Wikipedia

The Death of Klinghoffer

The Death of Klinghoffer is an American opera, with music by John Adams to an English-language libretto by Alice Goodman. First produced in Brussels and New York in 1991, the opera is based on the hijacking of the passenger liner Achille Lauro by the Palestine Liberation Front in 1985, and the hijackers' murder of a 69-year-old Jewish-American wheelchair-using passenger, Leon Klinghoffer.

The Death of Klinghoffer
Opera by John Adams
Composer John Adams, 2008
LibrettistAlice Goodman
LanguageEnglish
Premiere
19 March 1991 (1991-03-19)
La Monnaie, Brussels

The concept of the opera originated with theatre director Peter Sellars,[1] who was a major collaborator, as was choreographer Mark Morris. It was commissioned by five American and European opera companies, and the Brooklyn Academy of Music.

The opera has generated controversy, including allegations by Klinghoffer's two daughters and others that the opera is antisemitic and glorifies terrorism. The work's creators and others have disputed these criticisms.[2]

Performance history

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Peter Sellars, who originated the concept of the opera and directed its first performance

Theatre director Peter Sellars developed the concept of this opera[1] and was a major collaborator, as was choreographer Mark Morris. The opera was originally commissioned through a consortium of six entities: the Brussels opera company La Monnaie, the San Francisco Opera, the Opéra de Lyon in France, the Los Angeles Festival (separate from that city's opera company), the Glyndebourne Festival in England, and the Brooklyn Academy of Music.[3]

The first performance took place at the Théatre Royal de la Monnaie, Brussels, Belgium, on March 19, 1991, directed by Sellars.[4] The next month, the Lyon premiere took place.[5] This was followed by a Nonesuch studio recording in that French city with the same cast.[6]

The first US performance was at the Brooklyn Academy of Music on September 5, 1991.[7]

Controversy ensued. An opening scene depicting a suburban family, the Rumors, was permanently cut from the score on grounds that it caused offense due to anti-Semitic stereotypes. The Nonesuch recording, released in 1992, does not include this music. Because of the reaction to the subject matter and philosophy of the opera, planned stagings at Glyndebourne and in Los Angeles were cancelled.[8]

When the original production was staged by San Francisco Opera in November 1992, the Jewish Information League mounted protests.[9] The first staging in Germany took place in 1997 in Nürnberg, followed by a second German production at the Opernhaus Wuppertal in 2005.[10]

Another European production was given in February 2001, in Helsinki at Finnish National Opera.[11] The first complete UK performance was a 2002 concert in London by the BBC Symphony Orchestra.[12] Penny Woolcock directed a British television version of the opera, in revised form, for Channel 4, with the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Adams; its soundtrack was made in 2001, the telecast aired in 2003, and a DVD was released on Decca in 2004.[13] The first Australasian performance took place in February 2005 at the Auckland Festival, New Zealand.[14] The first fully staged UK production was given in August 2005 at the Edinburgh Festival by Scottish Opera.[15][16][17]

The opera received a new production at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in December 2003.[18] The Curtis Institute of Music, through its Curtis Opera Theatre and Curtis Symphony Orchestra, gave a performance in Philadelphia in February 2005. Four years later, students at the Juilliard Opera Center performed a semi-staged concert version with Adams conducting.[19]

The Death of Klinghoffer received its second full American staging in June 2011 at Opera Theatre of Saint Louis, conducted by Michael Christie, directed by James Robinson, and starring Christopher Magiera as the Captain and Brian Mulligan as Klinghoffer.[20][21] The opera received its first London production on February 25, 2012, starring Alan Opie as Klinghoffer and Christopher Magiera as the Captain, conducted by Baldur Brönnimann and staged by Tom Morris at the English National Opera,[22] in a co-production with the Metropolitan Opera.[23] In June 2014, the Met's general manager Peter Gelb announced that after discussions with the Anti-Defamation League the planned Live in HD transmission of the production would be cancelled.[24] The opera was set for seven performances at the Met in October and November 2014 and performed as scheduled.[25][26][27]

After being dropped from production by the Los Angeles Opera, the opera received its Los Angeles area premiere in March 2014 with Long Beach Opera, conducted by Andreas Mitisek and staged by James Robinson.[28]

Roles

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Roles, voice types, premiere cast
Role[29] Voice type Premiere cast, March 19, 1991
Conductor: Kent Nagano
The Captain baritone James Maddalena
The First Officer bass-baritone Thomas Hammons
Swiss Grandmother mezzo-soprano Janice Felty
Molqi tenor Thomas Young
Mamoud baritone Eugene Perry
Austrian Woman mezzo-soprano Janice Felty
Leon Klinghoffer baritone Sanford Sylvan
"Rambo" bass-baritone Thomas Hammons
British Dancing Girl mezzo-soprano Janice Felty
Omar mezzo-soprano Stephanie Friedman
Marilyn Klinghoffer contralto Sheila Nadler
Chorus, dancers

Synopsis

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Prologue

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The prologue consists of two choruses, the "Chorus of Exiled Palestinians" and the "Chorus of Exiled Jews", each of which is a general reflection about the respective peoples and their history.

