Strychnos is a genus of flowering plants, belonging to the family Loganiaceae (sometimes Strychnaceae). The genus includes about 200 accepted species of trees and lianas.[1] The genus is widely distributed around the world's tropics and is noted for the presence of poisonous indole alkaloids in the roots, stems and leaves of various species. Among these alkaloids are the well-known and virulent poisons strychnine and curare.
| Strychnos | |
|---|---|
| |
| Strychnos toxifera | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Loganiaceae |
| Genus: | Strychnos L.[1] |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
| Diversity | |
| c. 200 species | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Etymology
editThe name strychnos was applied by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History to Solanum nigrum. The word is derived from the Ancient Greek στρύχνον (strúkhnon) – "acrid", "bitter". The meaning of the word strychnos was not fixed in Ancient Greece, where it could designate a variety of different plants having in common the property of toxicity.[2]
Distribution
editThe genus has a pantropical distribution.
Taxonomy
editThe genus is divided into 12 sections, though it is conceded that the sections do not reflect evolution of the genus, and all sections except Spinosae are polyphyletic:[3]
- Strychnos (53 species)
- Rouhamon (21 species)
- Breviflorae (32 species)
- Penicillatae (17 species)
- Aculeatae (1 species)
- Spinosae (4 species)
- Brevitubae (18 species)
- Lanigerae (32 species)
- Phaeotrichae (1 species)
- Densiflorae (8 species)
- Dolichantae (9 species)
- Schyphostrychnos (1 species)
Selected species
edit- Strychnos benthami C.B.Clarke
- Strychnos camptoneura Gilg & Busse
- Strychnos chromatoxylon Leeuwenb.
- Strychnos cocculoides Baker
- Strychnos elaeocarpa Gilg ex Leeuwenb.
- Strychnos icaja Baill.
- Strychnos ignatii P.J. Bergius
- Strychnos madagascariensis Poir.
- Strychnos mellodora S.Moore
- Strychnos millepunctata Leeuwenb.
- Strychnos nux-blanda A.W.Hill
- Strychnos nux-vomica L.
- Strychnos potatorum L.f.
- Strychnos psilosperma F.Muell.
- Strychnos pungens Soler.
- Strychnos spinosa Lam.
- Strychnos staudtii Gilg
- Strychnos tetragona A.W.Hill
- Strychnos toxifera R.H.Schomb. ex Lindl.
- Strychnos usambarensis Gilg ex Engl.
- The strychnine tree, Strychnos nux-vomica, native to tropical Asia, is the source of the poison strychnine.
- Strychnos tonga, native to Tonga, is a synonym of Strychnos spinosa.[4]
- Strychnos ignatii ("St. Ignatius bean"), is a closely related Asian shrub/tree.
- The species Strychnos toxifera is a principal plant source of the arrow poison curare.
- Three trees from Southern Africa, commonly known as "monkey oranges", are drought-tolerant and produce popular edible fruits: the corky-barked monkey orange or suurklapper, Strychnos cocculoides; the Natal orange or green or spiny monkey orange, Strychnos spinosa; and the black or spiny-leaved monkey orange Strychnos pungens.
- The ripe seeds of Strychnos potatorum,[5][6] known as Therran or Nirmal, can be ground and used as a coagulant to purify water; or they may be rubbed against the inside walls of the earthenware water containers. Mrs Grieve's Herbal of 1931 also mentions traditional water purification uses of an Indian species called Strychnos pseudo (not a valid botanical name).[7]
- Two very well preserved fossilised corollas with stamens and styles from flowers of a plant that has been named Strychnos electri (the Latin name of amber is electrum), believed to be a vine, were discovered in amber from the Dominican Republic. The amber is from tropical tree Hymenaea protera, formerly abundant but now extinct, which formed part of the forest canopy. The age of the amber is believed to be between 15 and 45 million years, from the mid-Tertiary period. This demonstrates an early date for these plants.[8][9]
Gallery
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Strychnos nux-vomica flowers -
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Strychnos pungens flowers -
Strychnos pungens detached fruit -
Strychnos spinosa tree in fruit -
Strychnos usambarensis in flower -
Strychnos usambarensis in fruit
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Strychnos". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ Umberto Quattrocchi, CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names : Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms. Synonyms, and Etymology, vol. 4, CRC Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3 p. 2589.
- ^ Aguilar, Javier Fuertes (2003). "Phylogenetic Relationships and Classification of the Sida Generic Alliance (Malvaceae) Based on nrDNA ITS Evidence". Systematic Botany. 28 (2): 352–364. JSTOR 3094004.
- ^ "Strychnos tonga Gilg". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ Solar Disinfection Studies
- ^ G. Annalakshmi (19 April 2005). "Solar Disinfection Studies". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 9 April 2007.
- ^ Strychnos nux-vomica
- ^ New species of ancient tropical flower found in amber from the Dominican Republic, Rachel Sullivan, ABC News Online, 16 February 2016
- ^ George Poinar Jr. and Lena Struwe (2016). "An asterid flower from neotropical mid-Tertiary amber". Nature Plants. 2 (3): 16005. doi:10.1038/nplants.2016.5. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 27249345. S2CID 205458561., Article number 16005
External links
edit- Babu, R.; Chaudhuri, M. (Mar 2005). "Home water treatment by direct filtration with natural coagulant" (PDF). Journal of Water and Health. 3 (1): 27–30. doi:10.2166/wh.2005.0003. PMID 15952450.