Ngāti Porou is a Māori iwi traditionally located in the East Cape and Gisborne regions of the North Island of New Zealand. It has the second-largest affiliation of any iwi, behind Ngāpuhi, with an estimated 92,349 people according to the 2018 census.[1] The traditional rohe or tribal area of Ngāti Porou extends from Pōtikirua and Lottin Point in the north to Te Toka-a-Taiau (a rock that used to sit in the mouth of Gisborne harbour) in the south.[2] The Ngāti Porou iwi comprises 58 hapū (sub-tribes) and 48 mārae (meeting grounds).[3]
| Ngāti Porou | |
|---|---|
| Iwi (tribe) in Māoridom | |
 | |
| Rohe (region) | East Cape and Gisborne region |
| Waka (canoe) | Horouta |
| Population | 92,349 (2018) |
| Website | www |
Mount Hikurangi features prominently in Ngāti Porou traditions as a symbol of endurance and strength, and holds tapu status. In these traditions, Hikurangi is often personified. Ngāti Porou traditions indicate that Hikurangi was the first point to surface when Māui fished up the North Island from beneath the ocean. His canoe, the Nuku-tai-memeha, is said to have been wrecked there. The Waiapu River also features in Ngāti Porou traditions.[4][5]
History
edit
Pre-European history
editNgāti Porou takes its name from the ancestor Porourangi, also known as Porou Ariki.[7] He was a direct descendant of Toi-kai-rākau, Māui (accredited in oral tradition with raising the North Island from the sea), and Paikea the whale rider.[4][5]
Although Ngāti Porou claim the Nukutaimemeha as their foundation canoe, many Ngāti Porou ancestors arrived on different canoes, including Horouta, Tākitimu and Tereanini. The descendants of Porourangi and Toi formed groups that spread across the East Cape through conquest and through strategic marriage alliances.[4][5]
Genealogical associations with other iwi also arise through direct descent from Ngāti Porou ancestors:
- Kahungunu, descending from Ueroa (the second son of Porourangi), is the founding ancestor of Ngāti Kahungunu.
- Taua, descended from Kahungunu, is a prominent ancestor in Te Whānau-ā-Apanui genealogy.
- Ngāti Raukawa and the Tainui iwi have association through Porourangi's daughter Rongomaianiwaniwa and through the marriage of the ancestress Māhinaarangi to Tūrongo.
- Tahupōtiki, younger-brother to the Porourangi, is Ngāi Tahu's founding ancestor.[4][5]
Colonial history
editNgāti Porou sustained heavy losses over the course of the Musket Wars, a period of heightened warfare between iwi unleashed by the adoption of firearms and resulting power imbalances. The iwi's first experience of musket warfare came in 1819, when a raid by Ngāpuhi rangatira Te Morenga led to the capture and killing of many members, including two rangatira.[8] That same year a second attack by Hongi Hika of Ngāpuhi and Te Haupa of Ngāti Maru targeted the iwi’s pā at Wharekahika Bay, but Te Haupa was slain and the raid was repelled at the cost of heavy casualties.[9] Heavy defeats came at the hands of a raiding party led by the Ngāpuhi rangatira Pōmare I and Te Wera Hauraki, who through force and guile sacked the pā of Okauwharetoa and Te Whetumatarau near Te Araroa. Te Wera Hauraki’s forces would then move on to sack additional pā in the area of Waiapu River and Whareponga Bay.[10] A final defeat at the hands of Ngāpuhi took place in 1823, when a preemptive attack by a large army of Ngāti Porou warriors on Pōmare’s trespassing forces in Te Araroa was cut down in open field by musket fire. The rangatira Taotaoriri was then able to negotiate a favorable peace between the two iwi, a deal sealed by his marriage to the Ngāti Porou noblewoman Hikupoto and the return of Rangi-i-paea, who had been abducted and married to Pōmare in a previous raid.[11] This peace was to have important religious consequences, as a number of Ngāti Porou rangatira freed by Ngāpuhi in later negotiations would go on to spread the Christianity they had adopted from European missionaries during the course of their captivity.[12]
