Thomas Todd (January 23, 1765 – February 7, 1826) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1807 to 1826. Raised in the Colony of Virginia, he studied law and later participated in the founding of Kentucky, where he served as a clerk, judge, and justice. He was married twice and had a total of eight children. Todd joined the U.S. Supreme Court in 1807 and his handful of legal opinions there mostly concerned land claims. He was labeled the most insignificant U.S. Supreme Court justice by Frank H. Easterbrook in The Most Insignificant Justice: Further Evidence, 50 U. Chi. L. Rev. 481 (1983).
Thomas Todd | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States | |
| In office May 4, 1807 – February 7, 1826 | |
| Nominated by | Thomas Jefferson |
| Preceded by | Seat established |
| Succeeded by | Robert Trimble |
| Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals | |
| In office December 13, 1806 – March 3, 1807 | |
| Preceded by | George Muter |
| Succeeded by | Felix Grundy |
| Associate Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals | |
| In office December 19, 1801 – December 13, 1806 | |
| Preceded by | Seat established |
| Succeeded by | Robert Trimble |
| Member of the Virginia House of Delegates for Lincoln County | |
| In office October 17, 1791 – December 20, 1791 Serving with John Logan | |
| Preceded by | Baker Ewing |
| Succeeded by | position abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 23, 1765 King and Queen County, Virginia, British America |
| Died | February 7, 1826 (aged 61) Frankfort, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Resting place | Frankfort Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic-Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Elizabeth Harris Lucy Payne (1812–1826) |
| Education | Washington and Lee University (BA) |
Early life and education
editTodd was born to the former Elizabeth Richards and her husband, Richard Todd in King and Queen County, Virginia, on January 23, 1765.[1][2] He was the youngest of five children, all orphaned when Thomas was a boy. He was raised Presbyterian, but because Virginia lacked public schools at the time, had difficulty obtaining an education.[3]
At the age of 16, Todd joined the Continental Army as a private with a company of cavalry from Manchester, Virginia in the final months of the American Revolutionary War. Upon returning home, he attended Liberty Hall Academy (now Washington and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia, and graduated in 1783.[1]
Todd then became a tutor at Liberty Hall Academy (which later became Washington & Lee University) in exchange for room and board, and graduated at age 18, in 1783. Todd lived with the family of his cousin, Judge Harry Innes in Bedford County, Virginia and also studied surveying before moving to Kentucky County (then part of Virginia) with the Innes family when Harry Innes was appointed to the Kentucky district of the Virginia Supreme Court.[4] Todd tutored his cousin's children in Danville, Kentucky in exchange for help in reading law.[5]
Career in Kentucky
editTodd was admitted to the Kentucky bar in 1786, and maintained a private practice in Danville, Kentucky from 1788 until 1801. He also gained influence by becoming its court reporter and served as secretary to the Kentucky State Legislature after statehood. Before that event, Todd served as the secretary to ten conventions between 1784 and 1792 which advocated formation of the state of Kentucky, and which later wrote its state constitution.[6] Todd also served as one of Lincoln County's two delegates to the Virginia House of Delegates in the term which ended in Kentucky's statehood.[7]
Todd was also the first clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals (on which he would in 1801 begin sit as one of its judges and beginning in 1806 as its chief judge).[6] Todd also owned slaves, twenty-six slaves at the time of the 1820 census.[8]
Personal life
editTodd married twice, although genealogists disagree as to some of his offspring. He first married Elizabeth Harris in 1788. She bore had three sons of whom the first, Harry Innes Todd died as an infant, but Charles Stewart Todd (1791–1871) continued the family's legal, military and public service traditions and John Harris Todd (1795–1824) also became a lawyer. Their daughters, Ann Maria (1801–1862) and Elizabeth Frances (1808–1892) would marry prominent lawyers.[9][10]
On March 29, 1812, after more than a year of mourning his first wife, Todd married Lucy Payne Washington, the youngest sister of Dolley Madison[1] and the widow of Major George Steptoe Washington, who was a nephew of President George Washington. It is believed to be the first wedding held in the White House.[11] Genealogists agree that their son James Madison Todd (1817–1897) survived and married, and that their daughter was named Madisonia, but disagree as to whether the other son was named William J. or Thomas Johnston Todd.[12]
Supreme Court justice
editOn February 28, 1807, President Thomas Jefferson nominated Todd as an associate justice of the Supreme Court,[13] after the number of seats on the Court was expanded from six to seven by Congress.[14] The United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 2, 1807,[13] and Todd was sworn into office on May 4, 1807.[15]
Todd served under Chief Justice John Marshall. As justice responsible for the circuit including Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio, Todd convened court twice a year each in Nashville, Frankfort and Chillicothe, and spent the six winter months in Washington, D.C.[6]
He is one of 19 Presbyterians to have served on the Court.[16] He served on the Court until his death on February 7, 1826.[15]
Court opinions
edit
Politically, Todd was a Jeffersonian.[1] Although they had different political beliefs, Todd adopted Marshall's views on judicial interpretation, but did not write a single constitutional opinion. Todd wrote only fourteen opinions—eleven majority, two concurring and one dissenting. Ten of his eleven majority opinions involved disputed land and survey claims.
