Fu (Chinese: 符; pinyin: ) was a tally, which was used as a proof of authorization in ancient China, which typically consists of two parts.[1] Generals would use the fu as an imperial authorization for troop movements and for other purposes while amongst the populace, it was used as a proof of authorization for goods exchanges or for leases.[1] The official fu was made of bamboo, wood, metal (gold, silver, bronze) or jade.[1][2]: 27–28 Although it could be made in various shapes (such as tiger, dragon, turtle, snake, fish or human), most of them come in the shape of a tiger.[1]
| Fu | |||||||
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.jpg) Tiger tally (Hufu) of Qin dynasty period | |||||||
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Terminology
editThe term fu refers to the magical drawings used by the adepts of Taoist and Buddhist tantric masters.[2]: 28
Shapes of fu
editClassical description of tallies is found in the Zhou li, which refers to the tallies of jade and horn, and mentions the shapes of tiger, human, dragon, seal, and banner.[3]: 83 [4]
Toothed tally/Chang
editA toothed type of tally, called chang, was used in the Early Zhou dynasty; they were used by kings to verify the authenticity of the messages received.[5]: 97 They were made of jade.[5]: 97
Tiger tally/Hufu
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Tiger tallies were known as hufu (Chinese: 虎符; pinyin: hǔfú). The word hufu first appears in the biography of Lord Hsin-ling in the Records of the Grand Historian, where a stolen tiger tally is used to relieve the state of Zhao.[5]: 97 It was through the tiger tally that the Emperors of China would authorize and delegate the power to his generals to command and dispatch an army.[1][2]: 27 According to the Chinese tradition, the tiger was a symbol of valour; therefore, a tiger-shaped tally symbolized the expectation that an imperial command should be completed as promptly and as courageously as a tiger with the authorization of the emperor.[1]
The tiger tally was initially made of jade, but it was eventually made into bronze in the Warring States period.[2]: 27 [5]: 97 The tiger tally had text inscription on its back and were typically made of two pieces.[1] The two-piece tiger tally was used to verify troop deployment orders from the central government. Left pieces were issued to a local commander or the a local official, and right pieces were retained by the central government.[1] Government orders were deemed to be authentic if they were accompanied by the right piece matching the recipient's left piece;[6] and only when it was deemed authentic and the two-pieced were matched that these orders could take effect and the army could be mobilized.[1] And, when ordered to implement troop order, the imperial court would send the left piece to the official who is carrying the right part.[2]: 27 This practice was popular during the Warring States Period, Qin and Han dynasties.[1] The use of tiger tally continued to be used throughout the Han dynasty until the Sui dynasty.[note 1][5]: 97 [2]: 27
Not all tiger tallies were separated two pieces, or even used as tallies.[3]: 87 The tiger tally from the tomb of King Zhao Mo of Nanyue, however, was cast as a single piece. It demonstrates that tiger tally were not uniform and could function as tokens instead of tallies.[3]: 87
Fish tally/Yufu
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The fish tally is a variant of the tiger tally.[7]: 106 Fish tally were also made of two pieces and were known as yufu (Chinese: 魚符; pinyin: yúfú); the fish tally was originally made of copper and was used as a proof of identity in the central and local governments; with time however, they became an item which was used to indicate the position of an official.[7]: 106 The fish was also used as a pass to enter or leave the palace gate or the city gate.[7]: 106 When used for ordinary contractual purposes, the fish tally was made of simpler materials, typically wood or bamboo.[2]: 28
Yudai
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The fish tally was used in the Tang dynasty. All officials above the fifth rank were bestowed a yudai, a fish-shaped tally bag which they would tied to their belts, to hold their fish tally inside.[8]: 17 [7]: 106 The fish had the name of the officials and their ranks engraved on it; it was the proof of the officials' identity and they to be presented at the entrance of the imperial palace.[8]: 17
In the Song dynasty, the fish tally was not longer used by the officials.[7]: 106 However, the Song officials who wore crimson or purple official dress were required to wear a yudai (Chinese: 魚袋; pinyin: yúdài; lit. 'fish bag').[9]: 3 [7]: 106 The yudai was made of gold, silver, or jade to mark the official rank of its wearer or as a mark of special favour from the Emperor.[9]: 23 Following the Tang dynasty regulation, yudai was worn or hang at the belt of the Song dynasty official's court dress.[9]: 23 Low ranking officials who were performing special missions (e.g. diplomatic missions) were also required to wear yudai and were required to borrow a purple or crimson robe before leaving to complete their missions.[7]: 107 On the other hand, the Song dynasty painters, who had received favour, were allowed to wear yufu, which was a symbol of high-ranking officials and honour during this period.[10]: 149
Surnames
edit- Fu (surname 符) was derived from the post of title of an official in charge of the tally; it originated from the post title Fuxiling which was used by Gong Ya, a grandson of Lu Qinggong (died 249BC).[11]: 983
Related content
editSee also
editNotes
edit- ^ Tiger tally was both used in the Western Han and the Eastern Han dynasties; there are evidences recorded in the Book of Han and the Book of Later Han
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Tally(符 Fu)". China Info Online. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 28 Sep 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Broughton, Jeffrey L. (2009). Zongmi on Chan. New York: Columbia University. ISBN 978-0-231-51308-1. OCLC 681933050.
- ^ a b c von Falkenhausen, Lothar (2005). "The E Jun Qi Metal Tallies: Inscribed Texts and Ritual Contexts". In Kern, Martin (ed.). Text and Ritual in Early China. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80031-8. JSTOR j.ctvcwn98n.
- ^ "The Rites of Zhou - 符 - Chinese Text Project". ctext.org (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2022-05-30.
- ^ a b c d e Needham, Joseph (1981). Science in traditional China: a comparative perspective. Chinese University Press. p. 97. ISBN 962-201-212-4.
- ^ "Tiger Tally". China Ancient. Retrieved 28 Sep 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chou, Hsün, or 1935- (1987). 5000 years of Chinese costumes. Chʻun-ming Kao. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. ISBN 962-07-5055-1. OCLC 18668315.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Feng, Ge (2015). Traditional Chinese rites and rituals. Zhengming Du. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-8783-0. OCLC 935642485.
- ^ a b c Zhu, Ruixi; 朱瑞熙 (2016). A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu (Updated ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN 978-1-107-16786-5. OCLC 953576345.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Deng, Qiaobing (2019). Chinese painting An intellectual history. Translated by Chun Li, Jiasheng Shi, Wei Lin, Youbin Zhao, Zhiqing Zhang. American Academic Press. ISBN 978-1631816512.
- ^ The Oxford dictionary of family names in Britain and Ireland. Patrick Hanks, Richard A. Coates, Peter McClure (First ed.). [Oxford]. 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-252747-9. OCLC 964412220.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)