A second wave of violence rocked Ngāti Porou starting in 1829, when the presence of Ngāti Porou passengers on the ship where the Ngāti Awa rangatira Ngarara was assassinated by Ngāpuhi marked the iwi as a target for retribution.[13] Minor raids by Ngāti Awa and their allies Whakatōhea and Te Whānau-ā-Apanui in 1829 and 1831 resulted in the deaths of some Ngāti Porou, which triggered retaliatory action from the iwi.[13] In 1832 Ngāti Porou joined forces with Ngāpuhi, Rongowhakaata, and Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki to seize Kekeparaoa pā and expel the four hundred Whakatōhea members who had come to occupy it after being unilaterally invited to do so by a Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki hapū.[14] A second 1832 raid, this time against Te Whānau-ā-Apanui, did not meet with the same success, as the defenders of Wharekura pā rebuffed the attackers and slew two Ngāti Porou rangatira.[15] Two years later, a retaliatory raid by Te Whānau-ā-Apanui was in turn rebuffed by forces under the rangatira Kakatarau, whose father Pakura was killed at Wharekura.[15] Ngāti Porou then joined forces with Te Wera’s Ngāpuhi and Te Kani-a-Takirau’s Rongowhakaata to attack Te Whānau-ā-Apanui at Te Kaha Point’s formidable Toka a Kuku pā. After six months of siege and heavy fighting, including the defeat of numerous sorties and the routing of a relief force of fourteen hundred warriors from Whakatōhea, Ngāi Tai, and Ngāti Awa, the attackers eventually proved unable to seize the pā and returned home.[16] The extraordinary battlefield feats of the Christian Ngāti Porou rangatira Piripi Taumata-a-Kura lent him enormous prestige, which he soon leveraged to convert other Ngāti Porou rangatira and lead Te Whānau-ā-Apanui and Ngāti Porou to a peace accord in 1837.[17]
The waning of the Musket Wars and the unifying influence of Christianity ushered in a period of relative calm and cultural development. Ngāti Porou chiefs were also signatories to the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Ngāti Porou experienced substantial economic growth during the 1850s.[4][5]
During the 1860s, the Pai Mārire religious movement spread through the North Island, and eventually came into conflict with the New Zealand Government. From 1865–1870, a civil war emerged within Ngāti Porou between Pai Mārire converts seeking the creation of an independent Māori state (supported by Pai Mārire from other regions) and other Ngāti Porou advocating tribal sovereignty and independence. This conflict is generally viewed as part of the East Cape War.[4][5]
Modern history
editNgāti Porou once again enjoyed peace and economic prosperity during the late 19th century. The 1890s saw the emergence of Sir Āpirana Ngata, who contributed greatly to the revitalisation of the Māori people. During the early 20th century, the population of Ngāti Porou increased substantially. They were active in their participation in both World Wars.[4][5]
After World War II, large numbers of Ngāti Porou began emigrating from traditional tribal lands and moving into larger urban areas, in a trend reflected throughout New Zealand. A large portion of the tribal population now lives in Auckland and Wellington.[4][5]
Hapū and marae
edit| Name[2] | Rohe (tribal area)[2] | Marae (meeting grounds)[2] | Location[2] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ngāi Taharora | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Taharora | Waipiro Bay |
| Ngāi Tamakoro | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Tutua | Te Araroa |
| Ngāi Tangihaere | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Kariaka, Ruataupare, Whareponga | Ruatoria |
| Ngāi Tāne | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Hinepare, Ōhinewaiapu | Rangitukia |
| Ngāi Tutekohi | Tawhiti ki Rototahe | Hauiti | Tolaga Bay |
| Ngāti Hau | Tawhiti ki Rototahe | Hinetamatea | Anaura Bay |
| Ngāti Hokopū | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Hinepare, Ōhinewaiapu | Rangitukia |
| Ngāti Horowai | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Te Horo | Port Awanui |
| Ngāti Ira | Tawhiti ki Rototahe | Ōkurī, Tuatini | Tolaga Bay, Tokomaru Bay |
| Ngāti Kahu | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Punaruku | Hicks Bay |
| Ngāti Kahukuranui | Tawhiti ki Rototahe | Hauiti, Hinemaurea ki Mangatuna, Ōkurī | Tolaga Bay |
| Ngāti Kōnohi | Rototahe ki Te Toka a Taiau | Te Poho o Rawiri, Whāngārā | Kaitī, Whāngārā |
| Ngāti Nua | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Hinepare, Ōhinewaiapu | Rangitukia |
| Ngāti Oneone | Rototahe ki Te Toka a Taiau | Te Poho o Rawiri | Kaitī |
| Ngāti Patu Whare | Tawhiti ki Rototahe | Te Rawheoro | Tolaga Bay |
| Ngāti Putaanga | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Kaiwaka, Putaanga | Tikitiki |
| Ngāti Rangi | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Reporua | Ruatoria |
| Ngāti Tuere | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Hinemaurea ki Wharekahika, Hinerupe, Tutua | Rangitukia, Hicks Bay |
| Ngāti Uepōhatu | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Mangahanea Marae, Uepōhatu, Umuariki | Ruatoria, Tūpāroa |
