This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2009) |
A takeoff/go-around switch (TO/GA; /ˈtoʊɡə/) is a switch on the autothrottle of modern large aircraft, with two modes: takeoff (TO) and go-around (GA). The mode is dependent on the phase of flight; usually, on approach to land, the autopilot will be set to approach mode, therefore if the TO/GA switch is pressed it will activate the go-around mode of the autothrottle (about 90–92% N1, if pressed again, go around thrust will increase to full (100+% N1); conversely, when takeoff is set on the autopilot, the switch activates takeoff mode of the autothrottle. On Boeing aircraft, TO/GA modes are selected by a separate button near the throttle levers; on Airbus aircraft, it is activated by advancing the thrust levers forward to the TO/GA detent.
Usage in takeoff
editOnce an aircraft has lined up on the runway, the pilots first increase the engine power to 40–60% N1 (low-pressure compressor RPM) on Boeing aircraft, and 50% N1 on Airbus aircraft. Large jet engines accelerate slowly from idle to approximately 40%, and stabilising the engines prior to applying takeoff power prevents a large thrust asymmetry from causing directional problems if one engine accelerates more quickly. This can also reduce the risk of a compressor stall. Once the engines are confirmed to be stable by the pilot monitoring, the pilots then either press the TO/GA switch, causing the thrust levers to automatically advance themselves to the appropriate power setting (on Boeings),[1] or manually advance the thrust levers to the TO/GA detent (on Airbuses).[2][3] (In an Airbus aircraft, if de-rated takeoff power is desired, the thrust levers are instead advanced to the FLX/MCT detent.) In all cases, the engine speeds then increase to provide the computed takeoff power. Flight management computers on modern aircraft determine the amount of power needed by the engines in order to reach takeoff speed; a number of factors have to be taken into account, including runway length, wind speed, altitude, temperature, humidity, and most importantly the weight of the aircraft. In older aircraft these calculations were performed by the pilots before takeoff. The advantage of having such a system is the ability to reduce wear and tear on the engines by using only as much power as is actually required to ensure the aircraft reaches a safe takeoff speed.
Usage in go-around
editThe go-around setting is used during the approach. If a pilot finds that they are unable to land safely, or deems it necessary to go around for any reason, activating this switch (usually positioned on the back of the throttle levers) will increase the power to go-around thrust. If the switch is pressed again, the engine power will increase to full thrust. Importantly, the TO/GA switch modifies the autopilot mode, so it does not continue to follow the Instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope and it overrides any auto-throttle mode which would keep the aircraft in landing configuration. On Airbus aircraft, it does not disengage the autopilot but causes it to stop following the ILS and to perform the go-around maneuver automatically. In an emergency situation, using a TO/GA switch is often the quickest way of increasing thrust to abort a landing.
On some aircraft, the TO/GA switch commands the autopilot to fly a missed approach pattern, if the autopilot is programmed to do so.[4]
See also
edit- Index of aviation articles
- China Airlines Flight 140, crash caused by inadvertent activation of the TO/GA switch on landing
- One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269, crash caused by a failure to activate the TO/GA switch on an attempt to go around
- Atlas Air Flight 3591, crash caused by inadvertent activation of the TO/GA switch on initial approach and improper pilot response
- Emirates Flight 521, crash due to TO/GA switch being inhibited due to pilot error
References
edit- ^ p. NP.20.31, "Takeoff Procedure", Boeing 737-600/-700/-800/-900 Operations Manual. http://toulouse747.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Boeing-B737-700-800-900-Operations-Manual.pdf
- ^ "Autothrust (A/THR)", p. 5/18, A318/A319/A320/A321 Flight Crew Training Manual. https://www.737ng.co.uk/A320%20321%20FCTM%20Flight%20Crew%20Training%20Manual.pdf
- ^ "Autothrust Operational Aspects", p.2.70.5, A330/A340 Flight Crew Training Manual. http://www.smartcockpit.com/docs/A330-A340_Flight_Crew_Training_Manual_1.pdf
- ^ "TO/GA Party! How Go-Arounds Work". AeroSavvy. 2017-10-20. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
- Controlling Pilot Error: Automation By Vladimir Risukhin, 2001, ISBN 0071420479, p43-45
- Better Takeoffs & Landings By Michael C. Love, 1995, ISBN 0070388059, page 192
- "Boeing 747-441 Operations Manual". Boeing. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.