Talk:Endosymbiont

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"they are transmitted via milk to the developing insect embryo" -- Do insects produce milk? 64.253.148.163 00:45, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

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I'm interested about these Eucaryota-Endosymbionts. Could you elaborate about them ?

• Some examples.
• Are they simplified in some way ?
• Is their replication process different from free Eucaryotas'. ?
• Do they have mitochondrions ?

Are there any Endosymbionts living in Procaryota ?

I can tell you what I know. First note, though, that mitochondria and chloroplasts are unusual among prokaryotic endosymbionts for being so specialized - most are simply bacteria that can live inside or outside the host. The only analagous eukaryotic endosymbionts I can think of are the chloroplasts of the cryptomonads, which actually contain a reduced nucleus (nucleomorph) in addition to the green prokaryote proper.

For single-celled hosts, zooxanthellae also come to mind. These are tiny green dinoflagellates that live within the frothy outer parts of some amoeboids, and I think in some anenomes. In this case the cells stay in a palmelloid stage - that is they do not have their flagella or their shells - but are otherwise fully intact, and will regenerate if removed from the host. The amoeba I gather receives some energy from them. A similar thing happens with the algae found inside lichens.

Animals have a whole host of bacteria and protozoa in their gut. Of special note here I suppose are the protists that live in the gut of termites and digest cellulose for them. These aren't reduced in any way except possibly in that they lack mitochondria, but it is generally supposed that they branched off before mitochondria were developed, and they contain bacterial endosymbionts instead, which do the digesting for them. And remember that symbionts don't have to be helpful, so trypanosomes and sporozoans as well as larger things like tapeworms and roundworms would count as endosymbionts as well.

I don't think any prokaryotes have endosymbionts, and they certainly don't have any eukaryotic ones - the difference in size of the cells is simply too great. I suppose one might consider viri something of this sort, but generally the requirement is that endosymbionts have to be removeable from the host in some way. Hmm, thinking about it this may invalidate some of the examples above. Well, I hope that was some help, or at least interesting. --Josh Grosse :)

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Hm. Shouldn't this and endosymbiosis be merged? If a merge is in order then all the text should be at the page which describes the phenomenon (sic endosymbiosis). --mav

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I've merged endosymbiosis and endosymbiont, somewhat arbitrarily deciding that endosymbiont will be the main page, since I guess I've seen this form of the word used more. Few notes:

• I removed the reference to cellulose-digesting protozoa, since it was kind of vague, and I don't myself know any more info.
• I put some specific info on nitrogen-fixing bacteria, but not much more info.
• The page now has an admittedly overblown references section, which is mostly from the primary literature. It'd be great if someone could track down the seminal paper on the endosymbiont theory of mitochondria and chloroplasts, or find some more general-reader references to supplement the academic ones
• Obviously I know more about bacterial endosymbionts in insects; someone who knows the endosymbiont theory of organelles is enthusiastically encouraged to flesh things out - in particular, I think there's more support for the theory than what I put in.

-user:zashaw

I disagree with the page title since it mixes the two entities in the wrong way. First and foremost endosymbiosis is an evolutionary process so that explanation should be at endosymbiosis. A discussion about particular ones should be at endosymbiont. See how parasitism and parasite are set-up. --mav

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Hmm. I think I'm approaching this from the side of endosymbionts in insects & then I got into the Endosymbiont Theory of mitochondria & chloroplasts, while it seems like you & others got into this from the mito&chloro side. I thought that "endosymbiosis" merely refers to a relationship between an endosymbiont and a host, and doesn't necessarily have anything to do with evolution. I think this usage is common in the literature, and it's supported by analogy with symbiosis, which just refers to a relationship between a symbiont and host. Looking through some google hits ( http://www.google.com/search?q=endosymbiosis ) and the literature I read earlier seems to support this as the primary usage. However, I see now that many people do use endosymbiosis as an evolutionary process that starts with an endosymbiosis, as you suggest, so that usage should probably be reflected in the article.

