Stingaree, San Diego

The Stingaree was a neighborhood in downtown San Diego from the boom of the 1880s until it was demolished during a vice eradication campaign of 1916. It was the site of the city's Chinatown.^[1] Because of this, and it's working class origins, it had a reputation as the home to the city's "undesirables", including prostitutes, pimps, drug dealers and gamblers. Additionally, the neighborhood was home to many other working-class citizens, and was in the center of a wider blue-collar residential area encompassing much of the city south of Broadway.^[2]

Though the name "Stingaree" (a colloquial pronunciation of "stingray") refers primarily to the period before 1916, the neighborhood's character as a red-light district lasted until its massive redevelopment in the 1980s.

Boundaries

The exact boundaries of the neighborhood are contested and likely changed throughout the years. The Health Department identified them as First and Fifth Avenues to the west and east, and Market and K Streets to the north and south.^[3]

Crime in the Stingaree

Gambling and prostitution were illegal in California after 1855. However, law enforcement throughout America and especially in the West saw these vices as impossible to eradicate. Special "restricted" districts were created in many cities where the vices were tolerated so long as they were kept within the boundaries of the district and that there were no greater crimes involved. Illegal payments from the vice trade to the police were also typical components of these bargains. The Stingaree, like the more famous Barbary Coast in San Francisco, was one of these districts.

The neighborhood saw a concentration of drug peddlers, brothels and gambling halls. Many other establishments in the neighborhood participated in petty crime, like the Railroad Coffeehouse on Fifth and K that sold liquor after midnight under the title "Coffee Royal" (coffee and whisky) for 15¢. There were at least 120 openly illegal establishments in the district in 1888.^[4]^[3]

Between 1887 and around 1896 Wyatt Earp owned four saloons and gambling halls in San Diego, one on Fifth, one on Fourth Street, and two others near Sixth and E.^[5]^[6]^[3] The saloons offered 21 games including faro, blackjack, poker, keno, and other Victorian-American games of chance like pedro and monte.^[5] At the height of San Diego's real estate boom, Earp made up to $1,000 a night in profit.^[7]

The Oyster Bar on Fifth Avenue was one of the more popular saloons in the Stingaree district.^[8]^: 39^: p71 One of the reasons it drew a good crowd was the brothel upstairs named the Golden Poppy. Each room was painted a different color and each prostitute wore a matching dress.^[9] In 2003, the Oyster Bar saloon was converted into a restaurant by former San Diego mayor Roger Hedgecock who opened Roger’s On Fifth.^[10]^[11]

Chinese population

The southwest corner of the Stingaree (between Market, K, First and Fourth) was the site of the city's Chinatown from the 1860s until the 1930s.^[12]^[13]^[14] Additional information needed During this period, the Chinese in California were marginalized by sometimes violent anti-Chinese movements, as well as the passage of laws that made it a crime to hire Chinese laborers while there were non-Chinese willing to take the work.^[1] This, together with a decline in Chinese fishing due to the fear of being blocked readmission into the country from the waters, led to the creation of a thoroughly impoverished and ghettoized population. Many Chinese fell prey to the neighborhood's opium dens and gambling houses.

Social unrest

The Industrial Workers of the World found a ready audience with the Stingaree's marginalized working-class population. Their attempts to organize the residents were met with a 1912 ordinance banning street speaking.^[15] The city police were given special powers to break up demonstrations.^{[citation needed]} When Emma Goldman came to speak in San Diego, she was driven out of town by vigilantes.^[16] Her manager Ben Reitman was kidnapped, the initials I.W.W. were branded into his buttocks and he was tarred and sagebrushed.^[17]^[18] What followed were years of demonstrations by the IWW, AFL, and other groups. These demonstrations were often violently suppressed by the police, turning the neighborhood into a scene of overt social conflict. .^[2]

City action

Starting with the 1880s, there were many election-time promises to reform the Stingaree, most of which were not acted on. In 1912 the Health Department began to eradicate vice in the district. They acted against the recommendations San Diego police chief Keno Wilson, who believed that this would simply spread prostitution into other parts of the city. The health department's action was in keeping with the national Progressive movement that called for closing these districts.^[19]

Between 1912 and 1916 over 120 structures were destroyed, transforming the image of the city and creating a large homeless population. Many prostitutes were driven out of town. A large portion of the Chinatown was razed in the process as well.^[3] Although the name of the district disappeared, extensive raids against prostitution took place as late as 1938, and significant massage parlor raids occurred in 1973.^[19] Vice and poverty dominated the area until its redevelopment in the 1980s.

