Thomas Norton (b. <1436 – d. c. 1513) was an English poet and alchemist best known for his 1477 alchemical poem, The Ordinal of Alchemy.
Thomas Norton | |
|---|---|
 Illumination of Thomas Norton from a contemporary manuscript of the Ordinal, likely written under his supervision.[1] | |
| Born | before 1436 |
| Died | 30 November 1513 |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation(s) | Poet, alchemist |
| Notable work | The Ordinal of Alchemy |
| Relatives | Samuel Norton |
Biography
editThis letter receiving, I hasted full sore
To ride to my master an hundred miles and more,
And there Forty dayes continually,
I learned all the seacrets of Alkimy
Thomas Norton, The Ordinal of Alchemy
Thomas Norton was born to a merchant, mayor and sheriff of Bristol, called Walter Norton (fl. 1392-1421). In the Ordinal, he says he was one of the three alchemists in England who worked together at the time of the change of the coin under Sir Hugh Bryce (1464) and that he was a full alchemist at barely 28, which means that he cannot have been born after 1436. Norton was present to sign the transfer of some property in Wiltshire in 1454 and must have been of age by then, so an earlier date of birth is more likely. He was born "undir a crosse in thende of shirys three", possibly in Colerne, on the border of Wiltshire, Somerset, and Gloucestershire.[2] Thomas Norton was a member of the important Bristol merchant family of Norton.[2][3][4]
Norton is believed to have studied under one of the most prominent alchemists of his time, George Ripley, writing that he "learned all the secrets of Alkimy" through his words.[3][5] Norton is known to have studied alchemy in the service of King Edward IV, becoming a gentleman of Edward's privy chamber, past at least 1466. Perhaps to compensate for being partly cut out of his father's will, Norton begun the Ordinal in 1477.[6]
Norton was rewarded with land confiscated from the rebels upon Edward IV's return from exile in 1471. In March 1479,[6] Norton accused the incumbent mayor of Bristol of high treason, surrounding an argument concerning the legacy of his father as the mayor.[2] Norton appealed to the king for support but was forced into silence.[6] Norton died on 30 November 1513[4]
Norton's great grandson, Samuel Norton, also became an alchemist - writing of his great grandfather in his work The Key of Alchemy.[7]
The Ordinal of Alchemy
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The Ordinal of Alchemy is an alchemical poem composed of 3,102 lines of irregularly rhymed Middle English.[8]
In the beginning of the poem, Norton lambasts the naivete of others who have bastardized the ideas of the ancient masters of alchemy. He tells us to read his book multiple times to get the best out of it, hinting at the esoteric hiding of his name in how he describes that "chaunging of some one sillable May make this Boke unprofitable". He also gives us something of a biography, professing that he began his study of alchemy at a young age and learned "the seacrets of Alkimy" from the adept alchemist George Ripley. He describes that on two occasions he made an "elixir of life" only for it to be stolen away from him by the greed of others - first by his valet, and the second time by a merchant's wife.
