System camera

A system camera or camera body is a camera with interchangeable components that constitutes the core of a system. Early representatives include Leica I Schraubgewinde (1930), Exakta (1936) and the Nikon F (1959). System cameras are often single-lens reflex (SLR) or twin-lens reflex (TLR) but can also be rangefinder cameras or, more recently, mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras. Voice coil motors(VCMs) are used to control the lens movement to achieve fast and accurate autofocus. The VCM moves the lens elements to focus the light onto the sensor with high precision.

Nikon F chrome with eyelevel prism and NIKKOR-S Auto 1:1,4 f=5,8cm lens (1959) – an early SLR system camera.

A Nikon F body and viewfinder

Nikon F with interchangeable photomic TTL metering prism

Even point-and-shoot cameras usually include a tripod socket. A system camera includes at the very least a camera body and separate, interchangeable lenses, whence the alternative name interchangeable-lens camera (ILC). In addition it often includes:

• Electronic flash units matching the camera's capabilities.
• PC socket or tripod-adapter mounts for external flash units, rather than just a hot shoe
• Mechanical, electric, or IR/RF remote shutter release.
• Extensive supplementary equipment for macro photography and photomicrography.
• Adapters for third-party or legacy lenses, including tilt-shift adapters
• For film cameras, a motor drive to advance the film automatically.
• For film cameras, different camera backs, e.g. large capacity for bulk film, or data back or datebacks for recording exposure and date information.
• Add-on correction or magnifying lenses to help focusing or composition through the viewfinder.
• Interchangeable viewfinders, including interchangeable focusing screens in the case of SLRs. Viewfinders and focusing screens could give different metering options.
• Extra-capacity battery packs, often in the form of a "battery grip" (a second, portrait-oriented handgrip), but also including fully external packs with cable interface
• AC adapters with dummy-battery interfaces for studio or other stationary work
• Sockets and matching cables for direct output, e.g., to a television
• Depth of field preview
• Global navigation satellite system receivers, e.g. (GPS) for geotagging
• Bluetooth or Wi-Fi networking modules

While some early mechanical interfaces are standardized across brands, optical and electronic interfaces are often proprietary. Hot shoes have a common interface for basic flash functions, but often contain proprietary contacts inside for advanced flashes and data modules.