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Template:FGM opposition timeline

FGM opposition
Nawal El Saadawi criticized FGM in 1970, one of the first African feminists to do so publicly.
1920s–1980s timeline
1920s–1930s
1920s: Egyptian Doctors' Society call for ban.[A 1]
1929: Marion Scott Stevenson, Church of Scotland missionary in Kenya, calls FGM "sexual mutilation of women." National Council of Churches of Kenya follow suit.[A 2]
Scottish missionaries require Kikuyu Christians to take an oath against FGM; most leave to form their own churches.
Jan 1930: Hulda Stumpf murdered in Kenya during protests about FGM.[A 3]
1930s: Religious leaders and British women lead campaign against FGM in Sudan.[A 4]
1935: Salama Moussa writes about FGM in his book Ma Heia al Nahda ("What is Renaissance?").[A 5]
1940s–1960s
1946: Sudan, under Anglo-Egyptian control, bans infibulation; the law is barely enforced.[A 6]
May 1951: Egyptian medical journal, Al Doktor, issues booklet on dangers of FGM.[A 7]
1957–1958: Egyptian journalist Amina al Sa'eed and Hawwaa magazine editor Rabee' Gheith publish articles on FGM.[A 7]
Late 1950s: Sudanese Women's Union campaigns against FGM in their magazine, Sawt el Maraa.[A 8]
1959: Egypt bans infibulation in state-run hospitals; allows partial clitoridectomy if parents request it.[A 9]
UN asks the WHO to investigate FGM; WHO responds that it is not a medical issue.[A 10]
1960s: Central African Republic, Ghana and Guinea, after gaining independence, pass laws restricting FGM.
1969: Guinean gynaecologist Aja Tounkara Diallo Fatimata begins 28-year practice of performing fake clitoridectomies to satisfy families.[A 11]
1970s
photograph
Benoite Groult
photograph
Edna Adan Ismail
1970: Nawal El Saadawi criticizes FGM in Al-Mar'a wa Al-Jins (Women and Sex).[A 12]
1972: Saadawi's The Naked Face of Women describes her own circumcision.[A 13]
1975: UN International Women's Year.
American social scientist Rose Oldfield Hayes calls it "female genital mutilation" in paper on Sudan.[A 14]
Benoîte Groult calls FGM "the best kept secret in the world" in her book Ainsi soit-elle.[A 15]
Fran Hosken begins writing about FGM in Women's International Network News (WIN News).
1976–1985: United Nations Decade for Women.
1976: Jill Tweedie calls FGM "ritual mutilation of the female genitalia."[A 16]
1977: Asma El Dareer begins her survey of FGM in Sudan.[A 17]
March 1977: Edna Adan Ismail of Somalia's Ministry of Health speaks against FGM to Somali Democratic Women's Organization.[A 18][A 19]
1978: Mary Daly criticizes FGM in her book Gyn/Ecology.[A 20]
Senegalese writer Awa Thiam writes about FGM in her book La Parole aux Négresses (Speak out Black Sisters, 1986).[A 21]
1979: UN conference in Lusaka calls on women's groups to mobilize against FGM.[A 22]
February: WHO holds seminar in Khartoum, "Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children".[A 23]
February: The Babiker Bedri Scientific Association for Women's Studies (BBSAWS) forms in Khartoum, aiming to fight FGM in Sudan.
Autumn: Fran Hosken publishes The Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females, the first to estimate global figures.[A 24]
October: Cairo Family Planning Association holds seminar, "Bodily Mutilation of Females".[A 25]
December: UN General Assembly adopts Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.[A 26]
1980s
1980: British writer Scilla McLean writes report on FGM for Minority Rights Group in France.[A 27]
March: Robin Morgan and Gloria Steinem call it "female genital mutilation" in Ms magazine.[A 28]
July: African women boycott session featuring Fran Hosken at UN's Mid-Decade Conference on Women, Copenhagen.[A 29]
photograph
Efua Dorkenoo
1981: French Association of Anthropologists publishes statement that "a certain feminism resuscitates (today) the moralistic arrogance of yesterday's colonialism."[A 30]
March: English researcher Lilian Passmore Sanderson publishes Against the Mutilation of Women.