Notably, the book contains several verses satirising certain alchemical or hermetic connections to the Middle English poet Geoffrey Chaucer, who had written The Canon's Yeoman's Tale, a work satirizing alchemists. Inadvertently, this played a large part in the Renaissance conception of Chaucer as an alchemist, which was later abandoned as it was found to be untrue.[8]
The book also contains the first supposed description of a dampers, describing Norton's construction of a furnace with no fewer than sixty temperatures it could attain at a single time.[5]
Discovery of Norton's authorship
edit
In 1617 Michael Maier in his Symbola Aureae Mensae, identifies Norton as such:
THOMAS NORTONUS, of Bristol, master of the perfect art, (as seen in two initial syllables of each chapter of the book, which describes this art) well known; wrote English poems, very sharp, not yet published.[9]
Similarly, in 1652 Elias Ashmole in his Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum identifies Norton:
From the first word of the Proeme, and the Initiall letters of the six following Chapters [...] we may collect the authors Name and place of Residence: For those letters, (together with the first line of the seventh Chapter) speak thus [...].[10]
Both of these men were drawing from the rather esoterically hidden message found in the Ordinal - where, by connecting the syllables from the first lines of the first 7 chapters of the book, a message is found. This message being: "To Mais Nor Ton Of Brise To", or as Maier and Ashmole interpreted it "Thomas Norton of Bristol".[2][11]
Authorship controversy
editFor where quick sentencce shall seame not to be
Ther may wise men finde selcouthe previtye;
And chaunging of some one sillable
May make this Boke unprofitable
Therefore trust not one Reading or twaine
But twenty tymes it would be over sayne;
Thomas Norton, The Ordinal of Alchemy
Norton was first identified as the author of the 'Ordinal' in 1617 and has since become the widespread identification of the work's author. However, in 1932, two scholars, M. Nierenstein and P. F. Chapman, criticised this identification (which they named "the Maier-Ashmole hypothesis") under the grounds that, beyond the esoteric link drawn by Maier and Ashmole, very little contemporary evidence seemed to link Norton to the Ordinal.[12] This criticism received little attention in its time and a 1957 article by historian J. Reidy roundly criticised the article, arguing conclusively in favour of the 'Maier-Ashmole hypothesis' by citing various contemporary pieces of evidence that imply that Norton was a significant alchemist and very likely wrote the Ordinal.[2]
Editions and legacy
editNorton's Ordinal is reported to exist in 32 manuscripts.[8] A very early and beautifully illuminated manuscript of the Ordinal exists in the British Library (BL Add MS 10302) made during Norton's lifetime and likely under his supervision; it contains many illustrations of alchemical processes and a portrait of Norton himself (see above).[1] A copy from the 16th century is currently owned by the National Library of Israel. This copy holds an inscription noticing that this manuscript was given in 1837 by Baron Bolland to C. J. Blomfield D. D, Bishop of London.[13]
Thomas Norton's Ordinal became a very influential alchemical text in the 17th century, with its Latin translation in Michael Maier's Tripus Aureus. It was reprinted in English as the premier text in Elias Ashmole's Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum, along with various engravings of illuminations from Ashmole's manuscript of the work (see below), perhaps based on the British Library MS.[10][11]
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Student receiving a book of alchemy from a master. -
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Alchemist writing and furnaces being used in front of an early depiction of a scale. -
Astrological table for the various states of the sun. -
Alchemists experimenting in an early laboratory.
References
edit- ^ a b c "Collection Items: The Ordinal of Alchemy, 1477". British Library. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Reidy, J. (1957). "Thomas Norton and the Ordinall Of Alchimy". Ambix. 6 (2): 59–85. doi:10.1179/amb.1957.6.2.59.
- ^ a b Porter, Bertha (1895). . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 41. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ^ a b Gross, Anthony. "Norton, Thomas (d. 1513)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20358. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b Holmyard, E. J. (1957). Alchemy. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. pp. 44, 184–195.
- ^ a b c Hughes, Jonathan (2002). Arthurian Myths and Alchemy: The Kingship of Edward IV. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p. 103.
- ^ "Samuel Norton - The Key of Alchemy". The Alchemy Web Site. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ a b c Schuler, Robert M. (1984). "The Renaissance Chaucer as Alchemist". Viator. 15: 305–334. doi:10.1484/j.viator.2.301444.
- ^ Maier, Michael (1617). Symbola Aureae Mensae Duodecim Nationum. Frankfurt: Antonij Hummij. p. 467.
THOMAS NORTONVS, Bristouiensis, in arte perfectus magister, (vt habent initiales syllabae illius libri capitum, quem de hac arte condidit) agnoscitur; Scripsit rythmis Anglicanis, valde acutis, nondum edidis
- ^ a b Ashmole, Elias (1652). Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum: Containing Severall Poeticall Pieces of our famous English Philosophers, who have Written the Hermetique Mysteries in their owne Ancient Language. London: J. Grismond. p. 437.
- ^ a b "Thomas Norton, The Ordinall of Alchimy: Being a facsimile reproduction from Theatrum Chemicum Britanicum, with annotations by Elias Ashmole". Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ Nierenstein, M.; Chapman, P. F. (1932). "Enquiry into the Authorship of the Ordinall of Alchimy". Isis. 18 (2): 290–321. doi:10.1086/346708. JSTOR 224532. S2CID 144193822.
- ^ "The Ordinall of Alchimi". National Library of Israel.