| Ngāti Wakarara | Tawhiti ki Rototahe | Hinetamatea | Tokomaru Bay |
| Te Aitanga a Hauiti | Tawhiti ki Rototahe | Hauiti, Te Rawheoro | Tolaga Bay |
| Te Aitanga a Materoa | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Hiruhārama, Penu Marae, Rongohaere, Whareponga | Ruatoria |
| Te Aowera | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Hiruhārama, Te Aowera | Ruatoria |
| Te Whānau a Hineauta | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Tikapa | Tikapa |
| Te Whānau a Hinekehu | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Kariaka, Rauru | Ruatoria |
| Te Whānau a Hinepare | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Hinepare, Awatere, Hinerupe, Hurae, Kaiwaka, Rāhui | Rangitukia, Te Araroa, Tikitiki |
| Te Whānau a Hinetāpora | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Mangahanea Marae, Te Heapera | Ruatoria |
| Te Whānau a Hunaara | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Matahī o Te Tau, Ōhinewaiapu | Horoera, Rangitukia |
| Te Whānau a Iritekura | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Iritekura | Waipiro Bay |
| Te Whānau a Karuwai | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Hinerupe, Karuwai, Waiomatatini | Te Araroa, Tikitiki, Ruatoria |
| Te Whānau a Mahaki | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Te Horo | Port Awanui |
| Te Whānau a Pōkai | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Tikapa | Tikapa |
| Te Whānau a Rākaihoea | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Kākāriki | Waiomatatini |
| Te Whānau a Rākaimataura | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Rāhui | Tikitiki |
| Te Whānau a Rākairoa | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Akuaku, Kie Kie | Waipiro Bay, Ruatoria |
| Te Whānau a Rerewa | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Hinepare, Ōhinewaiapu | Rangitukia |
| Te Whānau a Ruataupare ki Tokomaru | Tawhiti ki Rototahe | Pakirikiri, Tuatini, Waiparapara | Tokomaru Bay |
| Te Whanau a Ruataupare ki Tuparoa | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Tūpāroa | Tūpāroa |
| Te Whānau a Takimoana | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Ōhinewaiapu | Rangitukia |
| Te Whānau a Tapuaeururangi | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Pōtaka | Pōtaka |
| Te Whānau a Tāpuhi | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Taumata o Tapuhi | Rangitukia |
| Te Whānau a Te Aotakī | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Hinemaurea ki Wharekahika | Hicks Bay |
| Te Whānau a Te Aotawarirangi | Tawhiti ki Rototahe | Te Ariuru | Tokomaru Bay |
| Te Whānau a Te Haemata | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Kie Kie | Waipiro Bay |
| Te Whānau a Te Rangipureora | Tawhiti ki Rototahe | Puketawai Marae | Tolaga Bay |
| Te Whānau a Te Uruahi | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Tinātoka Marae | Tikitiki |
| Te Whanau a Tinatoka | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Te Poho o Tinatoka | Tikitiki |
| Te Whānau a Tuwhakairiora | Potikirua ki Waiapu | Hinemaurea ki Wharekahika, Hinerupe | Hicks Bay, Te Araroa |
| Te Whānau a Umuariki | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Umuariki | Tūpāroa |
| Te Whānau a Uruhonea | Waiapu ki Tawhiti | Te Horo | Port Awanui |
Governance
editTe Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou was established in 1987 to be the tribal authority of the iwi. It is organised into a whānau and hapū development branch, economic development branch, and a corporate services branch, and aims to maintain the financial, physical and spiritual assets of the tribe.[18] The common law trust is overseen by a board, with two representatives from each of the seven ancestral zones. As of 2022, the Rūnanga is based in Gisborne, and is chaired by Selwyn Parata, with George Reedy as the chief executive.
The trust administers Treaty of Waitangi settlements under the Ngati Porou Claims Settlement Act, represents the iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act, and is the official iwi authority for resource consent consultation under the Resource Management Act. Its rohe is contained within the territory of Gisborne District Council, which is both a regional and district council.[2]
Media
editRadio Ngāti Porou is the official station of Ngāti Porou. It is based in Ruatoria and broadcasts on 89.3 FM in Tikitiki, 90.5 FM at Tolaga Bay, 93.3 FM in Gisborne, 98.1 FM in Ruatoria, and 105.3 FM at Hicks Bay.[19][20]
Notable people
editThere are many notable people who are affiliated to Ngāti Porou. This is a list of some of them.