Act 1

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Scene 1

The unnamed captain of the MS Achille Lauro recalls the events of the hijacking. Prior to that, most of the passengers had disembarked in Egypt for a tour of the Pyramids, and the ship set out to sea to return later for the touring passengers. The hijackers had boarded during the disembarkation. When the hijackers commandeer the ship, the passengers still on board are collected in the ship's restaurant. The narrative shifts to a Swiss grandmother, traveling with her grandson while the boy's parents are touring the pyramids. The ship's first officer, given the fictitious name of Giordano Bruno, informs the Captain that terrorists are on the ship and one waiter has been wounded. The Captain and First Officer try to keep the passengers calm. Molqi, one of the hijackers, explains the situation to the passengers at gunpoint. The Captain and Molqi have an encounter, where the Captain orders food and drink to be brought, and offers to let Molqi choose the food for the Captain to eat.

Scene 2

Following the "Ocean Chorus", another hijacker, Mamoud, keeps guard over the Captain. Mamoud recalls his youth and songs he listened to on the radio. The Captain and Mamoud have a dialogue, in which the Captain pleads that individuals on the two sides of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict could meet and try to understand each other. Mamoud dismisses this idea. During this scene is a passenger narrative by the Austrian Woman, who locked herself in her cabin and remained hidden throughout the hijacking. Act 1 ends with the "Night Chorus."

Act 2

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The "Hagar Chorus", relating to the Islamic story of Hagar and the Angel and the Biblical story of Hagar and Ishmael is sung. It represents the beginnings of Arab–Israeli tension, of which the hijacking is one historical result.

Scene 1

Molqi is frustrated that he has received no reply to his demands. Mamoud threatens all of the passengers with death. Leon Klinghoffer sings, saying that he normally likes to avoid trouble and live simply and decently, but going on to denounce the hijackers. Another hijacker, called "Rambo", responds in harsh terms about Jews and Americans. The passenger, the British Dancing Girl, recalls how well the fourth hijacker, Omar, treated her and the other passengers, for example, letting them have cigarettes. Omar sings of his desire for martyrdom for his cause. At the end of the scene, Omar and Molqi have a dispute, and Molqi takes Klinghoffer away. The "Desert Chorus" follows.

Scene 2

Marilyn Klinghoffer talks about disability, illness, and death. She thinks that her husband Leon was taken to the ship's hospital, but he was shot, off-stage. The hijackers have ordered the Captain to say they will kill another passenger every fifteen minutes. Instead, the Captain offers himself as the sole next person to be killed. Molqi appears and says that Leon Klinghoffer is dead. The "Aria of the Falling Body (Gymnopédie)", sung by Klinghoffer, follows.

The "Day Chorus" links scene 2 to scene 3.

Scene 3

After the hijackers have surrendered and the surviving passengers have disembarked safely in port, the Captain remains to tell Marilyn Klinghoffer about her husband's death. She reacts with sorrow and rage toward the Captain, for what she sees as his accommodation of the hijackers. Her final sentiment is that she wished that she could have died in her husband's place.

Musical analysis

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The general style of the opera's music resembles that of Adams' minimalist music period, in the vein also of music by Philip Glass and Steve Reich. Intervallic relationships such as affekt are used to evoke certain emotions. The drama is portrayed primarily in long monologues by individual characters, with commentary by the chorus, which does not take part in the action.

Both Adams and Sellars have acknowledged the affinity of the opera's dramatic structure to the sacred oratorios of Johann Sebastian Bach, in particular his Passions. The plot of the opera does not contain a detailed re-enactment of the events of the hijacking and the murder of Klinghoffer; the major events are not directly portrayed on stage and occur between the opera's staged scenes. The artists originally considered the opera as more of a "dramatic meditation" or "reflection", in the manner of an oratorio, rather than a conventional narrative opera driven by plot.

