Tibla (tiblad in plural) is an insult in the Estonian language, which typically refers to a Russian-speaking citizen of the former Soviet Union (USSR) who is hostile towards other cultures and countries.[1][2] Tibla was a censored word during the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation of Estonia.[3]
Origin
editThere are several hypotheses about the origin of the word.
Estonian journalist Voldemar Kures in the 1962 Väliseestlase kalender ("Calendar for Estonians Abroad", lit. "An Expat Estonian's Calendar") suggests, that the word comes from the name of the Vitebsk Governorate, in reference to Russian construction workers during World War I, who mostly came to Estonia from Vitebsk and were considered rather dumb. They were called tipski (a corruption of Vitebski – "one of Vitebsk"; tipskid in plural), which later became tibla.[4] A similar version is the corruption of viteblyane/vitiblyane (витебляне) – "people of Vitebsk" or "people from Vitebsk". The 1937 Eesti Entsüklopeedia (Estonian Encyclopedia) is also believed to have such a reference.[5]
Tibla was already in widespread use during the Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920), as documented by then-current war correspondence between officers and higher-ups. At the time, the word was used to denote non-local Russians (more specifically males and low-ranking soldiers), independent of their affiliation during the concurrent Russian Civil War.[6]
The 1936–1937 war memories journal Vabadussõja lood ("Stories of the War of Independence") featured the word more widely both in soldiers' recollections,[7] war songs and anecdotes.[8] Of the soldier's songs, two used the titular word in their lyrics: Vabariigi pealinnas ("In the Capital City of the Republic", alternately titled "Linda"; the former title was used in print, and the latter appeared in folklore[3]), which indicated the worry of Estonian soldiers that young women would choose to bide their time with men of other nationalities during the absence of Estonian men themselves; and Tibla seltsimees ("The Comrade of a Tibla", or "The Tibla Comrade").[9]
Another hypothesis is that the word comes from the Russian profane addressing ty, blyad, ты, блядь ("you bitch", and the like[a]) or, truncated, ty, blya, ты, бля.[10]
Modern definition
editThe Estonian Press Council offers an opinion that the term tibla is mostly applied to a Homo Sovieticus kind of person: lacking culture, uneducated, with imperialist worldview; one who does not respect the host country's language, culture, and its native inhabitants.[11]
The word began to be actively used in Estonian media since the 1990s by "Ivan Orav", a fictional character created by Andrus Kivirähk. According to "Orav", the word tibla has nothing to do with Russians, but that tiblad are instead small pink creatures that first appeared in Estonia in June 1940.[12]
The 2006 European Network Against Racism report mentions the recent use of the word tibla in Estonian-language media as an example of inappropriate language.[13]
Controversies
editIn 2002, the Estonian Press Council settled the case when the newspaper Eesti Päevaleht printed an advertisement: "Don't you read the Päevaleht? You must be a tibla then. Be a true Estonian and become the reader."[11]
In 2008 the usage of the word in media caused a controversy, when Estonian TV aired the film Airheads, in which the slur "retards" was translated as tibla (a completely different meaning). When confronted, the translator, a well-known linguist, apologised, saying that she was careless.[14]
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ Roos, Aarand (1994). Words for understanding ethnic Estonians. Kommunaalprojekt. p. 49.
- ^ "Tibla", Estonian Vocabulary (Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2006), Institute of the Estonian Language
- ^ a b Kulasalu, Kaisa (2013), "Ropp ja riigivastane: rahvaluulekogude tsenseerimisest Eestis hilisstalinismi perioodil" [Profane and anti-state: On censoring of folklore collections during the period of late stalinism] (PDF, 6.4 Mb), Master's Degree thesis (in Estonian), University of Tartu, pp. 59, 61, retrieved 2015-12-08
- ^ Estam, Jüri (2003-02-13). "Jüri Estam: Tibla, neeger ja juut". Eesti Päevaleht (in Estonian). Eesti Päevalehe AS. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
- ^ Tobi, Uku-Ralf (2000-08-25). "Minu päevik 2000: 19. august" [My Diary 2000: 19. August] (Encoding ISO-8859-1). varamu (in Estonian). Sirp. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ^ Kröönström, Mati (2008-02-20), "Kuperjanovi partisanide väeosa ja selle juhid Vabadussõjas" [The Kuperjanov Partisans Troop and its Leaders in the Estonian War of Independence] (PDF, 3.79 MiB), Tuna (in Estonian), vol. 1/2008, Eesti Arhivaaride Ühing, p. 68, retrieved 2012-12-09
- ^ Oskar Mänd, ed. (April 1937). "Vabadussõja lood" [Stories of the War of Independence] (in Estonian). 1937–7. Oskar Mänd, B. Ingel (PDF via Digar): 205, 212 (p. 15, 22 in PDF). Archived from the original (PDF, 28.78 MiB) on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Oskar Mänd, ed. (June 1937). "Lõbusaid lugusid: Piinlik lugu" [Funny Stories: Embarrassing Story]. Vabadussõja lood (in Estonian). 1937–09. Oskar Mänd, B. Ingel (PDF via Digar): 279 (p. 29 in PDF). Archived from the original (PDF, 25 MiB) on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
- ^ Oskar Mänd, ed. (March 1937). "Vabadussõjaaegseid laule" [Songs from the time of the War of Independence]. Vabadussõja lood (in Estonian). 1937–03. Oskar Mänd, B. Ingel (PDF via Digar): 185 (p. 27 in PDF). Archived from the original (PDF, 27.5 Mb) on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
- ^ Laineste, Liisi Dysphemisms on the Estonian Internet (+[1]). — Mäetagused. Hüperajakiri ("hyperjournal"), No. 38, 2008. — pp. 7–32. (in Estonian)
- ^ a b "Sixth Periodic Report" on the Implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Submitted by the Republic of Estonia under Article 9 of the Convention", 2004
- ^ Tiblad are small and pink, epl
- ^ "Racism in Estonia" Archived 2016-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, ENAR Shadow Report
- ^ Shmelev, M. Strange accent of the local translation." Daily Vesti, 16.09.2008; the reference taken from "Racism in Estonia", ENAR Shadow Report 2008