As for the splitting, I personally feel that there's not really much point in splitting things into 2 articles, and the distinction between the topics may not be clear to the reader. I realize this is pretty subjective, but in reading the parasitism article, it's not clear that the parasite link will give me examples of parasitism. Perhaps a "parasitism, examples of" link would be more straightforward, although both articles are short enough that I think the examples could be folded into one article.

After some further thinking, perhaps a solution is to put the mito/chloro stuff under the heading "The Endosymbiont Theory", which I've seen used for Margulis's theory (or maybe another term). Under this scheme, I'd propose something like this:

• The "endosymbiont" article defines endosymbiont AND endosymbiosis (in the non-evolution definition), gives the stuff about endosymbiosis in insects, and briefly makes a reference to the Endosymbiont Theory page.
• The "Endosymbiont Theory" article briefly makes reference to the endosymbiont article, and then proposes the theory that mito/chloro arose by an ancient endosymbiosis. This article could also optionally discuss endosymbiosis as a evolutionary process in general (see the article on evolution of flagella, though, which I think might have some overlapping info)

This would separate the notions of endosymbiosis as a condition that exists currently in nature (e.g. in insects), vs. endosymbiosis as a proposed mechanism of evolution. I'm guessing that you were concerned that I was conflating endosymbiosis as current fact vs. endosymbiosis as evolutionary process, and we just happened to have different definitions of the word "endosymbiosis"?

What do you think?

--User:zashaw

This may be a difference in usage between sub-disciplines. My training has focused on cellular and micro-biology with an emphasis in evolutionary change and I think you are coming from a different direction that focuses on organisms as they are now. Endosymbiosis, for me, has only been used in reference to the theory about how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic-like predecessors. When I saw your great additions to this (the endosymbiont) article I at first thought that my understanding of the concept was limited by my specific concentration within biology. I now think that I was in error and the merge has resulted in a greater amount of confusion since the word endosymbiont is used in two, admittedly closely related, ways;

• the ancient prokaryotes that lived within the progenitor eukaryotic cells were endosymbionts.
• there are currently other cells that live within cells that are called endosymbionts.

But the normal usage of the term endosymbiosis that I am aware of refers to the evolutionary process that resulted in the development of eukaryotic cells. So this needs a separate article that introduces endosymbionts. Oh, and it would be the endosymbiotic theory and not endosymbiont theory since it is a theory about a process and not about the result of that process.

So we might have an article about endosymbiosis that concentrates on the general usage of the term (your usage and mine). This will be a page similar to virus (which is just a glorified disambiguation page turned into an actual article). That article introduces the endosymbiont article (which concentrates on current endosymbionts but mentions the ancient ones) and also the endosymbiotic theory that only talks about Lynn Margulis' etc theory about eukaryotic evolution. You can probably guess that I am a divider and not a lumper. :-) --mav

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I actually think that makes sense. A PubMed search (for endosymbio* theory at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed) agrees that it's endosymbiotic theory (although in my defence, a few articles do use endosymbiont theory :-) So, what it sounds like is

• endosymbiosis: the glorified disambiguation page
• endosymbiont: defines endosymbiont and gives current examples. mentions the endosymbiotic theory just to link to it. mentions the different uses of endosymbiosis, linking to the disambiguation page.
• endosymbiotic theory: discusses Margulis's theory, possibly moving some stuff currently in endosymbiont and evolution of flagella there. Defines endosymbiont and refers to the endosymbiont article. mentions the different uses of endosymbiosis, linking to the disambiguation page.

