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Timeline of the Oirats

This is a timeline of the Oirats, also known as the Kalmyks or Dzungars.

6th century

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Year Date Event
6TH - 8TH ÖLÜ-T or YELÜ-T IN THE EAST. According to Erdeniyin Tobchi (17 century), ÖLÜ-T or YELÜ-T (-t for plural) was one of the leading familial lineages in the Oirat coalition.

The first documented reference to ÖLÜ-T (YELÜ-T) was Onginsk "rune" inscriptions dated in the 6th century.[1] The political elite in the Rouran and Tobgach empires were the YELÜ-T Mongolic speakers. Although these two empires encompassed multilingual populations, the language of diplomacy, trade, and culture was a ÖLÜ (YELÜ) dialect of ancient Mongolic descent.[2]

ÖLÜ-T or YELÜ-T IN THE CASPIAN STEPPES, 6th - 8th century

The YELÜ-AVARS, originally hailing from Mongolia, established their formidable empire known as the Rouran Khanate (330-555 CE).[3]

However, in the midst of the sixth century, they faced destruction at the hands of the Turks, who pursued them as far as the Caucasus region.[4]

This displacement triggered a series of events. Settling in the Caucasus around 558, the Mongolic Avars intervened in Germanic tribal conflicts, forming alliances such as with the Lombards to overthrow the Gepidae, who were Byzantine allies.

Between 550 and 575, they solidified their presence by establishing the Avar Khanate (6th to 8th century) in the Hungarian plain, situated between the Danube and Tisza rivers.[4]

13th century

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Year Date Event
1207 Jochi, Genghis Khan's oldest son, subjugates the 'forest peoples' - Oirat, Kyrgyz, and Buryat[5]
1207-1208 Quduqa Bäki, the leader of the Oirats, becomes a QUDA ally, or in-law familial lineage to Genghis Khan and his imperial lineage.

Genghis Khan marries his daughter Checheyiken and Jochi's daughter Holuiqan to two Quduqa Bäki's sons [6]

1217-1336 Oirats were prominent in the Middle Eastern Il-Khanate, whose founder Hulegu married two Oirat women in succession [6]

TURKEY. An Oirat tümen under the Il-Khans’ kürgens (son-in-laws) settled in the area of Diyarbakır.

EGYPT. In 1296, this tümen moved to MAMLUK EGYPT when GHAZAN KHAN favored their local Turkmen rivals. By 1336, Ali-Padshah, a member of the Oirat ruling family, was a contender for power in the disintegrating Il- Khanate.

KHORASAN. Arghun Aqa, a famous Oirat bureaucrat, became governor of Khorasan (eastern Iran) and founder of a prominent Oirat family there.[6]

1260-1264 Oirats had strong QUDA ties to the families of Jochi’s sons Hordu and BATU. They also were QUDA to QUBILAI KHAN’s brother ARIQ-BÖKE (d. 1266) and his descendants, whose territory bordered on the Oirats’.[6]

Toluid Civil War: The Four Oirat (Choros, Torghut, Dörbet, and Khoid) is formed in support of Ariq Böke against Kublai Khan[7]

14th century

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Year Date Event
1388 Jorightu Khan Yesüder, a descendant of Ariq Böke, kills Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür and occupies the Northern Yuan throne with the backing of the Oirats[8]
1399 The Four Oirat break away from Northern Yuan[9]

15th century

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Year Date Event
1414 April Second Mongol Campaign: Ming forces engage Oirats at the Tuul River, suffering heavy casualties, but ultimately prevail through the use of heavy cannon bombardments[10]
1423 August Fourth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor launches an offensive against Arughtai only to find out he had already been defeated by the Oirats[11]
1433 The Oirats install Taisun Khan as leader of the Eastern Mongols[9]
1449 July Tumu Crisis: Esen Taishi of the Oirats and de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan launches an invasion of the Ming dynasty[12]
4 August Tumu Crisis: The Zhengtong Emperor departs from Beijing to personally confront Esen Taishi[13]
30 August Tumu Crisis: The Ming rearguard is defeated[14]
1 September Tumu Crisis: The Ming army is annihilated and the Zhengtong Emperor is captured by Esen Taishi[15]
27 October Esen Taishi lays siege to Beijing but fails to take it and withdraws after 5 days[16]
1451 Esen Taishi declares himself Yuan Emperor, which causes widespread dissent among his followers[9]
1454 Esen Taishi is killed and the Northern Yuan is once more split into two portions between the Oirats and Eastern Mongols[17]
1457 The Oirats invade the Uzbek Khanate and defeat Abu'l-Khayr Khan, plundering the cities on the Syr Darya[18]
1469 The Oirats occupy Mobei[19]
1472 The Oirats invade Moghulistan and defeat Yunus Khan[20]
1480 Dayan Khan pushes the Oirats westward[19]

