Synthetoceratinae is an extinct subfamily of Protoceratidae, deer-like herbivorous mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla. They were endemic to North America during the Miocene epoch, living 23.03—3.9 Ma, existing for approximately 19.13 million years.[1][failed verification]
| Synthetoceratinae Temporal range:
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|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | †Protoceratidae |
| Subfamily: | †Synthetoceratinae Frick (1937) |
Taxonomy
editSynthetoceratinae was named by Frick (1937). Its type genus is Synthetoceras. It was considered monophyletic by Webb et al. (2003). It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Webb (1981), Prothero (1998),[2] Webb et al. (2003),[3] Hulbert and Whitmore (2006)[4] and Prothero and Ludtke (2007).[5]
Tribes
editSynthetoceratinae contains the tribes Kyptoceratini and Synthetoceratini.[2][3][5]
- Tribe Kyptoceratini
- Genus Kyptoceras
- Genus Syndyoceras
- Tribe Synthetoceratini
- Genus Lambdoceras
- Genus Prosynthetoceras
- Genus Synthetoceras
References
edit- ^ PaleoBiology Database: Synthetoceratinae, basic info
- ^ a b D. R. Prothero. 1998. Protoceratidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America 431-438
- ^ a b S. D. Webb, B. L. Beatty, and G. Poinar, Jr. 2003. New evidence of Miocene Protoceratidae including a new species from Chiapas, Mexico. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279:348-367
- ^ R. C. Hulbert and F. C. Whitmore. 2006. Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla Local Fauna, Alabama. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 46(1):1-28
- ^ a b D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss (eds.), The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169-176