(note that I'm implicitly suggesting the endosymbiont and endosymbiotic theory pages do a bit of disambiguation themselves in referring to each other, since the concepts are closely related)

I'm going to have only sporadic internet access for the winter break, so if you'd like to try some changes, that'd be cool. We seem to be more or less on the same page about this, so I don't foresee any major flaming afterwards :-P

--User:zashaw

Excellent! I'll see if I can get around to this after Christmass. --mav

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I did the changes myself. (I figured you're okay with this.) As always, feel free to edit things, or comment -- I don't claim I made the changes perfectly :-). We now have:

• Endosymbiosis
• Endosymbiont
• Endosymbiotic hypothesis

BTW, I also criticized the new Endosymbiotic Hypothesis page (conceding that I'm responsible for much of the content...) You seem to know a lot about evolution, so I'd like to draw you attention to the article's talk page, where I outlined what I think should be done with it.

--User:zashaw

The organization looks good to me. Sorry I didn't do this as promised but updating these day and year pages takes several hours each day. I'll take a look at the talk page and comment. --mav

Sounds good. --User:zashaw

Question

Don't most (all?) higher organisms have organizisms such as bacteria that live inside of them that could be considered endosymbionts? Gut bacteria, etc. I can't recall the article, but I read in a Wikipedia article that rodents of some sort were bred entirely sterile and ended up dying of very odd disorders, the hypothesis being they (and by extension humans) need the bacteria, etc to survive. The article seems to only mention non vertebrate examples. Thanks - Taxman 03:05, May 1, 2005 (UTC)

This is a good question. The article currently only gives examples of a couple endosymbioses apparently skewed towards arbitrary subjects that the few people who work on this page are most familiar with. This includes myself, having added the section on Symbiodinium. The page can benefit from a broader range of examples. When we all find the time we should add some other examples. What comes immediately to mind are Rhizobium associations with plants and the fungal/algal associations of lichens.

In the end, what I think would be most useful are very brief descriptions of many different examples. The verbose descriptions for the few examples now present could migrate to the pages for those specific organisms, linked to from the endosymbiont page.

With regard to the gut bacteria of vertebrates, it could be said that gut bacteria, being in the gut, are not actually inside the organism, the gut being the interface between the organism and its food from outside. But this is getting into splitting hairs about what is "endo" in the endosymbiosis; some would assert that endosymbiosis only includes intracellular symbiotic relationships anyway.

And, yes, it is probable that all multicellular organisms have microbial symbionts.

Another thing we might want to discuss here is that symbiosis does not equal mutualism; i.e., parasitic and mutualistic endosymbionts perhaps should qualify just the same?

Safay 08:49, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

March 21, 06 Might I add that I think regardless of whether the gut is an 'interface' to the outside world, it still has bacteria that interact with the host, whether its mutual or not. If a bacteria was on the surface of the skin yet was crucial to our survival, the bacteria would still have a symbiosis. Whether it is inner/outter is really almost besides the point, are not all organisms made up (for the most part) of cells? Where does the outter start and the inner end? and would either really effect the role the bacteria has on the respective cells so differently? (An eskimo is still an eskimo regardless of whether it is winter. (environment does not determine its operation, only the way it goes about it))

Seed Magazine article

Bacteria transitioning into organelles, losing genes, Seed: Dead Bacteria Walking, October 20, 2006 ~Kylu (u|t) 00:12, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

A brief section on evidence for endosymbionts synthesizing certain nutrients in aphids was removed because it was too detailed and seemed to be straying from the topic of endosymbionts. Does anyone feel that some of the headings should be consolidated? (ie. endosymbionts in marine organisms) Lilhuey123 08:44, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

tlc

could there be a section about endosymbionts in fiction, like the thing that lives in Tlc's gut in Stargate CybergothiChé ^{word to your mother} 11:28, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment

The comment(s) below were originally left at Talk:Endosymbiont/Comments, and are posted here for posterity. Following several discussions in past years, these subpages are now deprecated. The comments may be irrelevant or outdated; if so, please feel free to remove this section.

I'm not an expert, so I don't want to remove what may be the authors attempt at explaining endosymbionts with a story, but the first paragraph of this article doesn't seem to make any sense. Either it needs revision, or its blatant vandalism.