16th century

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Year Date Event
1507-82 Altan Khan expels the Oirats from Mongolia[21]
1587 Kharkhul repels an attack by Ubasi Khong Tayiji[22]

17th century

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Year Date Event
1607 Oirat emissaries reach the Russians at Tara[23]
1608 A group of Khoshut Oirats raid the Nogai Horde[24]
1616 The first Russian embassy reaches the Oirats[21]
1620 Kharkhul of the Choros clan attacks Ubasi Khong Tayiji but is defeated and the Oirats are forced to retreat into Siberia[25]
1622 Oirats lay siege to Kuznetsk but fail to take it[26]
1623 Kharkhul unites the Four Oirat and defeat Ubasi Khong Tayiji[25]
1625 Kalmyk Khanate: The Torghut chieftain Kho Orluk moves 50,000 families west[27]
1628 Kalmyk Khanate: The Kalmyks attack the Nogai Horde, displacing them[28]
1634 Dzungar Khanate: Kharkhul dies and is succeeded by his son Erdeni Batur, who establishes the Dzungars on the upper Emil River south of the Tarbagatai Mountains[29]
1636 Güshi Khan of the Khoshut responds to a Gelug invitation and invades Qinghai with 10,000 troops[29]
1637 Güshi Khan kills Choghtu Khong Tayiji and proceeds to invade Tibet[29]
1642 Khoshut Khanate: Güshi Khan conquers Tibet and bestows supreme authority over the region to the 5th Dalai Lama, who reciprocates by granting him the title of Chogyal (Dharma King)[29]
1644 Kalmyk Khanate: Kho Orluk is killed while pursuing the fleeing Nogais and is succeeded by Shukhur Daichin[27]
1646 Shukhur Daichin, Erdeni Batur and Güshi Khan send tribute to the Qing dynasty[22]
1651 Kalmyk Khanate: The Kalmyks inflict a massive defeat on the Crimean Khanate and Nogais[24]
1653 Dzungar Khanate: Erdeni Batur dies and is succeeded by his son Sengge[30]
1661 Kalmyk Khanate: Shukhur Daichin is succeeded by Puntsug[31]
1667 Dzungar Khanate: Dzungars and Khakas defeat a Russian force and lay siege to Krasnoyarsk, reducing its inhabitants to starvation; Sengge defeats Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji[26]
1668 Kalmyk Khanate: Puntsug joins the Russians in attacking the Crimean Khanate[27]
1670 Kalmyk Khanate: Puntsug is succeeded by Ayuka Khan[31]
1671 Dzungar Khanate: Sengge is assassinated and succeeded by his younger brother Galdan Boshugtu Khan[30]
1678 Dzungar conquest of Altishahr: Ismail Khan drives out to the Aq Taghliq Khoja Afaq Khoja, who seeks help from the 5th Dalai Lama, who in turn writes a letter to the Dzungar Khanate for help.[32]
1679 Dzungar conquest of Altishahr: Galdan Boshugtu Khan conquers Hami and Turpan[30]
1680 Dzungar conquest of Altishahr: Galdan Boshugtu Khan conquers Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan, killing Ismail's family. Abd ar-Rashid Khan II is installed as ruler.[33]
1682 Dzungar Khanate: Riots break out, forcing Abd ar-Rashid Khan II to flee; his brother Muhammad Imin Khan succeeds him[34]
1684 Dzungar Khanate: Galdan Boshugtu Khan takes Tashkent and Sairam[30]
1686 Dzungar Khanate: Galdan Boshugtu Khan attacks Andijan[30]
1688 Dzungar–Qing Wars: Galdan Boshugtu Khan invades Mongolia with 30,000 troops and defeats the Tüsheet Khan Chikhundorj, annexing the region[35]
1689 Dzungar Khanate: While Galdan Boshugtu Khan was at war, his nephew Tsewang Rabtan seized the throne in Dzungaria[35]
1690 3 September Battle of Ulan Butung: Galdan Boshugtu Khan leads 20,000 troops into battle with a Qing army 300 km north of Beijing, ending with Dzungar withdrawal[35]
1693 Dzungar Khanate: Muhammad Imin Khan attacks the Dzungars but is overthrown by Afaq Khoja, whose son Yahiya Khoja is enthroned[34]
1695 Dzungar Khanate: Afaq Khoja and Yahiya Khoja are killed in a rebellion[34]
1696 Battle of Jao Modo: The Qing dynasty invades Mongolia with 100,000 troops in three columns. Galdan Boshugtu Khan suffers defeat against the Western Route Army but manages to escape.[35]
Dzungar Khanate: Akbash Khan is enthroned but the begs of Kashgar refuse to acknowledge him. Dzungar troops are brought in by Akbash to enforce his rule. However the Dzungars install Mirza Alim Shah Beg; so ends the Yarkent Khanate and Chagatai rule.[36]
1697 4 April Dzungar–Qing Wars: Galdan Boshugtu Khan dies in the Altai Mountains[35]
Dzungar–Qing Wars: ʿAbdu l-Lāh Tarkhān Beg rebels against the Dzungar Khanate in Hami[37]
1698 Dzungar–Qing Wars: Qing dynasty occupies Hami[38]