Present day

The wild character of the neighborhood was finally removed by modern-day redevelopment. Many of the neighborhood's residents—and modern red-light uses—were removed with eminent domain, tax increment financing and other strong-arm techniques. The redevelopment efforts hinged on turning the neighborhood into an 1880s-themed upscale shopping area. The new Gaslamp Quarter recreates a "gaslamp era" town that has few characteristics of its actual history as the Stingaree. The last vestiges of the neighborhood's red-light history have been overcome by historical recreationism.

There was a restaurant and nightclub called Stingaree at the corner of 6th and Island. In 2011, a taxi driver veered his cab into a crowd outside of the bar and injured 23 people. In 2015, Stingaree was bought out by Hakkasan Group and remodeled.^[20]^[21]

References

^ ^a ^b Elizabeth Perl (Spring, 1977). San Diego's Chinese Mission, The Journal of San Diego History: Spring 1977, 23:2.
^ ^a ^b Mike Davis, Kelly Mayhew, Jim Miller. Under the Perfect Sun. The New Press: New York, 2005
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Elizabeth C., MacPhail (Spring 1974). "SHADY LADIES IN THE "STINGAREE DISTRICT" WHEN THE RED LIGHTS WENT OUT IN SAN DIEGO". The Journal of San Diego History. 20 (2). Archived from the original on 2016-06-29 – via San Diego History Center.
^ Elizabeth C. MacPhail (Spring, 1974). WHEN THE RED LIGHTS WENT OUT IN SAN DIEGO, The Little Known Story of San Diego's 'Restricted' District, The Journal of San Diego History: Spring 1974, 20:2.
^ ^a ^b Starr, Raymond G. "Wyatt Earp: The Missing Years, San Diego In The 1880s". San Diego History Center. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
^ Peterson, Richard H. "The Story of New San Diego and of its Founder Alonzo E. Horton". San Diego History Center. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
^ "Wyatt Earp". San Diego: Gaslamp Quarter Historical Foundation. 2005. Archived from the original on August 16, 2004. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
^ Woog, Adam (February 28, 2010). Wyatt Earp. Chelsea House Publications. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-60413-597-8.
^ Vey, Barbara (July 21, 2010). "Gearing Up For San Diego Comic Con". Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
^ "What is Roger's on Fifth?". Archived from the original on August 15, 2003.
^ Smith, Jeff (2022-07-31). "Love shacks in the Stingaree". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
^ Liu, Dr. Judith (June 1987). "BIRDS OF PASSAGE: CHINESE OCCUPATIONS IN SAN DIEGO, 1870-1900" (PDF). Gum Saan Journal. X (1): 1–15.
^ Dotinga, Randy (2010-07-08). "A Closer Look at S.D.'s Chinatown". Voice of San Diego. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
^ "San Diego's Chinatown". San Diego Archaeological Center. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
^ Monteagudo, Merrie (2022-01-09). "From the Archives: Limits set on free speech in San Diego 110 years ago". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 2022-01-09. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
^ "May 20, 1913: Emma Goldman returns". San Diego Union-Tribune. 2018-05-20. Archived from the original on 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
^ Dotinga, Randy (2011-03-15). "When San Diego Had Its Own Big Labor Clash". Voice of San Diego. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
^ "Free Speech in the Progressive Era | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
^ ^a ^b Clare V. McKanna, Jr. Prostitutes, Progressives, and Police: The Viability of Vice in San Diego 1900-1930. The Journal of San Diego History, Winter 1989, 35:1.
^ "Police: Taxi cab hits crowd outside San Diego club". CNN. February 12, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-02-16. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
^ Caulfield, Philip (13 February 2011). "Dozens injured after cabbie plows into crowd outside nightclub; mob attacks 'blacked out' driver". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2021.