The Toi invasion (Japanese: 刀伊の入寇, Hepburn: toi no nyūkō) was the invasion of northern Kyūshū by Jurchen pirates in 1019.[5]
| Toi invasion | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||
| Belligerents | ||||||||
| Jurchen pirates | Japanese Dazaifu | Goryeo | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
| Unknown |
Fujiwara no Masatada † Fujiwara no Takaie Ōkura no Taneki | Unknown | ||||||
| Strength | ||||||||
| 3,000 | ? | ? | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||||||
| 8 ships captured by Goryeo[3] | 850+ (killed and abducted) 350 dead, 1,300 enslaved. Only 259 or 270 were returned by Koreans from the 8 ships.[4] | ? | ||||||
  Location within Japan | ||||||||
History
editAt the time, Toi (되, Doe) meant "barbarian" in the Korean language. The Toi pirates sailed with about 50 ships from direction of Goryeo, then assaulted Tsushima and Iki, starting 27 March 1019. After the Iki Island garrison consisting of 147 soldiers led by Fujiwara Notada was wiped out, the Jurchen pirates slaughtered all the Japanese men while seizing Japanese women as prisoners. Fujiwara Notada, the Japanese governor was killed.[6]
After that, they raided Chikuzen Province's Ido, Shima, and Sawara counties, and on April 9, they raided Hakata. For a week, using Noko Island in the Hakata Bay as a base, they sacked villages and kidnapped over 1000 Japanese, mostly women and young girls, for use as slaves. The Dazaifu, the administrative center of Kyūshū, then raised an army and successfully drove the pirates away.[7]
After that, they then raided Matsuura County, Hizen Province from April 13 to May 20, and were eventually repelled by Genchi, the founder of the "Matsuura 48 Parties", and after attacking Tsushima again, they retreated towards the Korean Peninsula.[8]
A few months later, the Goryeo delegate Jeong Jaryang (鄭子良) reported that the Goryeo navy had intercepted the pirates off of Wonsan and eliminated them. They rescued around 300 Japanese captives. Under Korean captivity "they were provided white clothes and fed meals with silverware". The Korean government then repatriated them back to Japan where they were thanked by the Dazaifu and given rewards. There remain detailed reports by two captive women, Kura no Iwame and Tajihi no Akomi, with Kura no Iwame's report being copied down.[9]
The Japanese children and women kidnapped by the Jurchens were mostly likely forced to become prostitutes and sex slaves. Only 270 or 259 Japanese on 8 ships were returned when Goryeo managed to intercept them. 1280 Japanese were taken prisoner, 374 Japanese were killed and 380 Japanese-owned livestock were killed for food.[10]
These Jurchen pirates lived in what is today Hamgyŏngdo, North Korea.[11]
Traumatic memories of the Jurchen raids on Japan, the Mongol invasions of Japan in addition to Japan viewing the Jurchens as "Tatar" "barbarians" after copying China's barbarian-civilized distinction, may have played a role in Japan's antagonistic views against Manchus and hostility towards them in later centuries such as when the Tokugawa Ieyasu viewed the unification of Manchu tribes as a threat to Japan. The Japanese mistakenly thought that Hokkaido (Ezochi) had a land bridge to Tartary (Orankai) where Manchus lived and thought the Manchus could invade Japan. In 1627, The Tokugawa shogunate sent a message to Joseon via Tsushima offering help to Joseon against the Later Jin invasion of Joseon. Joseon refused it.[12]
References
edit- ^ Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2. Kōdansha. Kodansha. 1983. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-87011-620-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Embree, Ainslie Thomas (ed.). Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 1. Robin Jeanne Lewis, Asia Society, Richard W. Bulliet (2, illustrated ed.). Scribner. p. 371. ISBN 0684188988.
- ^ Adolphson, Mikael S.; Kamens, Edward; Matsumoto, Stacie (2007). Kamens, Edward; Adolphson, Mikael S.; Matsumoto, Stacie (eds.). Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 376. ISBN 9780824830137.
- ^ Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. 耕造·山村 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 0521223539.
- ^ Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. 耕造·山村 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. xxi. ISBN 0521223539.
- ^ Takekoshi, Yosaburō (2004). The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1 (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 134. ISBN 0415323797.
- ^ Tetsutaro, Sato (March 1994). "Thoughts on Hakata Kegosho (Humanities and Social Sciences)". Nakamura Gakuen Research Bulletin. 26: 35–51.
- ^ Seiichiro, Seno (1975). History of Nagasaki Prefecture. Yamakawa Publishing Co., Ltd.
- ^ 朝鮮學報, Issues 198-201. 朝鮮学会 (Japan), 朝鮮學會 (Japan). 朝鮮學會. 2006.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Batten, Bruce L. (31 January 2006). Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500-1300. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 102, 101, 100. ISBN 9780824842925.
- ^ Kang, Chae-ŏn; Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne (2006). "5". The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Sook Pyo Lee, Suzanne Lee. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-931907-30-9.
- ^ Mizuno, Norihito (2004). Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan's Perception of China and Korea and the Making of Foreign Policy From the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century (Dissertation). The Ohio State University. pp. 163, 164. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.839.4807.
- (in Japanese) Timeline (includes information on Toi invasion)