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- Alex Aiono, singer
- Georgina Beyer, politician
- Keisha Castle-Hughes, actress
- Rory Fallon, football player and assistant coach of All Whites
- Rico Gear, rugby player
- Hosea Gear, rugby player, coach of East Coast rugby team
- Parekura Horomia politician
- Witi Ihimaera, writer
- Moana Jackson, lawyer
- Hone Kaa, church leader and child welfare advocate
- Keri Kaa, writer, educator, and advocate for the Māori language
- Wi Kuki Kaa, actor
- Kuni Kaa Jenkins, author, educationalist and research
- Ka Hao, te Reo Māori youth choir[21]
- Robyn Kahukiwa, artist and children's author
- Henare Mokena Kohere, farmer and soldier
- Mokena Kohere, politician
- Rēweti Kōhere, Anglican minister
- George Nēpia, rugby player
- Te Moana Nui a Kiwa Ngarimu VC
- Sofia Minson, artist
- Āpirana Ngata, politician
- Arihia Ngata, community leader
- Rob Ruha, musician[22]
- Shane Rufer, sportsman
- Wynton Rufer, sportsman
- William Singe, singer
- John Tamihere, politician
- Iritana Tāwhiwhirangi, educationalist
- Tayi Tibble, poet
- Te Ngahuru, 28th Maori Battalion
- Mohi Turei, Anglican minister
- Patricia Te Arapo Wallace, academic
- Brad Weber, rugby player for New Zealand All Blacks and the current captain of the Maori All Blacks[23]
- Shannon McIlroy, lawn bowler
References
edit- ^ "Demographics". Te Whata. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ a b c d e f "TKM Ngāti Porou". tkm.govt.nz. Te Puni Kōkiri, New Zealand Government. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ^ "Ngāti Porou Deed of Settlement summary". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mahuika, A.T. (1993-05-25). "History: Porourangi & Ngāti Porou". Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou. Archived from the original on 2006-12-11. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Reedy, Tamati Muturangi (2006-12-21). "Ngāti Porou". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
- ^ Reedy, Tamati Muturangi (24 September 2011). "Ngāti Porou: Porourangi whare, Waiomatatini". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Manatū Taonga | Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- ^ Ngata, Apirana Turupa; Te Hurinui, Pei (1970). Nga moteatea: he maramara rere no nga waka maha, he mea kohikohi na A.T. Ngata; na Pei Te Hurinui i whakapakeha. Vol. 3. The Polynesian Society. p. 323. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
That line traces out to Porou-rangi, whose (original?) name was Porou-ariki te mata-tara-a-whare, and Te Tuhi-marei-kura of Rauru.
- ^ Crosby, Ron (2020). The Forgotten Wars: Why the Musket Wars Matter Today. Auckland: Oratia Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-947506-79-7.
- ^ Crosby, Ron (2020). The Forgotten Wars: Why the Musket Wars Matter Today. Auckland: Oratia Books. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-947506-79-7.
- ^ Crosby, Ron (2020). The Forgotten Wars: Why the Musket Wars Matter Today. Auckland: Oratia Books. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-947506-79-7.
- ^ Crosby, Ron (2020). The Forgotten Wars: Why the Musket Wars Matter Today. Auckland: Oratia Books. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-0-947506-79-7.
- ^ Crosby, Ron (2020). The Forgotten Wars: Why the Musket Wars Matter Today. Auckland: Oratia Books. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-947506-79-7.
- ^ a b Crosby, Ron (2020). The Forgotten Wars: Why the Musket Wars Matter Today. Auckland: Oratia Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-947506-79-7.
- ^ Crosby, Ron (2020). The Forgotten Wars: Why the Musket Wars Matter Today. Auckland: Oratia Books. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-947506-79-7.
- ^ a b Crosby, Ron (2020). The Forgotten Wars: Why the Musket Wars Matter Today. Auckland: Oratia Books. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-947506-79-7.
- ^ Crosby, Ron (2020). The Forgotten Wars: Why the Musket Wars Matter Today. Auckland: Oratia Books. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-0-947506-79-7.
- ^ Crosby, Ron (2020). The Forgotten Wars: Why the Musket Wars Matter Today. Auckland: Oratia Books. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-947506-79-7.
- ^ "Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou mission statement". Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ "Radio Ngati Porou". Radio Ngati Porou. RNP. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
- ^ "Iwi Radio Coverage" (PDF). maorimedia.co.nz. Māori Media Network. 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
- ^ Mahi Tahi Media (16 September 2021). "'35' by Kao Hao feat Rob Ruha is the TikTok anthem of Te Wiki o Te Reo Māori". Re. TVNZ. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- ^ "Rob Ruha's Biography". The Arts Foundation. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ "Rugby: Māori All Blacks halfback Brad Weber hopes to inspire those who 'don't look Māori' to explore their whakapapa". Newshub. 2022-07-13. Retrieved 2024-02-22.