Last edited at 18:33, 5 October 2007 (UTC). Substituted at 14:29, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Spelling by etymology

Endosymbion is also correct because the deepest etymon is on/creature, "t" exists in the genitive case "óntos", and then spread out to other words

Etymology is a poor guide to spelling, as languages make arbitrary choices and rearrangements over the centuries. The standard English spelling uses a t, and as you rightly say, that derives from the genitive, as often happened. Chiswick Chap (talk) 09:14, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

Endosymbionts in Humans

This term is new to me, the concept is not. Is it correct to say that humans also live with endosymbionts? Then a section could be devoted to it.

We have microbes in our large intestine devouring fiber, releasing small-chain fatty acids as well as things that are suspected to have medicinal qualities. When these microbes are starved or otherwise hurt, the human organism suffers the metabolic syndrome. Causes that are usually named, and have been shown across medical literature, are a diet short in whole plant foods, abundant in animal food, and rife with highly processed food. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:980:93A5:1:6664:82C6:273C:593A (talk) 12:03, 6 January 2022 (UTC)

Merge Plasmid evolution

I propose the plastid evolution article be merged into this one. They have overlapping scope, and though plastid evolution is the shorter article, it has some information not prsent here (e.g. tertiary endosymbiosis). --Redge (talk) 17:35, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Comparative Developmental Biology

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 9 January 2023 and 21 April 2023. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Madunn99, Masonstrick, Mnaddo (article contribs). Peer reviewers: Ravyngilstrap, Emaddox2, Fishratthings, CWbiology, AsavariS, Trillmc, Melboun.

— Assignment last updated by Trillmc (talk) 03:40, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

Adding a reference and information for the relationship of the sea slug Elysia Chlorotica and Vaucheria litoria

Added the following reference and citation for the relationship between the two organisms.

Mujer, C V; Andrews, D L; Manhart, J R; Pierce, S K; Rumpho, M E (29 October 1996). "Chloroplast genes are expressed during intracellular symbiotic association of Vaucheria litorea plastids with the sea slug Elysia chlorotica". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 93 (22): 12333–12338. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.22.12333. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 37991. PMID 8901581.

Potentially adding the following sentences.

Elysia chlorotica forms this relationship intracellularly with the chloroplasts from the algae. These chloroplast retain their photosynthetic capabilities and structures for several months after being taken into the cells of the slug. Madunn99 (talk) 03:18, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

Revising opening paragraph to endosymbiosis and organells

Propose adding revising the first paragraph in this section to mention current theory of Archaea and bacteria origin

Symbiogenesis explains the origins of eukaryotes, whose cells contain two major kinds of organelle: mitochondria and chloroplasts. The theory proposes the process through which these organelles evolved within the ancestors of eukaryotic organisms through the formation of an endosymbiotic relationship between a bacteria and an archaea This idea is that the ancient Archaean organism engulfed a bacteria that possessed aerobic capabilities. This initial endosymbiotic relationship is believed to have arisen between an Asgard superphylum archaea and an ancient bacteria related to the Rickettsiales lineage. The bacterial endosymbiont would have been used for its metabolic capabilities, and is believed to have eventually developed into the mitochondria that is found in eukaryotic cells. Evidence pointing to this theory involves the evolutionary history of the two groups and their DNA structure. Eukaryotes are believed to have arisen from a common ancestor they possess with archaeans, which also points to archaeans being more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria. When looking at the DNA found in the nucleus of a cells and the mitochondria. the nuclear DNA of a eukaryote more closely resembles the DNA of an organism belonging to the domain Archaea, while the mitochondrial DNA is more closely related in structure to the DNA of a bacteria organism. The chloroplast is theorized to have arisen from a eukaryotic cell already possessing a mitochondria enveloping and taking in a cyanobacteria that possessed photosynthetic capabilities.