1982: Asma El Dareer publishes Woman, Why Do You Weep? Circumcision and its Consequences.[A 17]
Raqiya Haji Dualeh Abdalla publishes Sisters in Affliction: Circumcision and Infibulation of Women in Africa.[A 31]
1983: Efua Dorkenoo founds FORWARD in London.[A 32]
1984: Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices founded in Dakar, Senegal, calls for an end to the practice.[A 33]
References
  1. ^ UNICEF 2013, p. 10.
  2. ^ James Karanja, The Missionary Movement in Colonial Kenya: The Foundation of Africa Inland Church, Cuvillier Verlag, 2009, p. 93, n. 631.
  3. ^ Janice Boddy, Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan, Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 241.
  4. ^ Boddy 2007, pp. 269–270.
  5. ^ Seham Abd el Salam, "A Comprehensive Approach for Communication about Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt," in George C. Denniston, et al. (eds.), Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice, Springer, 1999, p. 318.
  6. ^ Boddy 2007, pp. 202, 299.
  7. ^ a b El Salam 1999, pp. 318–319; UNICEF 2013, p. 10.
  8. ^ Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf, "Revisiting Feminist Discourses on Inbulation: The Hosken Report," in Shell-Duncan and Hernlund 2000, p. 165.
  9. ^ Elizabeth Heger Boyle, Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002, pp. 92, 103.
  10. ^ Boyle 2002, p. 41.
  11. ^ "Female genital mutilation", New International, 5 June 1997.
  12. ^ Jenna Krajeski, "Rebellion", The New Yorker, 14 March 2011.
  13. ^ Nawal El Saadawi, "The Struggle to End Female Genital Mutilation," in Jennifer Browdy de Hernandez, et al, African Women Writing Resistance, University of Wisconsin Press, 2010, pp. 193, 195.
  14. ^ Oldfield Hayes 1975, p. 618.
  15. ^ Lora Wildenthal, The Language of Human Rights in West Germany, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, p. 146.
  16. ^ Jill Tweedie, It's Only Me, Robson Books, 1980, p. 214.
  17. ^ a b Thomas 2000, p. 130.
  18. ^ Raqiya D. Abdalla, "'My Grandmother Called it the Three Feminine Sorrows': The Struggle of Women Against Female Circumcision in Somalia," in Abusharaf 2007, p. 201.
  19. ^ Alexandra Topping, "Somaliland's leading lady for women's rights: 'It is time for men to step up'", The Guardian, 23 June 2014.
  20. ^ Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology, Beacon Press, 1978, p. 156.
  21. ^ Wildenthal 2012, p. 250, n. 68.
  22. ^ Gloria Steinem, Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions, Henry Holt & Co, 2012 [1984], p. 324.
  23. ^ Wildenthal 2012, p. 145.
  24. ^ UNICEF 2013, p. 3.
  25. ^ el Salam 1999, p. 320.
  26. ^ Elizabeth Fee, "Review of The Hosken Report", Signs, 5(4), Summer 1980 (pp. 807–809), p. 809.
  27. ^ Lynn M. Thomas, "'Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)': Lessons from Colonial Campaigns to Ban Excision in Meru, Kenya" in Shell-Duncan and Hernlund, 2000, p. 130.
  28. ^ The International Crime of Female Genital Mutilation," Ms. magazine, March 1980.
  29. ^ Boyle 2002, p. 47.
  30. ^ Birgitte Bagnol, Esmeralda Mariano, "Politics of naming sexual practices," in Sylvia Tamale (ed.), African Sexualities: A Reader, Pambazuka Press, 2011, p. 281.
  31. ^ Abdalla 2007, p. 202.
  32. ^ Wildenthal 2012, p.. 250, n.. 71.
  33. ^ Anika Rahman and Nahid Toubia, Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Laws and Policies Worldwide, Zed Books, 2000, p. 10.
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