Based on this aspect, the opera has been criticized as undramatic and static, particularly in act 1, whereas act 2 is more "conventional" in terms of operatic narrative.[12] In defence of this unconventional structure, John Ginman has analysed the particular dramaturgy and structure of the opera.[30]

The opera's choral passages have been performed and recorded separately as Choruses from Klinghoffer.

Controversy and allegations of antisemitism

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Controversy surrounded the American premiere and other productions in the years which followed. Some critics and audience members condemned the production as antisemitic and appearing to be sympathetic to the hijackers.[31] Adams, Goodman, and Sellars repeatedly claimed that they were trying to give equal voice to both Israelis and Palestinians with respect to the political background.[32][33]

Lisa Klinghoffer and Ilsa Klinghoffer, the daughters of Leon and Marilyn Klinghoffer, anonymously attended the 1991 U.S. premiere of the opera in New York City. Afterward the Klinghoffer family released the following statement about the opera: "We are outraged at the exploitation of our parents and the coldblooded murder of our father as the centerpiece of a production that appears to us to be anti-Semitic."[34]

The dramatic expression of asserted Palestinian historical grievances generated criticism of the opera's alleged sympathy with Palestinian terrorism. Others accused the creators of anti-Semitism for their portrayal of fictional Jewish-American neighbours of the Klinghoffers, the Rumors, in a scene in the original version. The couple were characterized in a way many Jews believed to be offensive and inappropriately satirical. The New York Times theater critic Edward Rothstein was particularly scathing in describing the scene and its place in the play; he described it as expressing "scorn of American Jews and anybody else without mythic claims on the world's attention" while eliminating altogether the Israeli position,[35] asking rhetorically "Who could tell from this work just what the Jewish side really is – a sort of touristy attachment to an ancient land?"[36] Following the American premiere, Adams deleted this scene, while revising his opera for all future productions.[37]

Following the September 11 attacks, the Boston Symphony Orchestra cancelled a scheduled performance in November 2001 of extracts from the opera. This was partly in deference to a member of the Tanglewood Festival Chorus, who lost a family member on one of the hijacked planes, as well as due to perceptions that the work was overly sympathetic to terrorists. In a widely discussed New York Times article, Richard Taruskin defended the orchestra's action. He denounced Adams and the opera for "romanticizing terrorists."[38] John Rockwell of The New York Times, in a review of the Penny Woolcock film version, countered that the opera ultimately "shows unequivocally that murder is nothing more than that, vicious and unconscionable."[39]

Adams responded[40] to Taruskin's criticisms on a number of occasions, including this 2004 statement:

Not long ago our attorney general, John Ashcroft, said that anyone who questioned his policies on civil rights after September 11 was aiding terrorists; what Taruskin said was the aesthetic version of that. If there is an aesthetic viewpoint that does not agree with his, it should not be heard. I find that very disturbing indeed.[41]

In a more academic analysis, musicologist Robert Fink countered Taruskin's accusations of antisemitism, with particular reference to the deleted scene with the Rumor family. Fink has discussed how the removal of this scene disrupted the original dramaturgical structure of the opera, as the singers of the members of the Rumor family took on symbolically ironic later roles in the opera. Fink further posited that the reaction of American audiences to the portrayal of the Rumor family was partly because it was sociologically accurate. He discussed the scene in the historical context of past depictions in American popular culture of Jewish-American families.[37] A separate academic study by Ruth Sara Longobardi discusses the opera with respect to issues about depictions of Palestinians and Jews. She explores how the use of contemporary media in productions, such as the Penny Woolcock film of the opera, affects perception of the two sides of the political conflict.[42]

The 2009 Juilliard performance generated renewed controversy. A letter to The Juilliard Journal protested the opera as "a political statement made by the composer to justify an act of terrorism by four Palestinians." The school's president, Joseph W. Polisi, responded with his own letter, stating that he was "a longtime friend of Israel and have visited the country on numerous occasions", as well as a recipient of the King Solomon Award from the America-Israel Cultural Foundation. He described Klinghoffer as "a profoundly perceptive and human commentary on a political/religious problem that continues to find no resolution." He added that Juilliard and other institutions "have to be responsible for maintaining an environment in which challenging, as well as comforting, works of art are presented to the public."[43]

External image
  Protesters picket the opening night, September 22, 2014

In June 2014, the Metropolitan Opera in New York cancelled an international simulcast and radio broadcast of this opera due to "an outpouring of concern" locally that it "might be used to fan global anti-semitism".[44] In addition to cancelling both broadcasts, the company agreed to include a statement from Klinghoffer's daughters in the printed program of the production. Peter Gelb, general manager for the Met, stated:

I'm convinced that the opera is not anti-Semitic, but I've also become convinced that there is genuine concern in the international Jewish community that the live transmission of The Death of Klinghoffer would be inappropriate at this time of rising anti-Semitism, particularly in Europe.[45]

In an official statement, Adams said: "The cancellation of the international telecast is a deeply regrettable decision and goes far beyond issues of 'artistic freedom,' and ends in promoting the same kind of intolerance that the opera's detractors claim to be preventing."[46]

In a September 2014 New York magazine piece, critic Justin Davidson denied that The Death of Klinghoffer was anti-Semitic or glorified terrorism, stating that the title character is "the opera's moral core, the one fully functioning human being." He described the opera as "imperfect" and "politically troubling", writing that its attempt to show the historical justifications for both sides is both needlessly provocative and hampers the drama: "Explaining historical events is not an opera's job, and never has been. [...] What matters is how vast events frame a human drama, translated into musical form." He also said that the decision to model the opera on the Bach Passions "might actually be the most offensive thing about the opera, since a Jewish murder victim is conscripted to serve as a Christian symbol of redemption."[47]

First Amendment expert Floyd Abrams wrote in October 2014 that, though there were no First Amendment issues: "the killers ... chose to commit their crime. So did Lee Harvey Oswald, James Earl Ray and Osama bin Laden. We can expect no arias to be sung in their defense at the Metropolitan Opera, and there is no justification for any to be sung for the Klinghoffer killers."[48]

Former New York City mayor and opera fan Rudy Giuliani wrote that while the Met had a First Amendment right to present the opera,

Equally, all of us have as strong a First Amendment right to ... warn people that this work is both a distortion of history and helped, in some ways, to foster a three decade long feckless policy of creating a moral equivalency between the Palestinian Authority, a corrupt terrorist organization, and the state of Israel, a democracy ruled by law.[49]

American writer and feminist Phyllis Chesler, an opera aficionado, conceded the legal and artistic right to perform the opera, but claimed that it "beatifies terrorism, both musically and in the libretto".[50]

In support of the production, Oskar Eustis, the artistic director of The Public Theater said: "It is not only permissible for the Met to do this piece – it's required for the Met to do the piece. It is a powerful and important opera."[51]

