Tipuana tipu, also known as tipa,[2] rosewood and pride of Bolivia, is a South American tree.
| Tipuana | |
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| Tipuana tipu, Revivim, Israel | |
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| Flowers | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Dalbergieae |
| Genus: | Tipuana Benth. |
| Species: | T. tipu
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| Binomial name | |
| Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze
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| Synonyms | |
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Taxonomy
editIt is the only member of the genus Tipuana.[3][4] It was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Pterocarpus clade within the Dalbergieae.[5][6]
Physical characteristics
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Growing up to 30 metres (98 ft) in height and 20 metres (66 ft) wide, Tipuana tipu is well known for its use as a shade tree. The leaves of the tree are pinnately compound, 10 inches (25 cm) long; the pinnules typically are 1 to 3 inches (2 to 7 cm) long, and are variably paripinnate or imparipinnate on the same tree. The flowers are bright yellow in color and bloom only briefly in the late summer. The fruit is a hard, pod with the seed at one end, resembling a samara (the fruit of the Ash genus, Fraxinus).[citation needed]
Depending on where it is grown, Tipuana is largely a deciduous tree, annually shedding all or most of its leaves and large "helicopter" pods from midwinter to spring.[citation needed] It produces masses of seeds, most of which succeed in germinating, and it can withstand a very wide range of growing conditions, from −4 °C (25 °F) to salty soils to drought.[7] Timber is whitish in color, strong and fibrous.[citation needed]
Invasiveness
editTipuana tipu is viewed as an invasive weed in some countries and is known for having a very aggressive root system.[8] The tree roots can easily lift up concrete and asphalt. Precautions should be taken when planting near buildings, homes, or pools, as they are likely to be damaged. Damage may sometimes be averted by trenching near the structure to a depth of about 1 metre and filling the trench with building rubble or lining the trench with thick plastic sheeting or corrugated roofing sheets.
It is listed as a Category 3 Invasive species in South Africa.[9] Category 3 species are regarded as having the proven potential of becoming invasive, and are not allowed to occur anywhere except in biological control reserves, unless they were already in existence when the regulations went into effect. The conditions on which these already existing plants may be retained are that they do not grow within 30 m from the 1:50 year flood line of watercourses or wetlands, that all reasonable steps are taken to keep the plant from spreading, and that the Executive Officer has the power to impose additional conditions or even prohibit the growing in any area where he has reason to believe that these plants will pose a threat to agricultural resources. Propagative material of these plants, such as seeds or cuttings, may no longer be planted, propagated, imported, bought, sold or traded in any way. It will, however, be legal to trade in the wood of Category 3 plants, or in other products that do not have the potential to grow or multiply.[10]
Insects
editThe species is a food plant for spittlebugs such as Ptyelus grossus. In Southern California, an insect called tipu psyllid (Platycorypha nigrivirga) has invaded several trees.[11] In South Africa (Knysna) Tipuana is attacked by polyphagous shot hole borer (Euwallacea fornicatus).
References
edit- ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2019. Tipuana tipu. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T62028299A149012636. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T62028299A149012636.en. Accessed on 28 March 2023.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tipuana tipa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
- ^ "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Tipuana". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
- ^ USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program. "GRIN species records of Tipuana". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
- ^ Lavin M, Pennington RT, Klitgaard BB, Sprent JI, de Lima HC, Gasson PE (2001). "The dalbergioid legumes (Fabaceae): delimitation of a pantropical monophyletic clade". Am J Bot. 88 (3): 503–33. doi:10.2307/2657116. JSTOR 2657116. PMID 11250829.
- ^ Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wyk BE, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". S Afr J Bot. 89: 58–75. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001. hdl:10566/3193.
- ^ "2006 | SERIES 17 | Episode 11 - Fact Sheets - Gardening Australia - GARDENING AUSTRALIA". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 April 2006.
- ^ "Rosewood or tipuana tree (Tipuana tipu) weed management guide". Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
- ^ "What does the law say? – Invasive Species South Africa".
- ^ "Legal Obligations Regarding Invasive Alien Plants in South Africa". Archived from the original on 2016-01-27. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
- ^ Nisson, Nick. "Tipu psyllid, Platycorypha nigrivirga". University of California, Riverside, Center for Invasive Species Research. Retrieved 16 April 2024.