Todd's first reported opinion was a dissent to the opinion of Chief Justice Marshall in Finley v. Lynn. He concurred in all other opinions written by the chief justice. One of the more interesting of these cases was Preston v. Browder, in which the court upheld the right of North Carolina to make land claim restrictions on filings that were made in Indian Territory and that violated the Treaty of the Long Island of Holston made by the state on July 20, 1777. His opinion in Watts v. Lindsey's Heirs et al., explained confusing and complicated land title problems which plagued early settlers of Kentucky.
Todd's only Court opinion that did not involve land law was his last. In Riggs v. Taylor, the court made the important procedural ruling, now taken for granted, that if a party intends to use a document as evidence, then the original must be produced. However, if the original is in the possession of the other party to the suit, and that party refuses to produce it, or if the original is lost or destroyed, then secondary evidence will be admitted.
Death, estate and legacy
edit
Todd died in Frankfort, Kentucky on February 7, 1826, at the age of 61. He was initially buried in the Innes family cemetery. Later, his remains were removed to Frankfort Cemetery, overlooking the Kentucky River and the Kentucky State Capitol.[17]
At the time of his death, Todd owned substantial real property, particularly in Frankfort. He was a charter member of the Kentucky River Company, the first business formed to promote Kentucky waterway navigation. The inventory of his estate revealed he was a shareholder of the Kentucky Turnpike, the first publicly improved highway west of the Alleghenies, and the Frankfort toll bridge, crossing the Kentucky River. In addition to his home, he owned more than 7,200 acres (29 km2) of land throughout the state and another twenty or so pieces in Frankfort. After his children were provided for, as he put it, in "their full proportion", the remainder of his estate valued at more than $70,000—a large sum at the time.[18]
Todd's papers are kept in three locations:
- Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati, Ohio.
- The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky.
- University of Kentucky, Margaret I. King Library, Lexington, Kentucky.[19]
During World War II the Liberty ship SS Thomas Todd was built in Brunswick, Georgia, and named in his honor.[20]
Memberships and other honors
editTodd became a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820.[21] He was also a Freemason.[22]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Kleber, John E. (ed.) (1992). The Kentucky Encyclopedia, p. 888. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0.
- ^ Tyler, Lyon Gardiner (ed.) (1915). Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, vol. 2, p. 279. Lewis Historical Publishing Co.
- ^ Appleton's Cyclopedia, vol 6, p. 127
- ^ Tyler pp. 279-180
- ^ Appleton's
- ^ a b c Tyler p. 280
- ^ Cynthia Miller Leonard, The Virginia General Assembly 1619-1978 (Richmond: Virginia State Library 1978) p. 184
- ^ 1820 United States Census for Frankfort, Franklin County, Kentucky, p. 2 of 9, available on ancestry.com
- ^ no ref cite for daughter Millicent (c. 1789–1810 who may have died in childbirth or never married
- ^ John F. Dorman, Adventures of Purse and Person: Virginia 1607-1624/5, (1st ed. copyright Order of First Families of Virginia in 1956) (4th Ed. vol. 1 published in Baltimore by Genealogical Publishing Co. in 2004 ISBN 0-8063-1744-2) p.288 includes Harry Innes Todd as firstborn son
- ^ "White House History | White House Facts". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
- ^ Dorman p. 289
- ^ a b "Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present)". Washington, D.C.: United States Senate. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
- ^ "Landmark Legislation: Seventh Circuit". Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
- ^ a b "Justices 1789 to Present". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
- ^ "Religion of the Supreme Court". www.adherents.com. Archived from the original on April 5, 2001.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ The Kentucky Encyclopedia Archived 2017-12-13 at the Wayback Machine, p. 888
- ^ Biography and Bibliography, Thomas Todd Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine, 6th Circuit United States Court of Appeals.
- ^ Location of Thomnas Todd Papers Archived 2007-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, 6th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals.
- ^ Williams, Greg H. (25 July 2014). The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476617541. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ "MemberListT". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
- ^ "TODAY in Masonic History: Thomas Todd Passes Away". masonrytoday.com. February 7, 2016. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
Sources
edit- Oyez Project, Supreme Court Media, Thomas Todd
- The Adherents, Religious Affiliation of Supreme Court Justices.
- https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/histBio.html#todd
- Biography and Bibliography, Thomas Todd, 6th Circuit United States Court of Appeals.
- Thomas Todd at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
Further reading
edit
- Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
- Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.
- Flanders, Henry. The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1874 at Google Books.
- Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.
- Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.
- Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
- Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.
- White, G. Edward. The Marshall Court & Cultural Change, 1815–35. Published in an abridged edition, 1991.