18th century

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Year Date Event
1710 Dzungar Khanate: Dzungars demolish a Russian fort on the Biya River[39]
1717 Khoshut Khanate: The Dzungars invade and kill Lha-bzang Khan, ending the Khoshut Khanate[40]
1720 Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720): The Qing dynasty expels the Dzungars from Tibet, beginning the period of Tibet under Qing rule[40]
Dzungar–Qing Wars: Amin Khoja leads a rebellion in Turpan against the Dzungar Khanate and defects to the Qing dynasty[38]
1724 Kalmyk Khanate: Ayuka Khan is succeeded by Tseren Donduk Khan[31]
1727 Dzungar Khanate: Tsewang Rabtan dies and is succeeded by his son Galdan Tseren[40]
1732 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Dzungars attack Amin Khoja, who takes his people to settle in Guazhou[38]
1735 Kalmyk Khanate: Tseren Donduk Khan is succeeded by Donduk Ombo Khan[31]
1737 Dzungar–Qing Wars: Abuse by the Dzungars cause residents of the Tarim Basin to flee to the Qing dynasty[37]
1741 Kalmyk Khanate: Donduk Ombo Khan is succeeded by Donduk Dashi Khan[31]
1745 Dzungar Khanate: Galdan Tseren dies and is succeeded by his son Tsewang Dorji Namjal[41]
1750 Dzungar Khanate: Tsewang Dorji Namjal is overthrown by his cousin Lama Dorji[41]
1752 Dzungar Khanate: Dawachi takes control of the khanate with the aid of Amursana[42]
1754 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Dörbet and Amursana defect to the Qing dynasty[42]
1755 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Qing dynasty sends 50,000 troops in two columns against the Dzungars, meeting little resistance, and complete the destruction of the khanate in just 100 days, however Amursana revolts in the aftermath[38]
1757 Amursana flees the Qing dynasty, dying in Tobolsk[42]
1761 Kalmyk Khanate: Donduk Dashi Khan is succeeded by Ubashi Khan[31]
1771 Kalmyk Khanate: Ubashi Khan leads 170,000 Kalmyks on a return migration to Dzungaria with less than 70,000 reaching their destination where they are received as Qing subjects; after failing to stop the Kalmyk migration, Catherine the Great abolishes the khanate[43]
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References

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  1. ^ Bougdaeva 2023, p. 32.
  2. ^ Bougdaeva 2023, p. 45.
  3. ^ Gnecchi-Ruscone et.al. 2022.
  4. ^ a b Pohl 1988, p. 39.
  5. ^ Sinor 1990, p. 30.
  6. ^ a b c d Atwood 2004, p. 419.
  7. ^ Adle 2003, p. 141.
  8. ^ Adle 2003, p. 142.
  9. ^ a b c Adle 2003, p. 210.
  10. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 227.
  11. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 228.
  12. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 322.
  13. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 323.
  14. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 324.
  15. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 325.
  16. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 328.
  17. ^ Adle 2003, p. 211.
  18. ^ Bregel 2003, p. 44.
  19. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 153.
  20. ^ Bregel 2003, p. 48.
  21. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 143.
  22. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 155.
  23. ^ Adle 2003, p. 175.
  24. ^ a b Christian 2018, p. 193.
  25. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 144.
  26. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 176.
  27. ^ a b c Adle 2003, p. 145.
  28. ^ Adle 2003, p. 154.
  29. ^ a b c d Adle 2003, p. 146.
  30. ^ a b c d e Adle 2003, p. 147.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Adle 2003, p. 159.
  32. ^ Grousset 1970, p. 501.
  33. ^ Adle 2003, p. 185.
  34. ^ a b c Adle 2003, p. 192.
  35. ^ a b c d e Adle 2003, p. 148.
  36. ^ Adle 2003, p. 193.
  37. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 199.
  38. ^ a b c d Adle 2003, p. 200.
  39. ^ Adle 2003, p. 179.
  40. ^ a b c Adle 2003, p. 149.
  41. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 158.
  42. ^ a b c Adle 2003, p. 150.
  43. ^ Adle 2003, p. 151.

Bibliography

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  • Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5
  • Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill
  • Christian, David (2018), A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia 2, Wiley Blackwell
  • Grousset, Rene (1970), Empire of the Steppes
  • Sinor, Denis (1990), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press
  • Twitchett, Denis (1998), The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty, 1368—1644, Part I, Cambridge University Press
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