Koonin, Eugene V. (2015-09-26). "Origin of eukaryotes from within archaea, archaeal eukaryome and bursts of gene gain: eukaryogenesis just made easier?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 370 (1678): 20140333. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0333. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4571572. PMID 26323764.

Glansdorff, Nicolas; Xu, Ying; Labedan, Bernard (2008-07-09). "The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner". Biology Direct. 3: 29. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-3-29. ISSN 1745-6150. PMC 2478661. PMID 18613974.

Boguszewska, Karolina; Szewczuk, Michał; Kaźmierczak-Barańska, Julia; Karwowski, Bolesław T. (2020-06-21). "The Similarities between Human Mitochondria and Bacteria in the Context of Structure, Genome, and Base Excision Repair System". Molecules. 25 (12): 2857. doi:10.3390/molecules25122857. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 7356350. PMID 32575813. Madunn99 (talk) 23:21, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

Many thanks for the thoughts. However, the lead section is just a summary of the rest of the article. It must never introduce "new" materials not already discussed and cited in the article body. Therefore, a rewrite such as you propose is back-to-front. If the article is wrong or outdated, update and cite it. Then, if the lead needs to be adjusted slightly to reflect the changed balance in the article, adjust it: the citations do not need to be repeated in the lead.

There is actually a different problem with the sources you list here (leaving aside that they aren't in the correct citation templates): they are on very broad topics only tangentially related to the subject of this article. These topics are covered in several other articles already, such as eukaryote, last universal common ancestor, and DNA repair (to name just a few).

Therefore, probably best to hold off on any major changes. Chiswick Chap (talk) 10:50, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

Madunn99: I'm disappointed to see that "hold off" is in your mind equated to "try half of it even if not agreed". You have been told that the lead is JUST A SUMMARY, NOT A PLACE FOR "NEW" MATERIALS AND CITATIONS, so you ... introduce new citations. I've obviously reverted that as contrary to policy, and given that we were discussing the matter to reach some kind of agreement on what (if anything) is needed, actively unhelpful. If you want to discuss improvements, feel free to do so here. If not, please leave the article alone. Many thanks. Chiswick Chap (talk) 18:31, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

And I really can't see why your reply to a request for discussion should be to add some material on the spotted salamander. Why would we need more detail on that, especially if the matter is said to be unclear? Please explain. I think we can do better than this. Thanks. Chiswick Chap (talk) 18:40, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

I apologize for my disturbances and incorrect editing process. I am sorry for any disruptions I have caused and will strive to be a better editor. Madunn99 (talk) 00:16, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

"mitochondria that provide energy to all living cells"

This is wrong. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes. I fixed it. Zaslav (talk) 05:19, 20 August 2024 (UTC)

Are organelles endosymbionts?

Does it make sense to call an organelle that has been thoroughly absorbed and integrated and has no independence whatsoever an endosymbiont? I think it defeats the purpose of this topic. If an absorbed cell was an endosymbiont at first, it stops being so when it is fully integrated structurally and functionally. What endosymbiont should mean, I think, is a separable organism that is symbiotic and possibly dependent. Organelles are not that. Zaslav (talk) 05:26, 20 August 2024 (UTC)

Where the line is drawn between an "endosymbiont" and an "endosymbiotic organelle" is a highly debated (and mostly semantic) topic. Generally, an accepted line is in endosymbiotic organelles, the host nuclear genome encodes many proteins that are specifically targeted to be imported into the endosymbiotic organelle. (Though, as it is for all of biology, there's always an exception.) To date, the only "true" endosymbiotic organelles that the large majority of scientists agree on is the mitochondria, chloroplasts, the chromatophore of Paulinella, and - as of evidence published last year - the nitroplast in Braarudosphaera bigelowii.

I do think the article stating that "the most common examples of obligate endosymbiosis are mitochondria and chloroplasts" is worded oddly, if not technically incorrect. Cyanochic (talk) 04:13, 23 October 2024 (UTC)