesia. The four pulmonary veins are reconnected to the left atrium, and any associated heart defects such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent foramen ovale, and/or patent ductus arteriosus are surgically closed. With obstruction, surgery should be undertaken urgently. PGE1 should be given because a patent ductus arteriosus allows oxygenated blood to go from the circulation of the right heart to the systemic circulation.[citation needed]
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVR)
editA Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (or Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage or Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return) is a congenital defect where the left atrium is the point of return for the blood from some (but not all) of the pulmonary veins.[citation needed]
It is less severe than total anomalous pulmonary venous connection which is a life-threatening anomaly requiring emergent surgical correction, usually diagnosed in the first few days of life. Partial anomalous venous connection may be diagnosed at any time from birth to old age. The severity of symptoms, and thus the likelihood of diagnosis, varies significantly depending on the amount of blood flow through the anomalous connections. In less severe cases, with smaller amounts of blood flow, diagnosis may be delayed until adulthood, when it can be confused with other causes of pulmonary hypertension.[5] There is also evidence that a significant number of mild cases are never diagnosed, or diagnosed incidentally.[6] It is associated with other vascular anomalies, and some genetic syndromes such as Turner syndrome.[citation needed]
Diagnosis
editIt can be diagnosed with CT scan, angiography, transesophageal echocardiography, or cardiac MRI.[7][8]
Treatment
editIt is sometimes treated with surgery, which involves rerouting blood from the right atrium into the left atrium with a patch or use of the Warden procedure.[9][10] However, interest is increasing in catheter-based interventional approaches, as well as medical therapy for less severe cases[citation needed].
Pathophysiology
editTo understand the different types of anomalous pulmonary venous connection, it is important to establish the background in which normal fetal vasculature develops.
During embryonic development, the lungs start as outgrowths from the foregut and share its splanchnic vascular plexus. At around 25 to 27 days of gestation, there are no direct links to the heart. By 27 to 29 days of gestation, the primitive pulmonary vein begins to form as an outgrowth from the left atrium and eventually connects with the primitive pulmonary venous system.
References
edit- ^ "Facts about Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return or TAPVR". Retrieved November 10, 2013.
- ^ Somerville J, Grech V (2009). "The chest x-ray in congenital heart disease 1. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and coarctation of the aorta". Images Paediatr Cardiol. 11 (1): 7–9. ISSN 1729-441X. PMC 3232600. PMID 22368552.
- ^ Byard, Roger W.; Gilbert, John D. (2005-09-01). "Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection". Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. 1 (3): 215–220. doi:10.1385/FSMP:1:3:215. ISSN 1556-2891.
- ^ Stein, Patricia (March 2007). "Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection". AORN Journal. 85 (3): 509–520. doi:10.1016/S0001-2092(07)60123-9. ISSN 0001-2092.
- ^ Sears EH, Aliotta JM, Klinger JR (2012). "Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return presenting with adult-onset pulmonary hypertension". Pulm Circ. 2 (2): 250–5. doi:10.4103/2045-8932.97637. PMC 3401879. PMID 22837866.
- ^ Ho ML, Bhalla S, Bierhals A, Gutierrez F (May 2009). "MDCT of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) in adults". J Thorac Imaging. 24 (2): 89–95. doi:10.1097/RTI.0b013e318194c942. PMID 19465830.
- ^ Prasad SK, Soukias N, Hornung T, Khan M, Pennell DJ, Gatzoulis MA, et al. (2004). "Role of magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage". Circulation. 109 (2): 207–14. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000107842.29467.c5. PMID 14718402.
- ^ Ammash NM, Seward JB, Warnes CA, Connolly HM, O'Leary PW, Danielson GK (May 1997). "Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 29 (6): 1351–8. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(97)82758-1. PMID 9137235.
- ^ ElBardissi AW, Dearani JA, Suri RM, Danielson GK (March 2008). "Left-sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 85 (3): 1007–14. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.11.038. PMID 18291189.
- ^ Alsoufi B, Cai S, Van Arsdell GS, Williams WG, Caldarone CA, Coles JG (December 2007). "Outcomes after surgical treatment of children with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 84 (6): 2020–6, discussion 2020–6. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.05.046. PMID 18036929.