References

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  1. ^ a b Christiansen, Rupert, "Breaking Taboos". Opera, 54(5), 543–548 (May 2003)
  2. ^ Cooper, Michael (October 20, 2014). "Klinghoffer Protesters Flock to Met Opera House". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  3. ^ Cariaga, Daniel (November 12, 1989). "S.F. Opera Commissions 'The Death of Klinghoffer'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
  4. ^ John Rockwell (March 21, 1991). "From an Episode of Terrorism, Adams's Death of Klinghoffer". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  5. ^ Goodman, Alice (July 18, 2017). History is Our Mother: Three Libretti: Nixon in China, The Death of Klinghoffer, The Magic Flute. New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-68137-065-1.
  6. ^ LLC, New York Media (December 14, 1992). New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC.
  7. ^ Edward Rothstein (September 7, 1991). "Seeking Symmetry Between Palestinians and Jews". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  8. ^ May, Thomas Robert (2006). The John Adams Reader: Essential Writings on an American Composer. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-1-57467-132-2.
  9. ^ "Art Attack: John Adams, composer", New Statesman (London), October 17, 2005: the anonymous contributor describes the opposition as "Jewish Information League", although there is no source for a group of that name. Archived October 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "Wuppertaler Bühnen - Digitale Bühne". www.wuppertaler-buehnen.de. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
  11. ^ Keith Potter (February 23, 2001). "Klinghoffer resurrected". The Independent. Retrieved January 23, 2011.[dead link‍]
  12. ^ a b Andrew Clements (January 21, 2002). "The Death of Klinghoffer (Barbican, London)". The Guardian. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  13. ^ Andrew Billen (June 2, 2003). "Sing it again, Klinghoffer". New Statesman. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  14. ^ William Dart (February 18, 2005). "Death of Klinghoffer A Fearless Dissection of Terrorist Mindset". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  15. ^ Andrew Clark (August 25, 2005). "Reality of terrorism on stage". Financial Times. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  16. ^ Andrew Clements (August 24, 2005). "The Death of Klinghoffer (Festival Theatre, Edinburgh)". The Guardian. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  17. ^ Robert Thicknesse (August 24, 2005). "The Death of Klinghoffer". The Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  18. ^ Anthony Tommasini (December 5, 2003). "Giving Voice To an Act Of Terror". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  19. ^ Anthony Tommasini (February 1, 2009). "In a New Generation, a Searing Opera Breaks Free of Polemics". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  20. ^ Sarah Bryan Miller (June 16, 2011). "Death of Klinghoffer is powerful night at the opera". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
  21. ^ Steve Smith (June 17, 2011). "Klinghoffer Returns, to Be Debated Anew". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
  22. ^ Richard Fairman (February 27, 2012). "The Death of Klinghoffer, Coliseum, London". Financial Times. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  23. ^ Fiona Maddocks (March 2, 2012). "The Death of Klinghoffer; Rusalka – Review". The Guardian. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  24. ^ "Met cancels broadcast amidst anti-Semitism row" by Clive Paget, Limelight, June 18, 2014
  25. ^ Alex Ross (November 3, 2014). "Long Wake: The Death of Klinghoffer, at the Met". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  26. ^ The Death of Klinghoffer, Metropolitan Opera. Accessed October 21, 2014
  27. ^ Tommasini, Anthony (October 21, 2014). "Distress at Sea, and Offstage". The New York Times. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  28. ^ 2014 performance information on Long Beach Opera website
  29. ^ "Adams, John – The Death of Klinghoffer (1990) 140': Opera in two acts", Boosey & Hawkes; includes summary, instrumentation, critical observations, work details
  30. ^ Ginman, John (March 2004). "Opera as 'Information': The Dramaturgy of The Death of Klinghoffer". Contemporary Theatre Review. 14 (1): 51–59. doi:10.1080/1026716032000152217. S2CID 191575444.
  31. ^ Edward Rothstein (September 15, 1991). "Klinghoffer Sinks Into Minimal Sea". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  32. ^ "Opera As A Source Of Healing". Newsweek. March 31, 1991. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  33. ^ Michael Walsh (April 1, 1991). "Art And Terror in the Same Boat". TIME. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  34. ^ Allan Kozinn (September 11, 1991). "Klinghoffer Daughters Protest Opera". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  35. ^ Rothstein, Edward (September 15, 1991). "Classical View; Klinghoffer Sinks Into Minimal Sea". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  36. ^ Rothstein, Edward (September 7, 1991). "Review/Opera; Seeking Symmetry Between Palestinians and Jews". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  37. ^ a b Fink, Robert (July 2005). "Klinghoffer in Brooklyn Heights". Cambridge Opera Journal. 17 (2): 173–213. doi:10.1017/s0954586705001989. S2CID 190683386.
  38. ^ Richard Taruskin (December 9, 2001). "Music's Dangers and the Case for Control". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
  39. ^ John Rockwell (December 4, 2003). "Is Klinghoffer Anti-Semitic?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  40. ^ Anna Picard (January 13, 2002). "John Adams: 'It was a rant, a riff and an ugly personal attack'". The Independent. Retrieved January 23, 2011.[dead link‍]
  41. ^ Martin Kettle (December 15, 2001). "The witch-hunt". The Guardian. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
  42. ^ Longobardi, Ruth Sara (2009). "Re-producing Klinghoffer: Opera and Arab Identity before and after 9/11". Journal of the Society for American Music. 3 (3): 273–310. doi:10.1017/s1752196309990435. S2CID 193240620. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  43. ^ Polisi, Joseph W. (February 2009). "Letters to the Editor: On The Death of Klinghoffer". Juilliard Journal. XXIV (5). Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  44. ^ Joel Rose, "Twenty Years Later, Klinghoffer Still Draws Protests", NPR, October 17, 2014
  45. ^ Michaels, Sean; Tilden, Imogen (June 18, 2014). "New York's Met cancel The Death of Klinghoffer simulcast". The Guardian. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
  46. ^ Ng, David (June 17, 2014). "John Adams decries cancellation of 'Klinghoffer' cinema broadcast". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
  47. ^ Davidson, Justin (September 21, 2014). "The Trouble With Klinghoffer Isn't Quite What You Think". Vulture. New York.
  48. ^ Floyd Abrams (October 15, 2014). "Floyd Abrams: Klinghoffer and the 'Two Sides' of Terrorism". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  49. ^ Giuliani, Rudy (October 20, 2014). "Rudy Giuliani: Why I Protested The Death of Klinghoffer". The Daily Beast. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  50. ^ "Betrayal in the Metropolitan Opera Production of The Death of Klinghoffer". Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  51. ^ Cooper, Michael (October 20, 2014). "Protests Greet Metropolitan Opera's Premiere of Klinghoffer". The New York Times. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
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